Epidemiología de bacterias anaerobias aisladas en muestras clínicas en el hospital san juan de dios, San José, Costa Rica, durante el trienio 2014, 2015 y 2016 / Epidemiology of anaerobic bacteria isolated in clinical samples at San Juan de Dios Hospital, San José, Costa Rica, during the 2014, 2015 and 2016 triennium

Resumen La epidemiología de las posibles poblaciones en riesgo de sufrir una infección por bacterias anaerobias a nivel nacional es desconocida, se debería de incentivar el conocimiento en los servicios de salud sobre este tipo de infecciones. Las bacterias anaerobias están relacionadas en los medios hospitalarios como causa importante de morbilidad, razón por la cual es conveniente conocer la epidemiologia y prevalecía de especies involucradas. En el Laboratorio de Bacteriología del Hospital San Juan de Dios, durante tres años, se analizaron un total de 1545 pacientes sospechosos de microorganismos anaerobios en medios prerreducidos, mediante un tamizaje se redujeron a un total de 469 posibles muestras, las cuales, fueron enviadas al Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia (LIBA) para su correspondiente identificación. A lo largo de las semanas epidemiológicas de los tres años se encontraron en promedio de 1.77 casos confirmados / semana, con razón de sexo positiva a favor de los masculinos. Se determinó que solo 245 de las muestras enviadas presentaban uno o varios microorganismos anaerobios estrictos representando un 15.85% del total, identificándose 39 especies diferentes, en 306 cepas aisladas. Las mayormente importante fue el género Bacteriodes, provenientes de cavidad abdominal seguido de abscesos y heridas de piel. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo presentar datos que respalden la importancia clínica de la búsqueda de microorganismos anaerobios y que ayuden a los analistas de bacteriología a guiar cuales son los principales microorganismos esperables en muestras clínicas, además de conocer la prevalencia en general.

Abstract The epidemiology of the possible populations at risk of suffering an infection by anaerobic bacteria a national level is unknown, it should be encouraged the knowledge in the health services about this type of infections. Anaerobic bacteria are related in hospital environments as an important cause of morbidity, which is why it is convenient to know the epidemiology and prevalence of species involved. In the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Hospital San Juan de Dios, for three years, a total of 1545 patients suspected of anaerobic microorganisms in prereduced media were analyzed, through a screening was reduced to a total of 469 possible samples, which were sent to the Anaerobic Bacteriology Research Laboratory (LIBA) for its corresponding identification. Throughout the epidemiological weeks of the three years were found on average of 1.77 confirmed cases / week, with a positive sex ratio in favor of men. It was determined that only 245 of the samples sent had one or several strict anaerobic microorganisms representing 15.85% of the total, identifying 39 different species, in 306 isolated strains. The most important was the genus Bacteriodes, coming from the abdominal cavity followed by abscesses and skin wounds. The present study aims to present data that support the clinical importance of the search for anaerobic microorganisms and that help the analysts of bacteriology to guide which are the main expected microorganisms in clinical samples, in addition to knowing the prevalence in general.

Quorum sensing en la asociación beneficiosa de las bacterias con las plantas / Quorum sensing in beneficial plant-bacteria associations

Se conoce que el quorum sensing es un atributo común de muchas especies bacterianas y que puede ser un carácter universal de las bacterias. Actualmente se están describiendo a un paso más rápido nuevas señales y nuevos sistemas de regulación por quorum sensing y se han desarrollado las investigaciones acerca de la comunicación célula-célula en bacterias basada en el mecanismo de quorum sensing. En los ambientes naturales existen muchas bacterias que viven juntas y utilizan varias clases de moléculas señales. Dentro de las señales especie específicas predominan las acilhomoserín lactonas (AHLs), pero ya se han descrito una amplia diversidad de moléculas involucradas en la señalización célula-célula. Numerosos bioensayos y sistemas sensores se han desarrollado para la detección, caracterización y cuantificación de las AHLs. Se han obtenido evidencias de la acción de estas moléculas señales en la colonización de la rizosfera, el swarming, las interacciones simbióticas y la capacidad de interrumpir el proceso de señalización de otras bacterias que convivan en el mismo ambiente. Todas estas potencialidades de las bacterias que involucran el mecanismo de quorum sensing, pudieran ser utilizadas para fortalecerla acción estimuladora del crecimiento vegetal y el control biológico de patógenos en los agroecosistemas sostenibles.

