Análise parasitológica em estudantes com deficiência intelectual e/ou múltipla (o múltiple) / Parasitological analysis in students with intellectual and/or multiple disabilities

O parasitismo acontece quando há associação de dois seres vivos onde um deles se desenvolve e prejudica de alguma forma o outro ser, chamado hospedeiro (El parasitismo ocurre cuando existe una asociación de dos seres vivos, donde uno de ellos se desarrolla y afecta de algún modo al otro, que se llama huésped). Alguns parasitos como Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia solium, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura e Enterobius vermicularis são transmitidos pela água e/ou (se transmiten por el agua o por) alimentos contaminados e afetam grande parte da população mundial no desempenho (y afectan a una gran parte de la población mundial en el desarrollo) de suas atividades físicas, mentais e sociais, expondo-a a diversas manifestações clínicas que podem gerar elevados níveis (pueden generar altos niveles) de morbidade. Considerando que, aproximadamente, 11% da população brasileira sofrem com algum tipo de deficiência intelectual e/ou múltipla e pouco se tem estudado sobre a ocorrência (y poco se ha estudiado acerca de la existencia) de enteroparasitos nesse grupo populacional, estudos parasitológicos laboratoriais foram realizados em 50 estudantes da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) da cidade de São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Do total de amostras analisadas 28 (56%) estavam positivas para um ou mais parasitos e comensais, sendo (uno o más parásitos y comensales, siendo) 5 (17.85%) por G. lamblia, 7 (25.00%) por E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moschkovskii, 11 (39.28%) por Entamoeba coli, 6 (21.43%) por Balantidium coli, 2 (7.14%) por Endolimax nana e 3 (10.7%) por E. vermicularis. Considerando a elevada frequência de indivíduos parasitados torna-se necessário a busca (se hace necesaria la búsqueda) de investimentos em profilaxia e educação higiênico-sanitária, além da realização (además de la realización) constante de exames parasitológicos, garantindo uma melhor (garantizando una mejor) qualidade de vida à população da APAE de São Mateus.

Parasitism occurs when there is an association between two living beings, in which one develops and in some way harms the other being, called host. Some parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia solium, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis are transmitted by contaminated water and/or food and affect a large number of the world population in their physical, mental and social activities, exposing them to diverse clinical manifestations that can generate high levels of morbidity. Considering that approximately 11% of the Brazilian population suffers from some type of intellectual and/or multiple deficiency and little has been studied about the occurrence of enteroparasites in this population group, laboratory parasitological studies were performed in 50 students of the Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) of the city of São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil. From the total of the analyzed samples, 28 (56%) were positive for one or more parasites and commensals, of which 5 (17.85%) were positive for G. lamblia, 6 (25.00%) for E. histolytica/E. dispar, 11 (39.28%) for Entamoeba coli, 7 (21.43%) for Balantidium coli, 2 (7.14%) for Endolimax nana and 3 (10.7%) for E. vermicularis. Considering the high prevalence of parasitic infection in this population, it is necessary to seek greater investment in prophylaxis and hygienic-sanitary education, in addition to constantly conducting parasitological examinations that might guarantee a better quality of life for the population of São Mateus APAE.

Avaliação da frequência de Balantidium coli em suínos, tratadores de suínos e primatas não humanos no estado do Rio de Janeiro / Balantidium coli: frequency evaluation in pig, pig handlers and nonhuman primate in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Este trabalho relata a frequência de Balantidium coli nos tratadores de suínos e primatas não humanos que trabalham em criatórios localizados em distintos municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. No período de 2012 a 2014, foram coletadas 104 amostras fecais de 52 tratadores, 790 amostras fecais de suínos e 1.115 de primatas não humanos. Todas as amostras foram coletadas sem conservante químico, sendo submetidas às técnicas de Faust et al., Sheather modificada, Ritchie modificada, Lutz e exame direto. Formas evolutivas de B. coli não foram detectadas nas amostras fecais dos tratadores, porém foram evidenciadas em 49,2% dos suínos e em 41,5% do material fecal dos símios. A ausência da balantidiose em humanos, embora estivessem em contato próximo com animais parasitados, como foi demonstrado neste estudo, pode ter ocorrido em virtude da adoção de adequadas medidas higiênico-sanitárias na manipulação desses animais ou graças à resistência humana à infecção por esse protozoário.

