Automedicación y riesgo de abuso con benzodiacepinas en pacientes adultos Lima-Perú, 2019 / Self-medication and risk of abuse with benzodiazepines in adults patients Lima-Peru, 2019

RESUMEN: Introducción: Las benzodiacepinas tienen potencial para generar abuso, por lo que, un consumo indiscriminado, a través de la venta sin prescripción y la práctica de automedicación, significaría un alto riesgo, producto de su abuso. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la automedicación con benzodiacepinas y el riesgo de abuso en pacientes de un hospital de Lima-Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico. Se encuestó a 874 participantes, se usó una encuesta para determinar datos demográficos, uso de benzodiacepinas y preguntas de la prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST, por sus siglas en inglés); se obtuvo estadística descriptiva y analítica. Resultados: Hubo más encuestadas del sexo femenino (74,5%), la mediana de edades fue de 52 años (rango intercuartílico: 40-62 años). De los adultos estudiados, 485 fueron considerados como consumidores de benzodiacepinas con receta médica y 389 sin receta médica. Los consumidores con receta médica y sin receta médica que necesitaron tratamiento fueron 129 (26,6%) y 245 (63,0%), respectivamente (p<0.001). Conclusión: Hay una mayor prevalencia de personas que necesitan tratamiento por abuso en consumidores sin receta médica que en el grupo de consumidores con receta médica, por lo que, existe una relación significativa entre la automedicación con benzodiacepinas y el riesgo de abuso; lo que requiere tratamiento en la población estudiada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Benzodiazepines have the potential to generate abuse, so an indiscriminate consumption, through the sale without prescription and the practice of self-medication, would mean a high risk due to their abuse. Objective: To establish the relationship between self-medication with benzodiazepines and the risk of abuse that requires treatment in adult patients of Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho, 2019. Methodology: It was an observational, correlational descriptive, transversal and prospective study. The sample size was 874 participants (95.0% confidence level; 80% power). Sampling was performed non-randomly. A survey was used to determine demographics, benzodiazepine use, and questions of Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Results: Of the study population, the most prevalent demographic data were female sex (74.5%), the median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 40-62 years), the age range 50-59 years (26.43%), married marital status (31.6%), secondary education level (48.4%) and occupation as a housewife (47.3%). Of adults studied, 485 were considered as consumers of benzodiazepines with prescription and 389 consumers without a prescription. Prescription and non-prescription consumers needing treatment were 129 (26.60%) and 245 (62.98%), respectively (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of people who need treatment for abuse in consumers without a prescription than in the group of consumers with a prescription so there is a significant relationship between self-medication with benzodiazepines and the risk of abuse that requires treatment in study population.

Bleeding associated with self-medication in warfarin users: A prospective observational study in Ijuí (Brazil)

Abstract Warfarin has been associated with bleeding and venous thromboembolism. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the association between bleeding and concomitant self-medication, and the incidence of adverse drug reactions in patients using warfarin. Setting: the public health network of Ijuí, a municipality in southern Brazil. This was an open prospective cohort, conducted for a period of 18 months with users of warfarin, treated at the public health service. The association between bleeding and self-medication was evaluated by means of the Cox Model with left truncation, using the time variable. Main outcome measurement: bleeding reported in the follow-up. Cases of thromboembolism and death were also registered. All patients treated with warfarin in the public health system of the municipality (98) were identified. Sixty-eight were interviewed and followed up, of whom 63 completed follow-up and five died during the study. Bleeding rates of 37.7 /100 patients/year, thromboembolism of 4.8/100 patients / year and deaths of 4.8 /100 patients / year were observed. The results showed that patients, who take warfarin and self-medicated present a two-fold increased bleeding, compared with those who do not self-medicate. The bleeding risk associated with self-medication ranged from 2.001 to 2.685; those values maintained their significance even when adjusted for number of interactions, CYP polymorphism, TTR and age in COX analysis. These results greatly suggest the need for providing greater assistance to patients who take anticoagulant medications with the purpose of reducing self-medication and consequently, adverse reactions.

Interacciones medicamentosas como un problema de salud imperceptible en la población / Drug Interactions as an Imperceptible Health Concern among the Population

Introducción: El consumo elevado de medicamentos se asocia a factores que propician su uso inadecuado y posibles consecuencias en el objetivo terapéutico, el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar las posibles interacciones medicamentosas como un problema de salud para la población general y los prescriptores del sistema. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, serie de casos de consecuencias prácticas con elementos de esquema terapéutico. Población de 214 individuos consumidores de medicamentos, entre 18 y 89 años, seleccionados al azar por muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Escenario: consultorios de la Atención Primaria (9, 10) y consultas de medicina interna de instituciones hospitalarias en Cienfuegos, Cuba. Período: primer trimestre, año 2017. Variables investigadas: sociodemográficas, tipo de prescripción, grupos farmacológicos y posibles interacciones medicamentosas. Resultados: La media de consumo fue de 10,5 en mujeres de la tercera edad. De 365 prescripciones el 54,2 por ciento fueron posibles interacciones medicamentosas, predominaron las de tipo farmacocinéticas (95,4 por ciento), y de ellas las relacionadas con el metabolismo por automedicación (34,3 por ciento), así como el consumo de omeprazol u otra sustancia no farmacológica inhibidores del CYP-450, como el jugo de toronja y el consumo de alcohol crónico. El tabaco fue el inductor que más se identificó 25 (58,1 por ciento), propiciando posibles fallas terapéuticas. Conclusión: Las posibles interacciones medicamentosas se presentaron como problema de salud imperceptible para la población sana y enferma. Los prescriptores de salud generalmente no las tienen en cuenta, donde las de mayor riesgo se relacionan con inhibidores del metabolismo oxidativo, lo cual propicia posibles daños a la salud del ser humano(AU)