The quorum sensing is a common attribute in some bacterial species. Currently, several signals and new regulation systems are describing and the researchers are very interested in the cell-cell communication based on quorum sensing mechanism. In the natural environments several bacteria are living together, then several types of signal molecules are using. The acylhomoserines lactones (AHLs), are predominant, but a wide range of molecules are involved in cell-cell communication. To detect, characterization and quantification of signals numerous bioassays and sensors systems were developed. It were demonstrated the action of signals molecules in the rhizosphere colonization, swarming, symbiotic interactions and the capacity to break the signaling process of another microorganism in the same environment. These potentialities of bacteria would be used to improve the plant growth stimulation and biological control of pathogens in sustainable agricultural.

Rapid identification of non-sporing anaerobes using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and an identification strategy.

PURPOSE: The non-sporing anaerobes cause a wide spectrum of infections. They are difficult to culture and their identification is tedious and time-consuming. Rapid identification of anaerobes is highly desirable. Towards this end, the potential of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for providing a fingerprint within the proton spectrum of six genera belonging to anaerobes reflecting their characteristic metabolites has been investigated. METHODS: NMR analysis was carried out using Mercury plus Varian 300 MHz (7.05 T) NMR spectrophotometer on six different anaerobes. These included Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella denticola, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Peptococcus niger and Peptostreptococcus spp. After the NMR analysis (256/512 scans), the different peaks were noted. The eight pus specimens, which yielded pure culture of anaerobe, also were analysed similarly. RESULTS: The major resonances of multiplex of amino acids/lipid at 0.9 ppm along with lactate/lipid at 1.3 ppm, acetate at 1.92 ppm and multiplex of lysine at 3.0 ppm remained constant to label the organism as an anaerobe. There was a difference found in the MR spectra of different genera and species. A simple algorithm was developed for the identification of the six different anaerobes studied. The MR spectra of the pure culture of the organism matched the MR spectra of pus from which the organism was isolated. CONCLUSIONS: MR-based identification was of value in the identification of anaerobes. However, a larger database of the peaks produced by anaerobes needs to be created for identification of all genera and species. It could then have the potential of diagnosing an anaerobic infection in vivo and thus expedite management of deep-seated abscesses.

Tissue reactions to a component of root canal system bacteria: lipoteichoic acid

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), present in Gram-positive microorganisms, has physiochemical characteristics that allow it to act as an immunogen. Due to polymicrobial characteristics of root canal infections, LTA can participate in the development of periapical disease. The reaction of the rat subcutaneous tissue to Teflon tube implants, filled with Fibrinol soaked in lipoteichoic acid (concentration of 150 æg/ml), was observed. Lipoteichoic acid provoked an inflammatory tissue reaction

Gas chromatographic detection of anaerobic bacteria from environment.

A rapid method of detection of anaerobic bacteria in environment using gas chromatograph is described. Metabolically produced volatile and non-volatile fatty acid by the anaerobic bacteria are detected gas-chromatographically. Using this technique anaerobic bacteria are detected from soil, air, laboratory and operation theatre environments and drinking water samples. In the polluted drinking water apart from drug resistant E. coli, Clostridium difficile is isolated indicating faecal pollution of drinking water from cases of antibiotic associated pseudomembraneous colitis. The method has great significance in detection of anaerobic bacteria in environment especially in the management of war wounds.

Mobiluncus, ¿nuevo patógeno microbiano? / Mobiluncos: new microbian patogen?

La llamada vaginitis inespecífica, conocida en al actualidad como vaginosis bacteriana, es una entidad patológica de indudable relevancia. A su etiología polimicrobiana aceptada por la mayoría de investigadores se añade un nuevo género bacteriano: Mobiluncus, microrganismo anaerobio cuya posible participación en esta enfermedad genital se analiza en el presente artículo dentro de un contexto microbiológico y bioquímico