Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica / Traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplástica

ABSTRACT Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare benign disease, of unknown cause, characterized by numerous sessile, cartilaginous, or bony submucosal nodules distributed throughout the anterolateral walls, projecting into the laryngotracheobronchial lumen. In general, tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is diagnosed incidentally during bronchoscopy or autopsy and is not associated with a specific disease. We report the case of a male patient who was diagnosed with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica via bronchoscopy and biopsy.

RESUMO A traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplástica é uma doença benigna rara, de causa desconhecida, caracterizada por numerosos nódulos submucosos sésseis, cartilaginosos e/ou ósseos, distribuídos pelas paredes anterolaterais da traqueia, projetando-se no lúmen laringotraqueobrônquico. Em geral, a traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplástica é descoberta acidentalmente durante broncoscopias ou em necropsias e não é associada a uma doença específica. Relatamos o caso de um paciente que foi diagnosticado com traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplástica por broncoscopia e biópsia.

Bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures and microbiological examinations in proving endobronchial tuberculosis / Procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos e exames microbiológicos para a confirmação de tuberculose endobrônquica

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the proportional distribution of endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) subtypes and to evaluate the types of bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures that can prove granulomatous inflammation. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 18 HIV-negative patients with biopsy-proven EBTB treated between 2010 and 2014. Results: The most common EBTB subtypes, as classified by the bronchoscopic features, were tumorous and granular (in 22.2% for both). Sputum smear microscopy was performed in 11 patients and was positive for AFB in 4 (36.3%). Sputum culture was also performed in 11 patients and was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 10 (90.9%). Smear microscopy of BAL fluid (BALF) was performed in 16 patients and was positive for AFB in 10 (62.5%). Culture of BALF was also performed in 16 patients and was positive for M. tuberculosis in 15 (93.7%). Culture of BALF was positive for M. tuberculosis in 93.7% of the 16 patients tested. Among the 18 patients with EBTB, granulomatous inflammation was proven by the following bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures: bronchial mucosal biopsy, in 8 (44.4%); bronchial brushing, in 7 (38.8%); fine-needle aspiration biopsy, in 2 (11.1%); and BAL, in 2 (11.1%). Bronchial anthracofibrosis was observed in 5 (27.7%) of the 18 cases evaluated. Conclusions: In our sample of EBTB patients, the most common subtypes were the tumorous and granular subtypes. We recommend that sputum samples and BALF samples be evaluated by smear microscopy for AFB and by culture for M. tuberculosis, which could increase the rates of early diagnosis of EBTB. We also recommend that bronchial brushing be employed together with other bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures in patients suspected of having EBTB.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a distribuição proporcional dos subtipos de tuberculose endobrônquica (TBEB) e avaliar os tipos de procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos que podem revelar inflamação granulomatosa. Métodos: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com 18 pacientes HIV negativos com TBEB comprovada por biópsia tratados entre 2010 e 2014. Resultados: Os subtipos mais comuns de TBEB, classificados pelas características na broncoscopia, foram tumoral e granular (em 22,2% para ambas) A baciloscopia de escarro foi realizada em 11 pacientes e foi positiva para BAAR em 4 (36,3%). A cultura de escarro também foi realizada em 11 pacientes e foi positiva para Mycobacterium tuberculosis em 10 (90,9%). A baciloscopia do LBA foi realizada em 16 pacientes e foi positiva para BAAR em 10 (62,5%). A cultura do LBA foi também realizada em 16 pacientes e foi positiva para o M. tuberculosis em 15 (93,7%). A cultura do LBA foi positiva para M. tuberculosis em 93,7% dos 16 pacientes testados. Nos 18 pacientes com TBEB, a presença de inflamação granulomatosa foi comprovada pelos seguintes procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos: biópsia da mucosa brônquica, em 8 (44,4%); escovação brônquica, em 7 (38,8%); punção aspirativa por agulha fina, em 2 (11,1%); e LBA, em 2 (11,1%). Antracose/fibrose brônquica foi observada em 5 (27,7%) dos 18 casos avaliados. Conclusões: Em nossa amostra de pacientes com TBEB, os subtipos mais comuns foram o tumoral e o granular. Recomendamos que amostras de escarro e do LBA sejam avaliadas por baciloscopia para BAAR e cultura de M. tuberculosis, o que poderia aumentar as taxas de diagnóstico precoce de TBEB. Também recomendamos que a escovação brônquica seja empregada em conjunto com outros procedimentos diagnósticos broncoscópicos em pacientes com suspeita de TBEB.