Introduction: The high consumption of medicines is associated with factors that favor their inappropriate use and possible consequences in the therapeutic objective, the control of the disease. Objective: To characterize possible drug interactions as a health concern for the general population and the healthcare system prescribers. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. Series of cases of practical consequences with elements of a therapeutic scheme. Population of 214 individuals consuming drugs, aged 18-89 years, randomly selected by stratified probabilistic sampling. The setting was the primary care clinics (9 and 10) and internal medicine consultations of hospital institutions in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The period was the first trimester of the year 2017. The variables investigated were the sociodemographic ones, type of prescription, pharmacological groups, and possible drug interactions. Results: The average consumption was 10.5 among elderly women. Out of 365 prescriptions, 54.2 percent were possible drug interactions, while those of the pharmacokinetic type (95.4 percent) predominated, together with those related to the metabolism of self-medication (34.3 percent), as well as the consumption of omeprazole or other nonpharmacological substance inhibitors of CYP-450, such as grapefruit juice and chronic alcohol consumption. Tobacco was the inducer that most identified (25, 58.1 percent), leading to possible therapeutic failures. Conclusion: Possible drug interactions were presented as an imperceptible health concern for the healthy and sick population. Healthcare prescribers generally do not take them into account, for which those at highest risk are related to oxidative metabolism inhibitors, which leads to possible damage to human health(AU)

Intoxicação por vitamina D em paciente idosa: relato de caso / Vitamin D intoxication in an older adult: case report

As aging progresses, there is a consequent increase in chronic diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteopenia, and vitamin D (cholecalciferol) supplementation is routinely prescribed. However, indiscriminate use of this supplement can lead to intoxication and systemic changes. Seeking to raise awareness among prescribing physicians and especially older patients, the purpose of this case report was to describe the systemic symptoms and damage that can occur from intoxication due to uncontrolled use of vitamin D, such as hypercalcemia and kidney injury. This report describes the case of an older woman who reported using a cholecalciferol- containing formula for ten years to treat osteoarthritis. She arrived at the hospital with weight loss, acute kidney injury and hypercalcemia. After ruling out neoplastic diseases, she was diagnosed with vitamin D poisoning. The symptoms and laboratory results improved after treatment. Based on this report, we conclude that geriatricians play a key role in demystifying the use of vitamins and should only prescribe them when medically indicated.

Com a progressão do envelhecimento e, consequentemente, o aumento de doenças crônicas, como osteoporose e osteopenia, a suplementação da vitamina D (colecalciferol) tem sido rotineiramente prescrita, no entanto o uso indiscriminado e o não controle dessa reposição podem levar à intoxicação e, consequentemente, a alterações sistêmicas. Buscando conscientizar médicos prescritores, e principalmente pacientes idosos, o objetivo do relato do caso foi de alertar sobre o uso desregrado e divulgar os diversos sintomas sistêmicos, além dos danos dessa intoxicação, como hipercalcemia e lesão renal. Este relato trata do caso de uma idosa que afirmava usar fórmula contendo colecalciferol há dez anos para tratar osteoartrite. Chegou ao hospital com emagrecimento, lesão renal aguda e hipercalcemia. Após descartar doenças neoplásicas, foi diagnosticada com intoxicação de vitamina D. Feito tratamento, houve remissão sintomatológica e laboratorial. Com base nesse relato, concluímos que o geriatra tem um papel fundamental de desmistificar o uso de vitaminas e prescrever estritamente quando há indicação médica.

Tratamiento hormonal y sus complicaciones en el paciente con disforia de género / Hormonal treatment and complications in patients with gender dysphoria

