Main sources of added sugar in Argentina

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour dietary recalls and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed by Argentines, 26.9% of added sugars were provided by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, came from baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets and candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%), while women consumed more added sugars in infusions (25.5 vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day), while no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos por los argentinos el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces y golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5 vs. 21.8%), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

Principales fuentes de azúcares de adición en Argentina / Main sources of added sugars in Argentina

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos, el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces, golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5% vs. 21.8), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and to determine the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour intake records and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed, 26.9% of added sugars was contributed by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, was obtained by baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets, candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%) and women more in infusions (25.5% vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day) and no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

Consumo de bebidas açucaradas e fatores associados em adultos / Consumption of sweetened beverages and associated factors in adults

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas e sua associação com aspectos sociodemográficos e comportamentais de adultos de uma cidade do sudoeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional com 1226 adultos de 20 a 59 anos, residentes na zona urbana do município de Viçosa-MG. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado para medir as condições sociodemográficas e comportamentais. O consumo de bebidas açucaradas foi classificado como regular quando a frequência de ingestão foi igual ou superior a cinco vezes por semana. O consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas foi superior em homens e mulheres com idade entre 20 e 29 anos (p < 0,01). Homens com hábito de realizar refeições em frente à televisão (p = 0,03) e mulheres insatisfeitas com seu peso (p = 0,03) apresentaram maior consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas. Conclui-se que os indivíduos de maior idade apresentaram menor consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas e este consumo esteve associado a comportamentos obesogênicos, como o hábito em realizar refeições em frente à televisão, e em indivíduos insatisfeitos com o peso corporal.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the regular consumption of sweetened beverages and its association with sociodemographic and behavioral aspects in a city in the southwest of Brazil. It involves is a population-based study of 1,226 adults aged 20 to 59 living in the urban area of the municipality of Viçosa in the state of Minas Gerais. A structured questionnaire to measure sociodemographic and behavioral conditions was applied. The consumption of sweetened beverages was considered regular when the frequency of consumption was five or more times a week. Regular consumption of sweetened beverages was higher in men and women aged between 20 and 29 years (p < 0.01). Men with the habit of eating meals in front of the television (p = 0.03) and women dissatisfied with their weight (p = 0.03) consumed greater regular amounts of sweetened beverages. The conclusion reached is that older individuals showed less regular consumption of sweetened beverages and that the consumption of same was associated with obesogenic behaviors, such as the habit of eating meals in front of the television and among individuals dissatisfied with their body weight.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos: consumo de los niños y adolescentes, y alimentos que los aportan / Non-nutritive sweeteners: children and adolescent consumption and food sources

La disponibilidad de alimentos y bebidas con edulcorantes no nutritivos (ENN) aumentó en años recientes. Objetivos: Estimar el consumo de ENN en niños y adolescentes de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, la prevalencia de ingesta superior a la admisible y los principales alimentos y bebidas aportadores. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de información recolectada en la Primera Encuesta Alimentaria y Nutricional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires realizada en 2011 que incluyó 2664 niños y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años. El consumo se evaluó mediante recordatorio de 24 horas. El contenido de ENN en alimentos y bebidas se obtuvo del rotulado nutricional. Se calculó la ingesta total de cada ENN y la adecuación a la ingesta diaria admisible (IDA) establecida por FAO/OMS. Resultados: El 44% de los preescolares, 53% de escolares y 51% de los adolescentes consumieron alimentos con ENN. Ningún niño presentó un consumo superior a la IDA de aspartamo, acesulfame-K y sucralosa. El 0,3% de los preescolares superó la IDA de sacarina, el 1% de preescolares, 0,9% de escolares y el 0,1% de los adolescentes superaron la IDA de ciclamato, debido al consumo de jugos concentrados para diluir. Las bebidas aportaron el 67% del ciclamato, el 91% del acesulfame-K y el 96% del aspartamo. Los edulcorantes de mesa aportaron el 30% del ciclamato y el 32% de la sacarina. Conclusión: El consumo de alimentos con ENN es usual en la población infanto juvenil, principalmente a partir de bebidas. Menos del 1% de los niños supera la IDA de ciclamato y sacarina.