Comparison of five parasitological techniques for laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts / Comparação de cinco técnicas parasitológicas para diagnóstico laboratorial de cistos de Balantidium coli

Abstract Balantidium coli is a protozoon that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates, with zoonotic potential. In the literature, there is still little information on the effectiveness of different laboratory techniques for diagnosing this disease. This study compared and evaluated the performance of the Lutz, modified Ritchie, Faust, modified Sheather and direct examination techniques for detecting cysts of this protozoon. Between 2012 and 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of these, 790 were obtained from the rectum of pigs and 1115 from enclosures occupied by nonhuman primates. B. coli cysts were most evident through direct examination (22.4% of the samples) and the Lutz technique (21%). Fair agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p < 0.05) was observed only between direct examination and Lutz. The flotation techniques (Faust and modified Sheather) did not show good recovery of cysts. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of cysts between pigs and nonhuman primates could only be observed through direct examination and the Lutz technique. The most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was seen to an association between direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation technique.

Resumo Balantidium coli é um protozoário que pode determinar disenteria em humanos, suínos e primatas não humanos apresentando potencial zoonótico. Na literatura ainda são escassas as informações sobre a eficiência das diferentes técnicas laboratoriais para o diagnóstico dessa parasitose. Este estudo comparou e avaliou o desempenho das técnicas de Lutz, Ritchie modificada, Faust, Sheather modificada e do exame direto para a detecção de cistos desse protozoário. Entre 2012 e 2014, foram coletadas 1905 amostras fecais de animais cativos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Dessas, 790 foram obtidas da ampola retal de suínos e 1115 dos recintos de primatas não humanos. Cistos de B. coli foram 22,4 % mais evidenciados pelo exame direto; e pela técnica de Lutz, 21% das amostras. Concordância regular (Kappa = 0,41; p < 0,05) foi observada somente entre exame direto e Lutz. As técnicas de flutuação, Faust et al. e Sheather modificada não apresentaram boa recuperação dos cistos. Diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) na frequência de cistos entre suínos e primatas não humanos pode ser observada somente no exame direto e na técnica de Lutz. A metodologia mais eficiente para diagnóstico dessa parasitose foi observada pela associação do exame direto e da técnica de sedimentação espontânea.

Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos criados sob diferentes sistemas de manejo no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

From 2012 to 2013 were surveyed gastrointestinal parasites from pig farms located in different municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples from 790 pigs were collected from the rectum on 88 family farms and 702 farms with industrial production. The samples were subjected to Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz and direct examination faecal techniques. The estimated parasite prevalence was 93.1% in family farms and 59.1% in industrial farms. Balantidium coli, coccidia and Entamoeba sp. were the parasites with the highest frequencies, and the male and female reproductive categories and fatteners pigs the most infected (p<0.05). Trophozoites of B. coli were most evident in stool samples from semi-solid followed by solid and diarrheal consistencies. Strongyles eggs and Trichuris suis have been detected exclusively in family farms. Ascaris suum eggs and Strongyloides ransomi showed low frequency. The high degree of parasitism, especially protozoa, indicates the need to reassess the management of pigs in both types of production...

De 2012 a 2013 foram pesquisados parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos de granjas localizadas em diferentes municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais de 790 suínos foram coletadas da ampola retal, sendo 88 de propriedades familiares e 702 de granjas com produção industrial. As amostras foram submetidas às técnicas de Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz e exame direto. A prevalência estimada foi de 93,1% nas granjas familiares e 59,1% nas granjas industriais. Balantidium coli, coccídios e Entamoeba sp. foram os parasitos que apresentaram as maiores frequências, sendo as categorias machos e fêmeas reprodutoras e leitões de terminação as mais infectadas (p<0,05). Trofozoítas de B. coli foram mais evidenciados nas amostras fecais de consistências semi-sólida, seguida pelas fezes com consistências sólida e diarreica. Ovos de estrongilídeos e Trichuris suis foram detectados exclusivamente em criações familiares. Ovos de Ascaris suum e de Strongyloides ransomi apresentaram baixa frequência. O alto grau de parasitismo, principalmente de protozoários, indica a necessidade de reavaliação do manejo dos suínos em ambos os tipos de produção...