RESUMEN Introducción: Las personas con disforia de género sienten incongruencia entre el sexo con el que nacen y aquel al que sienten pertenecer, por lo que necesitan adaptar su cuerpo a este último, y uno de los pilares en el logro de ese propósito es el empleo del tratamiento hormonal cruzado. Objetivo: Identificar los esquemas terapéuticos más empleados en la automedicación y en el manejo especializado, y sus complicaciones en pacientes con disforia de género. Métodos: Se revisaron 78 historias, de las cuales 76 correspondían a transexuales hombre-mujer, atendidos en el periodo 2012-2017 en la Consulta Nacional de Atención Integral a Personas Transgénero. Se recuperó información relacionada con los esquemas terapéuticos utilizados, tanto durante la automedicación como durante el manejo por el endocrinólogo, y las complicaciones. Para el análisis de los datos se obtuvieron distribuciones de frecuencia de las variables cualitativas, media y desviación estándar de las cuantitativas. Resultados: La frecuencia de pacientes que se autoadministraron hormonas antes de comenzar la atención especializada fue de 82,9 por ciento. El medicamento más utilizado en la automedicación fue la cipresta (acetato de ciproterona 2 mg/etinilestradiol 50 µg) en el 90,5 por ciento de los casos. De los tratamientos indicados por el endocrinólogo al inicio de la atención; al 50,0 por ciento se les administró cipresta más androcur (acetato de ciproterona 50 mg) de 1 a 2 tabletas de cada uno, mientras que al 39,5 por ciento estrógenos conjugados asociado a androcur, igualmente de 1 a 2 tabletas de cada uno de estos medicamentos. En cuanto a la frecuencia de complicaciones como consecuencia del tratamiento hormonal, el 40,7 por ciento de los casos tuvo en algún momento niveles elevados de prolactina, al 26,3 por ciento los niveles de triglicéridos se le elevaron luego de iniciada la terapia. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes acuden por primera vez automedicados. Los medicamentos más utilizados son la cipresta y el androcur. La complicación más frecuente como consecuencia del tratamiento es la hiperprolactinemia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Persons with gender dysphoria feel incongruity between the sex they are born with and the one they feel they belong to, therefore they need to adapt their body to the latter, and one of the pillars in achieving that purpose is the use of cross hormonal treatment. Objective: To identify the therapeutic schemes most used in self-medication and specialized management, and their complications in patients with gender dysphoria. Methods: Seventy eight medical records were reviewed. Seventy six of them corresponded to male-female transsexuals, assisted in the 2012-2017 period at the National Consultation of Comprehensive Care to Transgender Persons. The study team recovered information related to the therapeutic schemes used, both during self-medication and during the endocrinological management, as well as complications. Frequency distributions of the qualitative variables, mean and standard deviation of the quantitative variables were obtained for data analysis. Results: The frequency of patients who self-administered hormones before beginning specialized care was 82.9 percent. The most commonly medication used in self-medication was cypress (cyproterone acetate 2 mg / ethinylestradiol 50 µg) in 90.5 percent of cases. Out of the treatments indicated by the endocrinologist at the beginning of the care; 50.0 percent were given cypress plus androcur (50 mg cyproterone acetate) of 1 to 2 tablets each, while 39.5 percent conjugated estrogens associated with androcur, also 1 to 2 tablets of each of these medications. Regarding the frequency of complications as a result of hormonal treatment, 40.7 percent of the cases had elevated prolactin levels at some time, and triglyceride levels increased to 26.3 percent after the start of therapy. Conclusions: Most patients who come for the first time, are self-medicated. The most used medications are cipresta and androcur. The most frequent complication is hyperprolactinemia as a consequence of treatment(AU)

Automedicación en estudiantes de una residencia universitaria en Chillán, Chile / Self-medication in students from a university dorm in Chillán, Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: La automedicación es un problema de salud, especialmente, en estudiantes que viven en residencias universitarias. Objetivo: Caracterizar la automedicación en estudiantes que viven en una residencia universitaria de la ciudad de Chillán. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra fue no probabilística y quedó conformada por 102 estudiantes que representaron el 68 % del universo. Para caracterizar la práctica de automedicación se creó un instrumento basado en la literatura, el cual se validó por expertos y prueba piloto. Resultados: Se obtuvo una prevalencia de automedicación del 81,2 %. Las principales razones refieren no considerar necesario consultar al médico (46 %). Si la sintomatología persiste, un 56 % concurre al médico. La adquisición de medicamentos es principalmente en farmacias (63 %) y las fuentes de promoción de la conducta son lideradas por familiares (51 %) y amigos (47,6 %). Los síntomas más frecuentes que fueron causa de la automedicación fueron: dolor de cabeza, gripe e inflamaciones, las cuales fueron tratadas preferentemente por el grupo de fármacos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. El 80 % considera que automedicarse es una práctica riesgosa, el 64 % ha recomendado algún medicamento y un 46 % tienen un stock de ellos en su lugar de residencia. Conclusiones: La automedicación constituye una forma de autocuidado que debe ser enfocada en forma conjunta por todos los entes participantes a fin de minimizar los potenciales riesgos asociados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Self-medication is a health problem, especially in students who live in university residences. Objective: To characterize self- medication in students from a university dorm in the city of Chillán, Chile. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. The sample was non- probabilistic and it was formed by 102 students that represented the 68 % of the sample group. In order to evaluate self- medication and its characteristics, a tool was created based on the literature, which was validated by experts and a pilot test. Results: There was a self-medication's prevalence of 81,2 %. The main causes for doing it have to do with that they do not consider necessary to consult a doctor (46 %); if the symptomatology persists, 56 % of them go to the doctor. The acquisition of medicines comes mainly from pharmacies (63 %) and the sources of behavior's promotion are led by relatives (51%) and friends (47,6 %). The more frequent symptoms reported were: headaches, flu and inflammation, which were preferably treated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The 80 % considered that self- medication is a risky practice; nevertheless, 64 % have sometimes recommended a medicine and 46 % of them have a medicine's stock at home. Conclusions: Self- medication establishes a way of self-care that should be focused jointly by all participating entities to minimize the potential associated risks.

