Bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures and microbiological examinations in proving endobronchial tuberculosis / Procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos e exames microbiológicos para a confirmação de tuberculose endobrônquica

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the proportional distribution of endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) subtypes and to evaluate the types of bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures that can prove granulomatous inflammation. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 18 HIV-negative patients with biopsy-proven EBTB treated between 2010 and 2014. Results: The most common EBTB subtypes, as classified by the bronchoscopic features, were tumorous and granular (in 22.2% for both). Sputum smear microscopy was performed in 11 patients and was positive for AFB in 4 (36.3%). Sputum culture was also performed in 11 patients and was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 10 (90.9%). Smear microscopy of BAL fluid (BALF) was performed in 16 patients and was positive for AFB in 10 (62.5%). Culture of BALF was also performed in 16 patients and was positive for M. tuberculosis in 15 (93.7%). Culture of BALF was positive for M. tuberculosis in 93.7% of the 16 patients tested. Among the 18 patients with EBTB, granulomatous inflammation was proven by the following bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures: bronchial mucosal biopsy, in 8 (44.4%); bronchial brushing, in 7 (38.8%); fine-needle aspiration biopsy, in 2 (11.1%); and BAL, in 2 (11.1%). Bronchial anthracofibrosis was observed in 5 (27.7%) of the 18 cases evaluated. Conclusions: In our sample of EBTB patients, the most common subtypes were the tumorous and granular subtypes. We recommend that sputum samples and BALF samples be evaluated by smear microscopy for AFB and by culture for M. tuberculosis, which could increase the rates of early diagnosis of EBTB. We also recommend that bronchial brushing be employed together with other bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures in patients suspected of having EBTB.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a distribuição proporcional dos subtipos de tuberculose endobrônquica (TBEB) e avaliar os tipos de procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos que podem revelar inflamação granulomatosa. Métodos: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com 18 pacientes HIV negativos com TBEB comprovada por biópsia tratados entre 2010 e 2014. Resultados: Os subtipos mais comuns de TBEB, classificados pelas características na broncoscopia, foram tumoral e granular (em 22,2% para ambas) A baciloscopia de escarro foi realizada em 11 pacientes e foi positiva para BAAR em 4 (36,3%). A cultura de escarro também foi realizada em 11 pacientes e foi positiva para Mycobacterium tuberculosis em 10 (90,9%). A baciloscopia do LBA foi realizada em 16 pacientes e foi positiva para BAAR em 10 (62,5%). A cultura do LBA foi também realizada em 16 pacientes e foi positiva para o M. tuberculosis em 15 (93,7%). A cultura do LBA foi positiva para M. tuberculosis em 93,7% dos 16 pacientes testados. Nos 18 pacientes com TBEB, a presença de inflamação granulomatosa foi comprovada pelos seguintes procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos: biópsia da mucosa brônquica, em 8 (44,4%); escovação brônquica, em 7 (38,8%); punção aspirativa por agulha fina, em 2 (11,1%); e LBA, em 2 (11,1%). Antracose/fibrose brônquica foi observada em 5 (27,7%) dos 18 casos avaliados. Conclusões: Em nossa amostra de pacientes com TBEB, os subtipos mais comuns foram o tumoral e o granular. Recomendamos que amostras de escarro e do LBA sejam avaliadas por baciloscopia para BAAR e cultura de M. tuberculosis, o que poderia aumentar as taxas de diagnóstico precoce de TBEB. Também recomendamos que a escovação brônquica seja empregada em conjunto com outros procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos em pacientes com suspeita de TBEB.

Tuberculosis endobronquial: caso clínico / Endobronchial tuberculosis: case-report

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has notoriously diminished in our country, especially in the pediatric population, and frequently is not considered among the differential diagnosis of refractory pneumonia. It is of interest to report an unusual presentation of TB, since delayed diagnosis may lead to severe complications. Objective: Present a clinical case and an update review of endobronchial TB. Case-report: An 8 months-old infant with right upper lobe (RUL) pneumonia, refractory to treatment with conventional antibiotics. Lung computed tomography showed extensive RUL consolidation with hiliar and mediastinic lymph nodes suggesting TB. Positive gastric aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage baciloscopy confirmed TB and flexible bronchoscopy showed caseum occluding the lumen of the RUL bronchi. Anti-TB treatment (4 drugs) and Prednisone lead to clinical, radiological and endoscopic improvement. The objective is emphasize the importance of investigating TB as a possible etiology of refractory pneumonia and the benefit of flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients.