Parasitological Evaluation of Domestic Water Sources in a Rural Community in Nigeria.

Aim: To evaluate the level of safety of water sources in a rural settlement in Nigeria with reference to parasitic infections and to make appropriate recommendations to the government and the community dwellers. Study Design: Investigative study. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected in Heipang, Barkin Ladi Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria between October-December, 2012. They were processed at the General Laboratory of National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. Methodology: 100 water samples were collected from domestic water sources. 10 of the samples were from streams, 60 from ponds, 20 from wells and 10 were from bore holes. Samples were investigated for presence of parasites using standard World Health Organisation approved laboratory techniques. Each sample was subjected to macroscopy, filtration, centrifugation and microscopy. Results: It revealed that 59 out of 100 water sources investigated had parasitic infestation. Ponds had the highest degree of parasitic contamination (78.3%), streams followed closely with 50%, while wells and bore holes had 35% and 0% in that order. Helminths were the leading parasitic genera encountered with Ascaris species accounting for 33.9% of the parasites. Hookworm was the second most common helminth with the prevalence of 20.3%. Strongyloides species accounted for a paltry prevalence of 3.4%. Protozoan cysts of Balanditium coli and Entamoeba histolytica accounted for 18.6% of parasites each. Conclusion: These findings clearly show that most water sources in the study area constitute grave epidemiological threat to public health. Inhabitants of such communities should boil or treat their water before consumption while government authorities should provide safe drinking water to the rural dwellers.

Balantidium honghuensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Trichostomatidae) from the Rectum of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis from Honghu Lake, China

A new trichostome ciliate, Balantidium honghuensis n. sp., was isolated from the recta of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis during parasite surveys in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province, central China in summer of 2010 and 2011. Its detailed morphometric characters based on LM and SEM studies were described herein. The organism is oval in shape and thickly ciliated. The vestibulum is "V" shaped and occupies about 1/3 to 2/5 of the body length. The vestibular and nearby regions possess strong peripheral fibers which form a marked axial fiber about the cytopharynx. More than 10 contractile vacuoles are distributed along the periphery of the latter body. Comparisions were made between this new species and B. sinensis Nie, 1935. They were discriminated from each other in terms of general body forms, body size, and vestibulum shapes. Besides, special attention was paid to its high-speed daughter swarmers which we believed to be the infective stage of B. honghuensis. Possible infection routes of anura amphibian balantidia were discussed.

Report on a balantidiasis case in a person living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)

Balantidium coli é um protozoário parasito ciliado que afeta os porcos e primatas não-humanos. Sua presença em seres humanos é rara e pode se tornar um parasito oportunista em hospedeiros imunodeprimidos. Balantidíase é uma doença causada pela ingestão de cistos de B. coli. Osindivíduos infectados podem apresentar dor abdominal, cefaléia, astenia, tenesmo, meteorismo e diarréia caracterizada por cinco ou seis evacuações por dia. Este trabalho é o primeiro no Brasil a relatar a presença de B. coli em um paciente HIV-positivo.

A Case of Pneumonia Caused by Balantidium coli in an Immunocompetent Patient / 대한임상미생물학회지

Balantidium coli is the only largest ciliated protozoon known to infect human and nonhuman primates. Balantidiasis is a zoonotic disease and is acquired by humans via fecal-oral contact between pigs and humans. The clinical manifestation includes mainly gastrointestinal symptoms; diarrhea and abdominal pain, but in rare cases extraintestinal spread to lungs has been reported. A few reports of B. coli were found in vaginal secretion, skin, gastric juice, and omentum, but there have been no previous isolated cases in the respiratory tract in Korea. We reported that the first case of pneumonia caused by B. coli in Korea in an immunocompetent 40-year-old woman who displayed symptoms of chest discomfort and cough, and was cured with metronidazole.