Conocimiento, factores condicionantes y características de automedicación en estudiantes de enfermería y medicina / Knowledge, conditionig factors and characteristics of self-medicationin nursing and medicine students

La automedicación es una práctica de deno-minación moral subjetiva muy frecuente en los pacientes ambulatorios, en la cual estos optan por adquirir medicamentos sin pres-cripción médica para el alivio de dolencias, frecuentemente consideradas de baja seve-ridad. Objetivo: Determinar el conocimien-to, factores condicionantes y características de automedicación en los estudiantes de las carreras enfermería y medicina de la Escue-la Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Hondu-ras en el Valle de Sula (EUCS/UNAH-VS) en el primer semestre del 2017. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, alcance des-criptivo, transversal, prospectivo, realizado en estudiantes de la carrera de enfermería y medicina de la EUCS/UNAH-VS que cursa-ban el 2do y 3er año el primer semestre del 2017. La muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia de 55 estudiantes pertene-cientes a cada carrera, en total 110. Resul-tados: Se encontró que 50 (90.9%) estu-diantes de enfermería y 49 (89.09%) de medicina admitieron automedicarse. La mayoría no conocen las indicaciones y/o efectos adversos de los fármacos utilizados para automedicarse. El 45.45% (25) de enfermería y 63.63% (35) ignoran la dosificación. Un 67.27% (37) de enfermería y 61.8% (34) de medicina desconocen los efectos adversos de las dosificaciones exce-sivas. La principal causa de automedicación fue la consideración de malestares como no graves, siendo manejados en casa. Conclu-sión: La mayoría de los estudiantes de ambas carreras desconocen sobre indica-ciones, efectos adversos y dosificación de los medicamentos y los toman considerando los malestares no graves y no por los efec-tos que el medicamento pueda causarles. El principal síntoma que presentaron es la cefalea y el medicamento que más consu-mían fué el acetaminofen...(AU)

Consumo de antihipertensivos en el Hospital Manuel Fajardo. 2013-2017 / Consumption of antihypertensive drugs in Manuel Fajardo Hospital. 2013-2017

Introducción: La Hipertensión Arterial es el factor de riesgo más frecuente de infarto agudo de miocardio, enfermedad cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca y otras afecciones. Objetivo: Caracterizar el consumo intrahospitalario de medicamentos antihipertensivos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Manuel Fajardo en el período comprendido entre 2013 y 2017. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal sobre el consumo intrahospitalario de antihipertensivos. El universo estuvo determinado por todos los antihipertensivos que tuvieron indicación facultativa intrahospitalaria en los años comprendidos. Resultados: Se consumió un total de 301 616 unidades de drogas antihipertensivas. El Enalapril fue el antihipertensivo más consumido con 126 306 unidades, representando 41.89 por ciento del consumo total de antihipertensivos en el período, siendo además el más empleado en todos los años del estudio. El mayor costo lo representó el Enalapril para un total de 31 576.50 CUP. Conclusiones: Los antihipertensivos más empleados fueron el Enalapril, la Clortalidona y el Amlodipino. El Enalapril fue el más consumido en todos los años estudiados, mientras que la Clortalidona estuvo entre los tres más empleados en todos esos años. En cuanto a la repercusión económica del consumo de los antihipertensivos más empleados, el Enalapril fue el más costoso, seguido por el Amlodipino(AU)

Introduction: Arterial hypertension is the most frequent risk factor associated with acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and other conditions. Objective: To characterize the intra-hospital consumption of antihypertensive drugs at Manuel Fajardo Hospital throughout the period between 2013 and 2017. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of the intra-hospital consumption of antihypertensive drugs was carried out. The universe was determined by all the antihypertensive drugs that had intra-hospital medical prescription during the period studied. Results: A total of 301.616 units of antihypertensive drugs were used. Enalapril was the most consumed drug with 126.306 units, representing 41.89 percent of the total consumption of antihypertensive drugs during the period; also being the most used drug for the entire years of the study. The increased cost was represented by Enalapril for a total of 31.576.50 Cuban pesos (CUP). Conclusions: The most used antihypertensive drugs were Enalapril, Chlorthalidone and Amlodipine. Enalapril was the most consumed drug in all the years studied, whereas Chlorthalidone was one of the three most commonly used. Regarding economical repercussion of the most consumed antihypertensive drugs, Enalapril was the most expensive one, followed by Amlodipine(AU)