The availability of food and beverages with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) has increased in recent years. Objectives: To estimate NNSs consumption among children and adolescents in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of a daily intake higher than acceptable, and the main food and beverages contributing to it. Material and methods: Descriptive study about the information collected in the First Food and Nutritional/Nutrition Survey of Buenos Aires City, which was conducted in 2011 and included 2664 children and adolescents aged 2-18 years. Consumption was assessed by means of a 24-hour recall. NNSs content in food and beverages was obtained from nutrition facts labels. The total dietary intake for each NNSs and the adequacy to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Forty four percent of preschoolers, 53% of school children, and 51% of adolescents have had food with NNSs. No child was exposed to a consumption of aspartame, acesulfameK, and sucralose higher than the ADI. Saccharin consumption was higher than the ADI in 0.3% of preschoolers while cyclamate consumption was higher than the ADI in 0.9% of school children and 0.1% of adolescents, due to the consumption of concentrated juice, to be diluted with water. Beverages provided 67% of cyclamate, 91% of acesulfameK, and 96% of aspartame. Table-top sweeteners provided 30% of cyclamate and 32% of saccharin. Conclusion: Consumption of food and beverages with NNSs is usual among children and adolescents, mainly from beverages. Less than 1% of children are exposed to a consumption of cyclamate and saccharin higher than the ADI.

Association between excess weight and beverage portion size consumed in Brazil / Associação entre excesso de peso e tamanho das porções de bebidas consumidas no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the beverage portion size consumed and to evaluate their association with excess weight in Brazil. METHODS We used data from the National Dietary Survey, which included individuals with two days of food record aged over 20 years (n = 24,527 individuals). The beverages were categorized into six groups: soft drink, 100% fruit juice, fruit drink, alcoholic beverage, milk, and coffee or tea. We estimated the average portion consumed for each group and we evaluated, using linear regression, the association between portion size per group and the variables of age, sex, income, and nutritional status. We tested the association between portion size and excess weight using Poisson regression, adjusted for age, sex, income, and total energy intake. RESULTS The most frequently consumed beverages in Brazil were coffee and tea, followed by 100% fruit juices, soft drinks, and milk. Alcoholic beverages presented the highest average in the portion size consumed, followed by soft drinks, 100% fruit juice, fruit drink, and milk. Portion size showed positive association with excess weight only in the soft drink (PR = 1.19, 95%CI 1.10-1.27) and alcoholic beverage groups (PR = 1.20, 95%CI, 1.11-1.29), regardless of age, sex, income, and total energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Alcoholic beverages and soft drinks presented the highest averages in portion size and positive association with excess weight. Public health interventions should address the issue of portion sizes offered to consumers by discouraging the consumption of large portions, especially sweetened and low nutritional beverages.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o tamanho das porções de bebidas consumidas e avaliar sua associação com excesso de peso no Brasil. MÉTODOS Utilizou-se dados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, incluindo indivíduos com dois dias de registro alimentar, acima de 20 anos de idade (n = 24.527 indivíduos). As bebidas foram categorizadas em seis grupos: refrigerante; suco; refresco; bebida alcóolica; leite; e café ou chá. Estimou-se a porção média por ocasião de consumo para cada grupo e avaliou-se, por meio de regressão linear, a associação entre tamanho da porção por grupo e as variáveis idade, sexo, renda e estado nutricional. A associação entre tamanho da porção e excesso de peso foi testada por meio de regressão de Poisson, ajustada por idade, sexo, renda e ingestão total de energia. RESULTADOS As bebidas com maior frequência de consumo no Brasil foram café e chá, seguidas dos sucos, refrigerantes e leite. As bebidas alcóolicas apresentaram maior média no tamanho da porção consumida, seguidas dos refrigerantes, sucos, refrescos e leite. O tamanho da porção mostrou associação positiva com excesso de peso somente no grupo dos refrigerantes (RP = 1,19; IC95% 1,10-1,27), e bebidas alcoólicas (RP = 1,20; IC95% 1,11-1,29), independentemente da idade, sexo, renda e ingestão total de energia. CONCLUSÕES Bebidas alcoólicas e refrigerantes apresentaram as maiores médias no tamanho da porção e associação positiva com excesso de peso. Intervenções de saúde pública devem abranger a questão do tamanho das porções oferecidas aos consumidores, desencorajando o consumo de grandes porções, principalmente das bebidas adicionadas de açúcar e de baixo teor nutricional.