Introducción: La tuberculosis (TBC) en nuestro país ha disminuido notablemente, especialmente en la población pediátrica, y muchas veces no se la incluye en el diagnóstico diferencial de una neumonía refractaria. Resulta de interés dar a conocer una forma de presentación no habitual, cuyo diagnóstico tardío puede asociarse a complicaciones severas. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de TBC endobronquial con una revisión actualizada del tema. Caso clínico: Presentamos un varón de 8 meses que presenta una neumonía de lóbulo superior derecho (LSD), refractaria a tratamiento con antibióticos convencionales. La TC de tórax muestra una extensa condensación del LSD y adenopatías hiliares y mediastínicas ipsilaterales que sugieren posible TBC. Se confirma una TBC con baciloscopías de contenido gástrico y de lavado broncoalveolar positivas y la fibrobroncoscopía muestra una estructura caseosa que ocluye el lumen del bronquio de LSD. El tratamiento anti-TBC (con cuatro drogas) más prednisona logró mejoría clínica, radiológica y endoscópica. Se enfatiza la importancia de investigar una TBC como posible etiología de la neumonía refractaria y el rol de la fibrobroncoscopía en el diagnóstico y seguimiento del paciente.

Endobronchial actinomycosis simulating endobronchial tuberculosis: a case report

We report a case of a 70-year-old woman who presented with mild exertional dyspnea and cough. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic findings revealed an endobronchial polypoid lesion with stenotic bronchus. The lesion was very similar to endobronchial tuberculosis. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimen demonstrated Actinomyces infection. There was a clinical response to intravenous penicillin therapy. Primary endobronchial actinomycosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an endobronchial lesion, especially endobronchial tuberculosis in Korea.

Actinomicosis bronquial primaria y cuerpo extraño / Primary bronchial actinomycosis and foreign body

This paper presents the fourth case reported on the association of primary bronchial actinomycosis and foreign body. The pathogenesis of this rare association has been linked to the low respiratory tract and a foreign body (chicken bone); it depends on its characteristics and how long it has remained lodged into the bronchial tree. The diagnosis of this case was very difficult and late. Several endoscopy procedures were required in order to detect it. Our patient has been treated successfully with parenteral penicillin in association with an original bronchoscopic procedure using a laser technique to find the foreign body and take it out of the respiratory tract. We consider that it is necessary to remember this association in every patient who suffers from recurrent pneumonia, in those who are at risk of foreign body aspiration and when the presence of an endobronchial mass is suspected.

Incidence of mycoses in bronchopulmonary disorders.

A total of 274 samples were collected--180 sputum samples, 82 bronchial secretions and 12 pleural aspirates. Main fungus was Candida albicans from sputum (45.5 percent), from bronchial secretions (14.6 percent). Rest were Aspergillus, Alternaria and Helminthosporium. All the pleural aspirates were negative for fungus.

Virus e hiperreactividad bronquial / Virus and bronchial hiperreactivity

A 52 niños de ambos sexos entre los 6 meses y 12 años de edad que acudieron con crisis de tos, disnea y sibilancias al Servicio de Emergencia del Departamento Pediátrico "Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi" del Hospital General "Jose Ignacio Baldó", se les recolectó muestra de secreciones nasofaríngeas para aislamiento y cultivo de agentes virales. En 19 de ellos (36.53%), se aislaron dichos agentes. El Virus Sincicial Respiratorio, fue el germen más observado en las edades de 0 a 2 años (31,6% de los infectados), mientras que el Rinovirus lo fue en los grupos de edades de 3 a 12 años (11% de los infectados). Se hacen comentarios y conclusiones

Granulomatosis broncocéntrica: reporte de un caso asociado a Enterobactor cloacae / Bronchocentric granulomatosis: report of a case associated with Enterobacter cloacae

Se presentan los aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e histológicos de un caso de granulomatosis broncocéntrica de curso crónico, en una mujer mexicana de 65 años de edad sin antecedentes alérgicos. El diagnóstico clínico fue de proceso pulmonar compatible con carcinoma broncogénico por lo que se practicó toractomía con resección de la lesión. En la pieza quirúrgia se aisló por cultivo Enterobacter cloacae, una bacteria gram negativa que no ha sido asociada con las granulomatosis broncocéntricas previamente informadas. La evolución después del tratamiento quirúrgico y con esteroides ha sido satisfactoria, encontrándose asintomática un año después

The occurrence of Candida in hospital patients and normal subjects.

The distribution of different Candida species and different serogroups of C. albicans have been analysed. C. albicans is by far the most predominant species isolated from all clinical specimens. Group A of C. albicans was isolated 10 times more frequently than group B strains from patients who had respiratory infection and 4.4 times more frequently from those who had other clinical conditions. However, both serogroups were isolated at comparable frequencies from the genitals. In the instances where repeated isolation were made, colonization by one serogroup often occurs to the exclusion of the other serogroup and species. Thus, it was frequently observed that individual patients often gave repeated isolation of one serogroup of C. albicans only. These findings are of obvious diagnostic relevance and may facilitate the evaluation of possible clinical significance of laboratory studies.