Automedicação em acadêmicos de Medicina / Self-medication in medical students

OBJETIVO: Determinar a incidência da automedicação em estudantes do curso de Medicina, evidenciando suas principais causas, os principais grupos de medicamentos utilizados nesta conduta e as consequências de seu uso irracional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de análise quantitativa e não probabilística. Foi realizado por pesquisa de campo, por meio de questionário sistemático, em uma universidade, com o propósito de envolver todos os períodos correspondentes ao curso de Medicina. As análises dos resultados foram realizadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado e executadas no software Minitab®, versão 18, e Microsoft Excel 2010. RESULTADOS: As frequências de automedicação entre alunos do primeiro e segundo anos e do terceiro e quarto anos foram, respectivamente, 44,57% e 71,42% (p=0,001). Dentre eles, 43,15% eram do sexo feminino e se automedicavam (p=0,014). Dos alunos que se automedicavam, 36,3% indicariam o medicamento em uso para outrem (p=0,012), sendo que a classe de fármaco mais citada foi a dos analgésicos (52,05%) seguida pelos anti-inflamatórios (17,81%) e antiácidos (6,85%). O uso de psicotrópicos somou 6,85% das recomendações. Dentre as pessoas que diziam realizar a automedicação, 51% continuariam a prática. Tinham consciência dos riscos à saúde em relação à prática da ação em estudo 96,58% da amostra. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da automedicação em acadêmicos de medicina é equiparada a índices nacionais, ou seja, altas taxas regionais da prática de consumo desregulado de fármacos, com predominância entre os acadêmicos do sexo feminino, principalmente do terceiro e quarto anos do curso. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of self-medication in medical students, evidencing the main causes, main drug-classes used in this behavior, and the consequences of its irrational use. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of quantitative and non-probabilistic study analyses. It was carried out through field research, with the use of a systematic questionnaire, at a university, with the purpose of involving all periods of the medical course. The results analysis was done with chi-square test and run on Minitab® software version 18 and Microsoft Excel 2010. RESULTS: The frequency of self-medication among students in the 1st -2nd and 3rd-4th grades was respectively, 44,57% and 71,42% (p=0,001). Of them, 43.15% of the research population were female and self-medicated (p=0.014). Out of students who self-medicate,36.3% would indicate the drug in use for others (p=0.012), and the most cited drug-class was of analgesics (52.05%), followed by anti-inflammatories (17.81%), and antacids (6.85%). The use of psychotropic drugs accounted for 6.85% of the recommendations. Of people who say they self-medicate, 51% would continue doing it. Of the sample, 96.58% were aware of the health risks of self-medication. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of self-medication among medical students is similar to national indices, that is, high regional rates of unregulated drug use, with a predominance among female students, especially in students in the 3rd and 4th years of course. (AU)

Projeto de implementação do uso adequado da fitoterapia na Unidade de Saúde de Águas Férreas do Município de São Pedro dos Ferros, Minas Gerais / Implementation project of the appropriate use of phytotherapy in the Health Unit of Water of the City of São Pedro dos Ferros, Minas Gerais

Em 2003 elaborou-se a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde, que contempla abordagens holísticas no cuidado à saúde e representa um marco para o fomento da fitoterapia no Brasil. Este Projeto de Intervenção objetiva elaborar um projeto de intervenção com vistas á implementação da fitoterapia para a Unidade de Saúde de Águas Férreas, vinculando-o a Instituição de Ensino local através da valorização dos saberes culturais da comunidade em São Pedro dos Ferros, Município de Minas Gerais permitindo a integração da área da saúde com a educação visando um conjunto de ações sócio educativas e informações científicas contribuindo, desta forma, para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos habitantes. O projeto foi organizado a partir do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional e de fundamentação teórica feita na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, com os descritores: fitoterapia, promoção da saúde e automedicação. Espera-se que as ações propostas e que fogem do contexto da indústria farmacêutica atendam aos anseios da atenção básica: prevenção, controle e promoção da saúde visando que cada paciente seja partícipe enquanto sujeito ativo na sociedade a qual faz parte.(AU)

In 2003 the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices in Health was elaborated, which contemplates holistic approaches in health care and represents a milestone for the promotion of phytotherapy in Brazil. This Intervention Project aims to elaborate a project of intervention with a view to the implementation of phytotherapy for the Health Unit of Water Trains, linking it to the Institution of Local Teaching through the valorization of the cultural knowledge of the community in São Pedro dos Ferros, Município de Minas General allowing the integration of the health area with education aiming at a set of socio-educational actions and scientific information contributing, in this way, to the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants. The project was organized from the Situational Strategic Planning and theoretical foundation made in the Virtual Health Library, with the descriptors: phytotherapy, health promotion and self-medication. It is hoped that the actions proposed and that escape the context of the pharmaceutical industry meet the basic health care needs: prevention, control and promotion of health aiming at each patient to be a participant as an active subject in the society to which it is a part.(AU)