Bronchial anthracosis: a potent clue for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Occupational exposure to carbon, silica, and quartz particles are predisposing factors for bronchial anthracosis. In some cases anthracosis may be associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to investigate the clinical, radiographic, and bacteriologic findings in bronchial anthracosis patients and its association with tuberculosis, This is a prospective study conducted between 1998 and 2001, A total of 919 patients underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy for pulmonary diseases. Of these, 71 patients showed evidence of bronchial anthracosis, 32 [45.8%] males and 39 [54.2%] females, age range, 30-92 years. The distinctive clinical features, nature of bronchoscopic lesions, and radiologic findings were analyzed prospectively and summarized, Bacteriologic studies and results of laboratory examinations were also assessed, Forty-one [57,8%] patients had positive smears or cultures for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of 71 patients with bronchoscopic evidence of pulmonary diseases, 30 had previous occupational exposure, and 41 stated no previous exposure, Cavitary lesions on chest radiography, positive purified protein derivative tests and high ESR were more prevalent in tuberculous patients than the others. Bronchial anthracosis was caused by active or previous tuberculous infection. Detailed examinations for the presence of active tuberculosis should be performed in patients with such bronchoscopic findings in order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis and to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures

Traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplástica: relato de 2 casos e revisão bibliográfica / Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy: report on 02 cases and bibliographic review

A traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplásica (TO) é uma doença benigna rara, de causa desconhecida, caracterizada por numerosos nódulos submucosos sésseis, cartilaginosos e/ou ósseos, distribuídos pelas paredes ântero-laterais, projetando-se no lúmen laringotraqueobrônquico. Existem aproximadamente 400 casos relatados na literatura mundial. OBJETIVOS: Relatar e discutir 2 casos de TO com a revisão bibliográfica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Apresentação de 2 casos, com revisão bibliográfica realizada através dos bancos de dados do MEDLINE, LILACS, PUBMED. DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Estudo observacional, descritivo, relato de casos. CONCLUSÃO: Os sintomas são resultados de obstrução da via aérea, causando tosse seca, dispneia e infecções recorrentes do trato respiratório. A suspeita diagnóstica é feita pela endoscopia de vias aéreas (laringotraqueobroncoscopia), sendo a tomografia computadorizada do tórax/traqueia útil para documentar as características de lesões nodulares. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui a papilomatose, amiloidose e sarcoidose endobronquial, condrossarcoma, hamartoma e linfonodos paratraqueais calcificados. Não existe tratamento específico, porém o prognóstico é bom. A remoção cirúrgica é restrita aos quadros obstrutivos moderados e severos. Os otorrinolaringologistas devem estar atentos e incluírem a traqueobroncopatia osteocondroplástica na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais, quando frente aos sintomas sugestivos de doenças da via aérea superior e árvore traqueobrônquica.

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy (OT) is a rare benign disorder of the lower part of the trachea and the upper part of the main bronchus characterized by numerous submucosal calcified nodules, sessile, cartilaginous and/or osseous with laryngotracheobronchial lumen projection. There are less than 400 cases reported in the word literature. AIM: to report and discuss 02 cases of OT with a bibliography review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we report on 02 cases with bibliography revision from MEDLINE, LILACS and PUBMED data. STUDY DESIGN: observational, descriptive, case reports. CONCLUSION: the symptoms result from airway obstruction, causing dry cough, dyspnea and recurrent respiratory tract infections. The diagnostic hypothesis is established by endoscopy of the upper airway (laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopy), and the trachea/chest computed tomography is the best image exam to define tracheal nodule alterations. The differential diagnoses are papillomatosis, amyloidosis and sarcoidosis chondrosarcoma hamartoma and calcified paratracheal lymph nodes. There is no specific treatment and the prognosis is good. Surgery is restricted to moderate or severe airway obstructions. Otorhinolaryngologists must include OT in the differential diagnosis of cases of upper airway and tracheobronchial tree suggestive symptoms.