A case of Balantidium coli in the gastric juice of a neonate / 대한주산의학회잡지

Balantidium coli is the only pathogenic ciliate parasitizing humans. Balantidium coli is widely distributed in hogs, particularly in warm and temperate climates, and in monkeys in the tropics. It is infrequently pathogenic for man. Balantidium coli is considered as a possible pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The infection fundamentally affects the colon and cause variable clinical pictures, from asymptomatic to serious dysenteric forms. Apart from intestinal involvement there have been reports on lung, liver, vagina infection by Balantidium coli. Balantidium coli were observed in the gastric juice of neonate. this is first report of asymptomatic balantidiasis in neonate.

Balantidiasis en una niña indígena de la Sierra de Perijá -Venezuela: reporte de un caso / Balantidiasis in an amerindian child from the sierra de Perijá-Venezuela: a case report

Se reporta el caso de una paciente indígena de la etnia Yucpa de la Sierra de Perijá-Venezuela, con cuadro de diarrea por Balantidium coli. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante el examen directo de las heces. Se le indicó tratamiento con Metronidazol. La evolución fue satisfactoria.

Balantidiasis in the gastric lymph nodes of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia): an incidental finding

A 4-year-old female Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) was found dead in the Gwangju Uchi Park Zoo. The animal had previously exhibited weakness and lethargy, but no signs of diarrhea. The carcass was emaciated upon presentation. The main gross lesion was characterized by severe serous atrophy of the fat tissues of the coronary and left ventricular grooves, resulting in the transformation of the fat to a gelatinous material. The rumen was fully distended with food, while the abomasum evidenced mucosal corrugation with slight congestion. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of Balantidium coli trophozoites within the lymphatic ducts of the gastric lymph node and the abdominal submucosa. On rare occasions, these organisms may invade extra-intestinal organs, in this case the gastric lymph nodes and abomasum.

Un caso de balantidiasis humana paucisintomática / A balantidiasis human case

Se presenta un caso de balantidiasis humana de forma paucisintomática, con períodos cortos de diarrea alternando con otros de e streñimiento, de un año de evolución. Hacía 60 años, desde la década de 1940, que no se registraban casos en Uruguay.

Balantidium coli in an Asymptomatic Patient: A Case Report / 대한진단검사의학회지

Balantidium coli is widely distributed in hogs, particularly in warm and temperate climates, and in monkeys in the tropics. B. coli is the only pathogenic ciliate and is the largest protozoan parasitizing humans. Some individuals with B. coli infections are totally asymptomatic, whereas others have symptoms of severe dysentery similar to those seen in patients with amebiasis. We report a 5-year-old girl with asymptomatic balantidiasis. The patient was suffering from herpes zoster for several days. She did not have symptoms of dysentery or urinary tract infection. Motile trophozoites of B. coli were observed in the urinary sediment. This is the first report of asymptomatic balantidiasis in Korea.

Intestinal parasites in children with diarrhea in Delhi, India.

The parasitic causes of diarrhea in children in Delhi were determined by the direct smear technique; stool specimens of 127 children were examined for intestinal parasites. In 59 cases (46.5%) intestinal helminths and protozoa were demonstrated. Ascaris lumbricoides was observed in 1 (0.8%) case, while Trichuris trichiura was the finding in 3 (2.4%). Protozoal parasites included Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica in 14 (11%) cases each, Balantidium coli in 3 (2.4%) cases and Cryptosporidium spp in 24 (18.9%) patients. Mixed infection was not seen in any of the cases. Intestinal parasites may increase susceptibility to infection with other intestinal pathogens and therefore with the help of a simple technique, like direct fecal smear examination. rapid diagnosis can be made and specific therapy instituted.

Tiña tricofítica asociada a Balantidium coli en cuero cabelludo / Trichophytic tinea associated with Ballantidium coli on the scalp

Paciente de sexo masculino, de diecisiete años de edad, dedicado al trabajo rural. Presenta en cuero cabelludo lesiones de tiña tricofítica, asociada a un protozoario ciliado, el Balantidium coli, teniendo éste último comúnmente a los cerdos como potenciales reservorios y adquirido en éste paciente debido al contacto con agua de bebederos de animales. Los exámenes de laboratorio son positivos para Trichophyton mentagrophytes y el exámen microscópico directo para Balantidium coli