Automedicação em estudantes de enfermagem do Estado do Amazonas - Brasil / La automedicación por los estudiantes de enfermería del Estado de Amazonas - Brasil / Self-medication Among Nursing Students in the State of Amazonas - Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados à automedicação entre estudantes de enfermagem. Método Estudo transversal realizado com 116 estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública do Estado do Amazonas – Brasil, no período de março a abril de 2014. Utilizou-se questionário constituído por variáveis socioeconômicas e de consumo de medicamentos. Foi realizada a análise bivariada e a regressão logística – nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A prevalência de automedicação foi de 76,0%, motivada especialmente pela percepção de que o problema de saúde não requeria visita ao médico (46,6%). Metade dos estudantes relataram queixas álgicas. Os grupos farmacológicos mais consumidos foram anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (63,2%) e antibióticos (11,1%). O desconhecimento das implicações negativas da prática da automedicação foi associado à automedicação (OR=6,0). Conclusão A alta prevalência de automedicação, além de poder levar a reações adversas retrata também o uso irracional de medicamentos pelos estudantes, especialmente, quando considerado o papel destes futuros profissionais na segurança do paciente.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la automedicación entre estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos Estudio transversal con 116 estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública en Amazonas - Brasil, en el período de marzo y abril del 2014. Se utilizó un cuestionario que consta de los niveles socioeconómicos y el consumo de drogas. Se realizó un análisis bivariante y regresión logística -nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados La prevalencia de la automedicación fue de un 76,0%, motivada especialmente por la constatación de que el problema de salud requiere no visitar al médico (46,6%). La mitad de los estudiantes reportaron quejas de dolor. Los grupos de fármacos más consumidos fueron los antiinflamatorios no esteroide (63,2%) y antibióticos (11,1%). Ignorar las implicaciones negativas de la práctica de la automedicación se asoció con la automedicación (OR = 6,0). Conclusión La alta prevalencia de la automedicación, pueden dar lugar a reacciones adversas, retrata el uso irracional de los medicamentos por los estudiantes, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el papel de estos futuros profesionales de la seguridad del paciente.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among nursing students. Method This is a cross-sectional study with 116 nursing students from the public university in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, from March to April 2014. Data were collected using a questionnaire with socioeconomic and medicine use variables. The data were subjected to bivariate analysis and logistic regression at a significance level of 5%. Results The prevalence of self-medication was 76.0%, chiefly motivated by the belief that the health condition did not require a medical appointment (46.6%). Half of the students reported pain-related complaints. The most commonly used pharmacological groups were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (63.2%) and antibiotics (11.1%). Lack of awareness of the negative implications of self-medication was associated with self-medication (OR = 6.0). Conclusion The high prevalence of self-medication that may lead to adverse reactions reveals the students’ irrational use of medicines, especially considering the role of these future professionals in patient safety.

Automedicación analgésica en pacientes que acuden al servicio de odontología del Hospital General Dr. Luis Razetti, Barinas Estado Barinas, Venezuela / Analgesic self-medication on patients attending General Hospital Dr. Luis Razetti's dental care service in Barinas state Barinas, Venezuela

La automedicación consiste en el uso de medicamentos por decisión propia o consejo no cualificado. La automedicación con fármacos analgésicos puede retrasar el diagnóstico, prolongar la enfermedad y llevar al uso inadecuado de estos medicamentos. En la población general esta conducta es ampliamente investigada; sin embargo, la información es escasa en pacientes odontológicos. El objetivo fue analizar las características de la automedicación analgésica en pacientes que acuden al Servicio de Odontología del Hospital General Dr. Luis Razetti. Barinas estado Barinas, Venezuela. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva de diseño transversal, en la que se aplicó un cuestionario a pacientes que acudieron al servicio durante los meses septiembre y octubre del año 2015. El análisis de los resultados reveló 84,8% de pacientes automedicados, predominio del género femenino (65,3%) y del nivel de instrucción secundario (55,8%); el principal motivo de consulta fue el dolor dental (43,2%). Los analgésicos más utilizados fueron acetaminofén (45,3%) e ibuprofeno (42,1%), la motivación más frecuente fue el consejo de amigos y familiares (57,9%) y el 38,9% de los pacientes considera la intolerancia gastrointestinal como efecto adverso potencial de los analgésicos. El nivel de instrucción se relacionó significativamente con el conocimiento sobre automedicación y la dosis del analgésico (p<0,05); también hubo asociación entre el tipo de analgésico y la dosis referida (p<0,05). Se concluye que la automedicación analgésica es frecuente en pacientes que solicitan atención odontológica, por tanto es importante que el personal odontológico esté informado sobre las características de esta práctica y las consecuencias negativas que puede ocasionar.

Self-medication is defined as the use of medicines on one's own decision, without a doctor's prescription. Self-medication can cause analgesic misuse it may also delay the illnesses diagnosis and prolong them. This behavior is widely investigated in the general population, however, the information is limited in dental patients. This investigation was primarily focused in the analysis of aspects related to self-medication using analgesics on patients attending General hospital Dr. Luis Razetti's dental care service in Barinas, state Barinas, Venezuela. A cross-sectional descriptive study was done by means of a questionnaire applied to dental service patients on September and October 2015. Results analysis revealed that 84, 8% of patients were self-medicated, with predominance of females (65,3%) with secondary education level (55,8%). As well, dental pain was found as the main reason for the consultation (43,2%). Most commonly analgesics were Acetaminophen (45, 3%) and Ibuprofen (42,1%). Main motivations came from friends or relatives advice (57,9%). Moreover, 38, 9% of the patients consider the gastrointestinal intolerance as a potential adverse effect of analgesics. The level of education was significantly related to the knowledge about self-medication and its dose (p<0, 05); there was also an association between the type of analgesic and the referred dose (p<0, 05). It is concluded that analgesic self-medication is frequent in patients requiring dental care attention, therefore, it is important that dental staff is informed about the characteristics of this practice and its negative consequences.