Amiloidose traqueobrônquica primária / Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis

Tracheobronchial amyloidosis is an uncommon localized form of amyloidosis, characterized by amyloid deposits restricted to the trachea, main bronchi and segmental bronchi. We present the case of a retired 67-year-old man with long-term progressive dyspnea, wheezing and chest pain. A diagnosis of tracheobronchial amyloidosis was made after the third fiberoptic bronchoscopy and histological confirmation through Congo red staining of tissue samples.

A amiloidose traqueobrônquica é uma forma pouco comum de amiloidose localizada, caracterizada por depósitos amilóides limitados à traquéia, brônquios principais e brônquios segmentares. Nós apresentamos o caso de um homem aposentado de 67 anos com dispnéia progressiva de longa data, sibilância e dor torácica. O diagnóstico de amiloidose traqueobrônquica foi realizado após três fibrobroncoscopias e confirmação histopatológica com coloração vermelho congo.

Amiloidose traqueobrônquica primária / Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis

A amiloidose é uma doença caracterizada pelo depósito extracelular de proteínas fibrilares em órgãos e tecidos. A forma traqueal primária isolada é rara. Relata-se o caso de um homem, 55 anos de idade, portador de amiloidose traqueal que interna por insuficiência respiratória aguda, com história de pneumonias prévias recentes. Radiograma de tórax seguido de tomografia computadorizada de tórax revelou obstrução da traquéia por tumoração. Foi realizada tunelização para alívio temporário dos sintomas. Os achado histológicos não revelaram neoplasia, mas identificaram substância amilóide pelo vermelho congo. Embora a baixa freqüência desta situação clínica, é discutida sua importância no diagnóstico diferencial de tumores de traquéia e a repercussão na conduta terapêutica.

Amyloidosis is a disease characterized by extracellular deposition of fibrillar protein in organs and tissues. Primary tracheal amyloidosis is rare. We report here a case of a 55-year-old man with tracheal amyloidosis hospitalized for acute respiratory insufficiency and with a history of recent episodes of pneumonia. Chest X-ray and chest computed tomography showed tracheal obstruction due to a tumor. A passage was created in order to relieve the symptoms. Histological examination (Congo red staining) revealed amyloid deposits but no evidence of neoplasia. Although this is a rare clinical condition, its importance is discussed regarding the differential diagnosis of tracheal tumors and the repercussions for therapeutic decision-making.

Endobronchial Tuberculosis Presenting as Right Middle Lobe Syndrome:Clinical Characteristics and Bronchoscopic Findings in 22 Cases

PURPOSE: Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) presenting as right middle lobe syndrome (RMLS) is an uncommon clinical condition. We investigated the clinical characteristics in patients with EBTB presenting as RMLS. PATIENTS and METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 22 patients with EBTB presenting as RMLS who were diagnosed at our hospital from 2003 to 2006. RESULTS: Its occurrence was more common in females than males (F, 18; M, 4). The mean age was 70.3 +/- 8.5 years, and 17 patients were above the age of 65 years. Cough with sputum was the most common manifestation and 2 patients were asymptomatic. In bronchoscopic analysis, the most common finding was edematous-type EBTB, which was found in 15 patients, followed by actively caseating type in 6 and tumorous type in 1. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining for bronchial washing fluid was positive in only 5 patients: 1 with edematous type and 4 with actively caseating type. Bronchoscopic biopsy showed chronic granulomatous inflammation in 16 patients. Follow-up chest X-ray after treatment showed complete disappearance of the lesion in 2 patients, more than 50% improvement in 5, less than 50% improvement in 5, and no change of lesion in 4. CONCLUSION: Edematous-type EBTB was the most common type of EBTB presenting as RMLS, and it usually occurred in elderly patients. Culturing for mycobacterium and histologic examination by bronchoscopy are necessary for proper diagnosis in these patients.

