Brazilian guidelines for the management of psychomotor agitation. Part 2. Pharmacological approach

Objective: To present the essential guidelines for pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: This is a systematic review of articles retrieved from the MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and SciELO databases published from 1997 to 2017. Other relevant articles in the literature were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: Of 5,362 articles retrieved, 1,731 abstracts were selected for further reading. The final sample included 74 articles that met all inclusion criteria. The evidence shows that pharmacologic treatment is indicated only after non-pharmacologic approaches have failed. The cause of the agitation, side effects of the medications, and contraindications must guide the medication choice. The oral route should be preferred for drug administration; IV administration must be avoided. All subjects must be monitored before and after medication administration. Conclusion: If non-pharmacological strategies fail, medications are needed to control agitation and violent behavior. Once medicated, the patient should be monitored until a tranquil state is possible without excessive sedation. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

Chronic use of benzodiazepines among older adults / Uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos entre idosos

OBJECTIVE To analyze the perception of and motivation for the chronic use of benzodiazepine among older adults. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted on 22 older adults living in Bambuí, MG, Southeastern Brazil, who were taking benzodiazepines and had the clinical and cognitive ability to respond to interview questions. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of the “signs, meanings, and actions” model. RESULTS The main reasons pointed out for the use of benzodiazepines were “nervousness”, “sleep problems”, and “worry” due to family and financial problems, everyday problems, and existential difficulties. None of the interviewees said that they used benzodiazepines in a dose higher than that recommended or had been warned by health professionals about any risks of their continuous use. Different strategies were used to obtain the prescription for the medication, and any physician would prescribe it, indicating that a bond was established with the drug and not with the health professional or healthcare service. Obtaining and consuming the medication turned into a crucial issue because benzodiazepine assumes the status of an essential food, which leads users to not think but sleep. It causes a feeling of relief from their problems such as awareness of human finitude and fragility, existential difficulties, and family problems. CONCLUSIONS Benzodiazepine assumes the characteristics of polyvalence among older adults, which extrapolate specific clinical indications, and of essentiality to deal with life’s problems in old age. Although it relieves the “nerves”, the chronic use of benzodiazepines buffers suffering and prevents older adults from going through the suffering. This shows important difficulties in the organization and planning of strategies that are necessary for minimizing the chronic use in this population. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a percepção e motivação do uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos entre idosos. MÉTODOS Estudo qualitativo desenvolvido com 22 idosos residentes em Bambuí, MG, sob uso de medicação benzodiazepínica e em condições clínicas e cognitivas para responder à entrevista. Os dados coletados foram analisados com base no modelo de “signos, significados e ações”. RESULTADOS As principais razões apontadas para o uso dos benzodiazepínicos foram “nervosismo”, “problemas de sono” e “preocupação”, decorrentes de problemas familiares, financeiros, dificuldades cotidianas e existenciais. Nenhum dos entrevistados referiu utilizar benzodiazepínicos acima das doses recomendadas nem foi alertado pelos profissionais acerca de quaisquer riscos sobre o seu uso continuado. Houve diversidade de estratégias na obtenção da prescrição do medicamento e qualquer médico fornecia a receita, o que indica que o vínculo é estabelecido com o medicamento e não com o profissional ou serviço de saúde. A obtenção e o consumo do medicamento tornam-se uma questão crucial, pois o benzodiazepínico assume a importância de um alimento essencial, que lhes permite não pensar e dormir. Oferece um alívio dos seus problemas, que incluem a consciência da finitude e da fragilidade humanas, dificuldades existenciais e familiares. CONCLUSÕES O benzodiazepínico assume características de polivalência entre os idosos, que extrapolam as indicações clínicas mais precisas, e de essencialidade para lidar com problemas da vida na velhice. Embora alivie o “nervoso”, o uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos tampona o sofrimento e impede a pessoa idosa de enfrentar o que ele representa. ...