Consumo de medicamentos y condiciones de vida / Drug consumption and living conditions

En Cuba, la producción de medicamentos está en manos del estado. La industria trabaja en coordinación con el Sistema Nacional de Salud y produce y distribuye los medicamentos en función del cuadro epidemiológico del país. No obstante, el problema al que se expone la sociedad con el consumo de medicamentos es complejo. En tal sentido, se pretende argumentar la necesidad del análisis de los patrones de consumo de medicamentos según las condiciones de vida de la población. Se realizó una investigación documental y análisis de contenido de las publicaciones identificadas en la literatura nacional e internacional que tratan el tema. Se identificó carencia de publicaciones que aborden el consumo de medicamentos según las condiciones de vida de la población en el contexto cubano. Conocer el consumo y sus determinantes influyen en la calidad de la salud de la población y permite a los prestadores en particular y al sistema de salud en general, desarrollar acciones correctivas para alcanzar conductas acordes con el significado de los medicamentos en la sociedad contemporánea(AU)

In Cuba, drug production is managed by the state. The drug industry works in close coordination with the national health care system and manufactures and distributes drugs according to the epidemiological picture existing in the country. However, the problem of drug consumption by the society is complex. In this regard, this paper was intended to substantiate the need of analyzing the drug consumption patterns according to the living conditions of the population. A documentary and content analysis research of the national and international literature dealing with this topic was made. It identified the lack of publications dealing with drug consumption according to the living conditions of the population in the Cuban setting. Learning about the consumption and its determinants has an impact on the health quality of the population and allows care providers in particular and health system in general to develop corrective actions to attain performances in line with the meaning of drugs in the contemporary society(AU)

Toxicidad pulmonar por inyección intravenosa de eugenol / Pulmonary toxicity due to an intravenous administration of eugenol

Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente que instaló edema pulmonar no cardiogénico, luego de la inyección intravenosa de eugenol requiriendo un tratamiento agresivo de soporte de las funciones vitales en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

It is presented the case of a patient, who developed a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, after the intravenous administration of eugenol, requiring aggressive supportive measures in an Intensive Care Unit.

Acute liver failure and self-medication / Falência hepática aguda e automedicação

INTRODUCTION: Not responsible self-medication refers to drug use in high doses without rational indication and often associated with alcohol abuse. It can lead to liver damage and drug interactions, and may cause liver failure. AIM: To warn about how the practice of self-medication can be responsible for acute liver failure. METHOD: Were used the Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO and Lilacs, and additional information on institutional sites of interest crossing the headings acute liver failure [tiab] AND acetaminophen [tiab]; self-medication [tiab] AND acetaminophen [tiab]; acute liver failure [tiab] AND dietary supplements [tiab]; self-medication [tiab] AND liver failure [tiab] and self-medication [tiab] AND green tea [tiab]. In Lilacs and SciELO used the descriptor self medication in Portuguese and Spanish. From total surveyed were selected 27 articles and five sites specifically related to the purpose of this review. CONCLUSIONS: Legislation and supervision disabled and information inaccessible to people, favors the emergence of cases of liver failure drug in many countries. In the list of released drugs that deserve more attention and care, are some herbal medicines used for the purpose of weight loss, and acetaminophen. It is recommended that institutes of health intensify supervision and better orient their populations on drug seemingly harmless, limiting the sale of products or requiring a prescription for release them. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Automedicação não responsável refere-se ao uso de medicamentos em altas doses, sem parâmetros racionais e associada frequentemente ao álcool. Ela pode levar à interações medicamentosas danosas ao fígado, podendo causar falência hepática. OBJETIVO: Alertar sobre o quanto a prática da automedicação não responsável pode levar falência hepática aguda. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas as bases Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO e Lilacs, e informações adicionais em sites institucionais de interesse cruzando os descritores acute liver failure[tiab] AND acetaminophen[tiab]; self-medication[tiab] AND acetaminophen[tiab]; acute liver failure[tiab] AND dietary supplements[tiab]; self-medication[tiab] AND liver failure[tiab]; e self-medication[tiab] AND green tea[tiab]. Na Lilacs e SciELO utilizou-se o descritor automedicação em português e espanhol. Do total pesquisado selecionou-se 27 artigos e cinco sites relacionados especificamente ao objetivo desta revisão. CONCLUSÕES: Legislação e fiscalização deficientes e informações pouco acessíveis à população favorecem ao aparecimento de casos de falência hepática medicamentosa em diversos países. Na lista de medicamentos liberados que merecem maior atenção e cuidado, encontraram-se alguns fitoterápicos utilizados com o objetivo de emagrecer, e o analgésico paracetamol. Recomenda-se que organismos nacionais de farmacovigilância intensifiquem a fiscalização e melhor orientem suas populações no consumo de medicamentos aparentemente inofensivos, limitando a sua venda produtos ou exigindo receita médica para liberação. .

Automedicación y autodiagnostico del personal de enfermería / Self-medication and self-diagnosis in the nursing staff

El presente trabajo pretende determinar la prevalencia de consumo de medicamentos, cuales son los más usados, la frecuencia de consumo, y la significacion que se da a los mismos.