Aquisição domiciliar de refrigerantes e de biscoitos reduz o efeito de uma intervenção de promoção de frutas e hortaliças / Household purchase of sodas and cookies reduces the effect of an intervention to promote the consumption of fruits and vegetables / La adquisición domiciliaria de refrescos y galletas reduce el efecto de una intervención de promoción de frutas y hortalizas

Resumo: O presente estudo examina a influência do aumento da disponibilidade intradomiciliar de refrigerantes e biscoitos sobre os efeitos de uma intervenção de promoção do consumo de frutas e hortaliças. Foram analisados os dados de 70 famílias que viviam em comunidades de baixa renda na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, que foram selecionadas por meio de uma amostra probabilística estratificada e completaram registro alimentar de 30 dias antes e depois da intervenção. A intervenção contribuiu para um aumento significativo na disponibilidade intradomiciliar de frutas e hortaliças (+2,7 p.p.; IC95%: 1,5; 4,0), superando a tendência de estagnação na população brasileira. Já a aquisição de refrigerantes e biscoitos, que não foi objeto da intervenção, acompanhou a tendência crescente de consumo destes produtos (+5,8 p.p.; IC95%: 3,3; 8,4). As famílias que aumentaram a aquisição de refrigerantes e biscoitos apresentaram menores aumentos, ou decréscimos, na aquisição de frutas e hortaliças (p < 0,05) e tiveram uma chance quase quatro vezes menor de experimentar algum aumento na disponibilidade intradomiciliar de frutas e hortaliças.

Abstract: This study examines the influence of increasing household availability of sodas and cookies on the effects of an intervention to promote the consumption of fruits and vegetables. The study analyzed data from 70 families living in low-income communities in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, selected in a stratified probabilistic sample, and who completed a 30-day food record before and after the intervention. The intervention contributed to a significant increase in the household availability of fruit and vegetables (+2.7 p.p.; 95%CI: 1.5; 4.0), contrary to the trend towards stagnation of such availability in the general population in Brazil. Meanwhile, the purchase of sodas and cookies, which was not the intervention's target, mirrored the upward trend in the consumption of these products (+5.8 p.p.; 95%CI: 3.3; 8.4). Families that increased their purchase of sodas and cookies showed lower increases, or even decreases, in the purchase of fruits and vegetables (p < 0.05), and had nearly fourfold lower odds of experiencing any increase in the household availability of fruits and vegetables.

Resumen: El presente estudio examina la influencia del aumento de la disponibilidad intradomiciliaria de refrescos y galletas, sobre los efectos de una intervención de promoción del consumo de frutas y hortalizas. Se analizaron los datos de 70 familias que vivían en comunidades de baja renta en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, que fueron seleccionadas mediante una muestra probabilística estratificada, y completaron un registro alimentario de 30 días antes y después de la intervención. La intervención contribuyó a un aumento significativo en la disponibilidad intradomiciliaria de frutas y hortalizas (+2,7 p.p.; IC95%: 1,5; 4,0), superando la tendencia de estancamiento en la población brasileña. Ya la adquisición de refrescos y galletas, que no fue objeto de la intervención, acompañó la tendencia creciente de consumo de estos productos (+5,8 p.p.; IC95%: 3,3; 8,4). Las familias que aumentaron la adquisición de refrescos y galletas presentaron menores aumentos, o decrementos, en la adquisición de frutas y hortalizas (p < 0,05) y tuvieron una probabilidad casi cuatro veces menor de experimentar algún aumento en la disponibilidad intradomiciliaria de frutas y hortalizas.

Modificações no consumo de bebidas de adolescentes de escolas públicas na primeira década do século XXI / Changes in beverage consumption among adolescents from public schools in the first decade of the century XXI

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar mudanças no consumo de bebidas em adolescentes entre 2003 e 2008. Métodos: Foram realizados dois estudos transversais de base escolar com estudantes de 12 a 19 anos de idade de escolas públicas de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Dados de três registros alimentares foram utilizados para estimar o consumo médio diário, de dias de semana e de final de semana (volume e a contribuição para a ingestão diária de energia) de leite, bebidas à base de leite, bebidas com adição de açúcar, suco de frutas frescas, bebidas cafeinadas e bebidas alcoólicas. Foram utilizados Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLM) para estimar médias ajustadas por idade e as diferenças nos estimadores segundo os dias de semana. Resultados: Foram investigados 433 adolescentes em 2003 e 510 foram investigados em 2008. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 17% em 2003 e de 22% em 2008 (p > 0,05). O leite foi a bebida mais consumida, sendo relatada por 89% dos adolescentes, seguido dos refrigerantes (75%). De maneira geral, no período de cinco anos, verificou-se aumento da prevalência de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, bebidas à base de xarope de guaraná e sucos processados, especialmente nos dias de semana. O refrigerante foi a bebida que mais contribuiu para o consumo energético total, correspondendo, em média, a 4% da ingestão energética diária. Conclusão: As principais mudanças no perfil de consumo de bebidas entre os adolescentes de Niterói na primeira década do século XXI foram a tendência para redução do consumo de leite e o aumento no consumo das bebidas processadas e das bebidas alcoólicas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the changes in beverage consumption among adolescents between 2003 and 2008. Methods: Two school-based cross-sectional studies were carried out with public school students (12 to 19 years-old) from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data from three food records were used to estimate daily, weekdays and weekend average consumption (volume and percent contribution for total daily energy intake) of milk and milk-based beverages, sugar sweetened beverages, fresh squeezed fruit juices, caffeinated and alcoholic beverages. Beverage consumption age-adjusted means for weekdays and weekends were compared using linear regression (Generalized Linear Models - GLM). Results: A total of 433 adolescents were examined in 2003, and 510 in 2008. The prevalence of overweight was 17% in 2003 and 22% in 2008 (p > 0.05). Milk was the most consumed beverage, being reported by 89% of adolescents, followed by sodas (75%). In general, in the five-year period, there was an increase in the prevalence of consumption of alcoholic drinks, guarana syrup refreshment, and processed fruit drinks, especially on weekdays. The soft drink was the largest contributor to the total energy consumption, corresponding on average to 4% of daily energy intake. Conclusion: The main changes in the beverage consumption among adolescents from Niterói, in the first decade of the XXI century, were the tendency to reduce the consumption of milk and the increase in the consumption of processed and alcoholic beverages.

Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PS35 lipase

Abstract Lipases are enzymes of immense industrial relevance, and, therefore, are being intensely investigated. In an attempt to characterize lipases at molecular level from novel sources, a lipase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PS35 was cloned, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α cells and sequenced. It showed up to 98% homology with other lipase sequences in the NCBI database. The recombinant enzyme was then purified from E. coli culture, resulting in a 19.41-fold purification with 9.7% yield. It displayed a preference for long-chain para-nitrophenyl esters, a characteristic that is typical of true lipases. Its optimum pH and temperature were determined to be 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. The half-lives were 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 h at 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C, respectively. The metal ions K+ and Fe3+ enhanced the enzyme activity. The enzyme displayed substantial residual activity in the presence of various tested chemical modifiers, and interestingly, the organic solvents, such as n-hexane and toluene, also favored the enzyme activity. Thus, this study involves characterization of B. amyloliquefaciens lipase at molecular level. The key outcomes are novelty of the bacterial source and purification of the enzyme with desirable properties for industrial applications.

Ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas e índice de masa corporal en escolares chilenos / Intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index: A national sample of Chilean school children

Objetivo. Estimar la asociación entre la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas analcohólicas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en escolares de entre 6 y 18 años de edad. Se estimó la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el IMC a través de modelos de regresión lineal multivariada. Resultados. El 92% (IC95%:90-94) consume bebidas azucaradas diariamente, con medianas de ingesta de 424 ml (p25-p75:212-707). En los escolares de 6 a 13 años, cada incremento de una porción diaria de gaseosas y refrescos con azúcar se asocia con 0.13 puntajes z más de IMC (IC95%:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusiones. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares chilenos es diario y alcanza medianas de ingesta cercanas a medio litro. Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y mayor IMC.

Objective. To estimate the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index (BMI) in Chilean school children. Materials and methods. Food consumption frequency data were analyzed for school children aged 6 to 18. The association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI was estimated by multivariate lineal regression models. Results. Sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed on a daily basis by 92% (95%CI:90-94) of subjects with daily intake medians of 424 mL (p25-p75:212-707). Every extra daily portion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by school children aged 6 to 13 is associated with 0.13 BMI z-scores (95%CI:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). Conclusions. School children consume sugar-sweetened beverages daily with intake medians close to 0.5L. There is an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher BMI in Chilean school children.

Consumo de bebidas azucaradas en adolescentes escolarizados de la provincia de salta. Centro nacional de investigaciones nutricionales, 2014 / Sweetened beverages consumption in school adolescents in the province of salta. National centre of nutritional investigations, 2014

El consumo elevado de bebidas azucaradas se ha relacionado con mayor prevalencia de obesidad y hábitos de vida no saludables. Sus calorías, vacías de nutrientes, son elegidas por muchos consumidores, entre ellos adolescentes, constituyendo la mayor fuente de azúcares añadidos en sus dietas. La ingesta calórica resultante del consumo de estas bebidas es un factor que podría contribuir al aumento de peso entre los jóvenes. Objetivos: evaluar la prevalencia y asociación de factores nutricionales, socio-demográficos y hábitos de vida con consumo frecuente de bebidas azucaradas en adolescentes escolarizados de Salta (2008-2009). Metodología: estudio transversal. Muestreo probabilístico de escuelas de nivel medio. Valoración antropométrica, cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y hábitos de vida a adolescentes del último curso (16-20 años). Análisis estadístico: distribución de frecuencias, chi2. Regresión logística multivariada (OR, p< 0,05). SPSS19, EPI-INFO.Resultados: se evaluaron 659 adolescentes; 73,7% consumía bebidas azucaradas en forma frecuente (>3 veces/semana), 42,8% no realizaba actividad física. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 13,8 y 3,9 %. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas se asoció a familias de bajos ingresos (OR 1.63), al consumo frecuente de golosinas (OR 2.26) y la falta de actividad física (OR 2.24). No se asoció con el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: se observa consumo elevado de bebidas azucaradas, asociado a hábitos de vida no saludables y familias de bajos ingresos. Es imperativo aplicar estrategias de salud pública, como la educación sobre la ingesta de bebidas y su reemplazo por líquidos más saludables.