Automedicación en estudiantes de la carrera de medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNAH / Self-medication among second to seventh year students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNAH

El uso inadecuado de medicamentos sin prescripción médica o sobrantes de tratamientos anteriores impulsa el análisis sobre sus beneficios, consecuencias y la toma de decisiones al respecto. Objetivo: determinar la práctica y el conocimiento de automedicación de los estudiantes de la Carrera de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (FCM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH). Metodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población fue de 3,447 estudiantes de la Carrera de Medicina de segundo a séptimo año y la muestra fue de 300 estudiantes. Se eligieron 50 estudiantes por cada año, en forma aleatoria. Se diseñó y facilitó un cuestionario que contempló cuatro aspectos: datos culturales, sociales, económicos y patológicos. Resultados: La prevalencia de automedicación fue de 70% (209) estudiantes, de estos, 34% (72) lo hacen una vez al mes, 33% (62) una vez al año, seguido por 29% (61) que lo practican cuando se enferman y 4% (8) una vez a la semana; 58% (121) eran mujeres y 42% (81) hombres. 39% (117) opinaron que es una práctica riesgosa que no se debe utilizar, 49% (151) afirmó tener amigos que se automedican, 48% (145) refirió tener familiares que lo realizan, 78% (164)lo hacen por tener síntomas leves, 24% (51) practican el hábito de fumar, 44% (92) ingieren bebidas alcohólicas.De los 209 estudiantes que se automedican 10% (20) han observado efectos secundarios, 82% (171) lo hacen con AINEs, 49% (102) se automedican cuando presentan resfriado común, 29% (61) por cefalea, 7%(14) por faringoamigdalitis y 8% (17) indicaron utilizar varios medicamentos. Conclusiones: La práctica de la automedicación es realizada en un 70% por estudiantes de la Carrera de Medicina en mejorar la sintomatología de procesos infecciosos y cefalea...

Bochechos com água oxigenada são carcinogênicos e indicados na internet: implicações ortodônticas e fundamentos / Mouthwash with hydrogen peroxide are carcinogenic and displayed on the internet: orthodontic implications and foundations

Em breve, teremos trabalhos sobre os efeitos do peróxido de hidrogênio na união dos braquetes aderidos ao esmalte, sobre os elásticos intermaxilares, os metais e cerâmicas dos próprios braquetes, na fixação da contenção e outras implicações práticas clínicas dos bochechos com água oxigenada, livremente indicados irresponsavelmente via internet, por pessoas despreparadas. Esses bochechos com água oxigenada pretensamente visam a antissepsia e a clareação dentária, estando “indicados” para uso diário e/ou semanal; no entanto, esses bochechos têm efeitos cocarcinogênicos na mucosa bucal e demais mucosas do trato gastrintestinal. Nesse artigo, procuraremos informar e dar fundamentos para que os profissionais da Odontologia e auxiliares possam embasar suas reflexões, opiniões e condutas relacionadas ao tema “uso indiscriminado e livre de peróxido de hidrogênio na boca sobre os dentes e mucosa bucal”.

Prevalência de automedicação e os fatores associados entre os usuários de um Centro de Saúde Universitário / Prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among patients of a University Health Center

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A automedicação difundiu-se no mundo, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública. Se por um lado tal prática pode, de certa forma, trazer benefícios ao aliviar a demanda do saturado Sistema Único de Saúde, por outro, pode trazer sérios risco à saúde, que vão desde as mais simples reações adversas até as mais graves intoxicações. Desta maneira, considerando a automedicação como um problema de saúde pública e a importância de conhecê-la e combatê-la, este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de automedicação e os fatores associados a esta prática entre os usuários atendidos no Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco. MÉTODO: O estudo foi realizado a partir de entrevistas com 288 usuários atendidos nesta unidade de saúde no mês de novembro de 2011, destes 197 eram do sexo feminino e 91 do sexo masculino, de acordo com a demanda do centro. Todos os entrevistados possuíam mais de 18 anos e foram escolhidos aleatoriamente. RESULTADOS: Observou-se maior prevalência de automedicação entre as mulheres (66,5%) versus (59,3%) entre os homens,72,5% dos usuários apresentavam renda mensal inferior a dois salários mínimos e 69,0% costumavam guardar remédios não receitados em casa. Além disso, os anti-inflamatórios não esteroides, remédios naturais e caseiros foram os fármacos não prescritos mais consumidos. CONCLUSÃO: Dessa forma, constatou-se que a automedicação é uma prática comum entre os usuários atendidos nesta unidade de saúde como mecanismo para tentar suprir as deficiências do serviço e, por se tratar de uma prática potencialmente danosa à saúde, merece especial atenção das autoridades.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Self-medication has spread worldwide, becoming a problem of public health. On one hand, such practice may somehow provide benefits to ease the demand of the saturated Unified Health System (SUS). On the other hand, it can lead to serious health risks ranging from the simplest adverse reactions to severe poisoning. Thus, considering the self-medication as a public health problem and the importance of knowing it and fighting against it, this study had as objective to evaluate the prevalence of self-medication and the factors associated with this practice among patients treated at the Escola do Marco Health Center. METHOD: The study was based on interviews with 288 patients seen in the clinic in November 2011. Among them, 197 were females and 91 males, according to the center's demand. All respondents were over 18 years old and chosen randomly. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of self-medication was observed among women (66.5%) compared to men (59.3%). 72.5% of patients had a monthly income below two minimum wages and 69.0% used to keep non-prescription drugs at home. In addition, NSAIDs and natural and home-made remedies were themost used non-prescription drugs. CONCLUSION: Thus, it was concluded that self-medication is a common practice among patients seen in the clinic as a mechanism to try to address the weaknesses of the public service. Because it is a practice potentially harmful to health, it requires special attention from the authorities.