The high consumption of sweetened beverages has beenlinked to increased prevalence of obesity and unhealthy living habits. Their calories, nutrient de cient, are chosen by many consumers, including adolescents, constituting the largest source of added sugars in their diets. The resulting caloric intake from consumption of these drinks is a factor that may contribute to weight gain among young adults.Objective: to evaluate the prevalence and association of nutritional, socio- demographic and lifestyle factors with frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adolescent students of the last course (2008-2009). Methods: cross-sectional study. Probability sampling of high schools. Anthropometric evaluation, frequency questionnaire and food consumption habits of last year teenagers (16-20 years). Statistical analysis: frequency distribution, chi2. Multivariate logistic regression (OR, p < 0,05).SPSS 19. EPIINFO. Results: 659 adolescents were evaluated, 73,7% consumed sugary drinks frequently (> 3times/week), 42,8% did not perform physical activity. The prevalence of overweight / obesity was 13,8% and 3,9%. Consumption of sweetened beverages was associated with low-income families (OR 1.63), frequent consumption of sweets (OR 2.26) and lack of physical activity (OR 2.24). It was not associated with the nutritional status. Conclusion: High consumption of sugar-sweetened beveragesis associated with unhealthy life habits and low-income families. It is imperative to implement public health strategies, such as education about beverage intake and replacing them with healthier liquids.

Associação entre consumo de refrigerantes, sucos e leite, com o índice de massa corporal em escolares da rede pública de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Association between consumption of soft drinks, fruit juice, and milk and body mass index among public school students in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Avaliou-se a associação entre o consumo de refrigerantes, sucos e leite, com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) em 1.423 estudantes, entre 9 e 16 anos, de escolas públicas de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O consumo de bebidas foi avaliado por meio do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar. Peso e estatura foram coletados para o cálculo do IMC. As análises de regressão linear foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas por atividade física, idade e efeito do conglomerado (classes). Verificou-se associação positiva entre freqüência de consumo de refrigerante e idade (p = 0,05) e negativa entre consumo de leite e idade (p = 0,004). Apenas para as meninas, o IMC associou-se positivamente com o consumo de sucos (β = 0,02; p = 0,03). Para as outras bebidas não foram encontradas associações entre IMC e freqüência usual de consumo. O consumo de refrigerantes e sucos representou cerca de 20 por cento do total de energia média consumida diariamente. Os resultados indicam que esforços para reduzir a ingestão de energia por meio de bebidas devem enfatizar também os sucos.

The association between consumption of soft drinks, fruit juice, and milk and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated in 1,423 students 9 to 16 years of age from public schools in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Beverage intake was measured using 24-hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Regression analyses took into account the cluster (classes) effect. Analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for physical activity and age. The results showed a positive association between soft drink intake and age (p = 0.05) and a negative association between milk and age (p = 0.004). For girls only, there was a significant association between frequent fruit juice intake and BMI (β = 0.02; p = 0.03). For the other beverages, there were no significant associations between BMI and frequent consumption in either gender. Soft drinks and juices accounted for 20 percent of mean daily energy intake. The results showed that efforts to reduce energy intake from beverages should include consumption of fruit juice.

Solid waste from beverage package in Egypt

Production of beverages has been expanded to cover the growing demands of soft drink. There are 30 plants filling 15 million returnable glass bottles in Egypt. Those plants discharge washing effluent without any treatment. The strength of the wastewater effluent exceeds the maximum permissible level for wastewater discharges into water streams or into municipal sewer. Most of them are confronted with either clean up or close down. Filling plastic bottles is an alternative to cut down the washing effluent. For that alternative, extra loads of solid wastes will be added to the local sanitary system. This alternative was studied through comparing two types of beverage containers, i.e., filling beverage into returnable glass bottles or into plastic bottles. The life cycles of the containers were studied. Also the involved factors in the product life cycle were identified. The results is a guide to replace our traditional approach of satisfying our needs in terms of production by the more basic approach of a clean product. Also, it addresses a sustainable solid waste system in Egypt