Pseudotumor inflamatório endobrônquico: relato de caso / Endobronchial inflammatory pseudotumor: a case report

O pseudotumor inflamatório de pulmão é uma neoplasia benigna rara que geralmente se manifesta como um nódulo pulmonar solitário. A apresentação endobrônquica é infreqüente. O tratamento de escolha continua sendo a cirurgia conservadora e deve-se sempre procurar obter margens livres devido à possibilidade de recidiva local. Esse artigo relata o caso de um paciente de 36 anos, com crises de sibilância e tosse, que foi submetido, com sucesso, à broncoplastia para ressecção de um pseudotumor inflamatório endobrônquico.

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung is a rare form of benign neoplasia and is generally characterized by a solitary pulmonary nodule. The endobronchial presentation is uncommon. Conservative surgery remains the treatment of choice, and surgeons should always strive to achieve tumor-free margins due to the possibility of local recidivism. This article reports the case of a 36-year-old male patient with recurrent attacks of wheezing and cough. The patient underwent successful bronchoplasty for the resection of an endobronchial inflammatory pseudotumor.

Endobronchial actinomycosis simulating endobronchial tuberculosis: a case report

We report a case of a 70-year-old woman who presented with mild exertional dyspnea and cough. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic findings revealed an endobronchial polypoid lesion with stenotic bronchus. The lesion was very similar to endobronchial tuberculosis. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimen demonstrated Actinomyces infection. There was a clinical response to intravenous penicillin therapy. Primary endobronchial actinomycosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an endobronchial lesion, especially endobronchial tuberculosis in Korea.

Uso de la lidocaína en pacientes con enfermedad bronco pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Use of the lidocaine in patients with bronchopulmonary obstructive chronic disease

El presente estudio fue realizado en el Departamento de Neumonología y Cirugía de Tórax del Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo" específicamente en el laboratorio para el estudio del "Funcionamiento pulmonar" fundado y dirigido hasta el año 1995 por el Dr. Eduardo Carvallo. El mismo busca demostrar dos hipótesis que se plantean ante un fenómeno observado en un estudio previo donde se administró lidocaína 2 por ciento en forma nebulizada, como premedicación antes de la realización de las broncofibroscópias, en el que se pudo apreciar que aquellos pacientes que recibieron el medicamento presentaban un aumento de la diferencial de la Pa02 arterial posterior a la práctica del mismo. De todo esto surge la posibilidad que el medicamento se comporte como un broncodilatador por su acción indirecta sobre los canales de calcio, o puede tener un efecto directo sobre la superficie de intercambio de gases (alvéolo), logrando así este fenómeno. Nuestro estudio se realiza para el período julio de 1995 a junio de 1996, con una muestra al azar de pacientes con EBPOC leve, moderada y severa; de ambos sexos, para una muestra mínima de 41 pacientes en un estudio a doble ciego. Al llegar el paciente, el técnico le realiza medición de los flujos (espirometría) y toma de muestras para gasometría de sangre arterial, luego se nebuliza el paciente con la droga y después se vuelven a medir los flujos y se toma otra muestra para medición de gases arteriales, para seguidamente proceder a tabular los datos obtenidos de cada paciente y se concluye con el análisis de los resultados, posterior a ruptura de los sellos. Nuestros resultados evidencian el efecto de la lidocaína nebulizada sobre la PaO2 de manera evidente, pero sin demostrar un significativo efecto broncodilatador, los que nos hace pensar en un posible efecto directo sobre el intercambio gaseoso a nivel alvéolar

Histoplasmose residual dos pulmöes e linfonodos broncopulmonares em necropsias realizadas em uberaba, MG / Residual histoplasmosis of lung and bronco-pulmonary lymphnodi in necropsies done in Uberaba, MG

Lungs and broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes were studied from 127 sequential adult autopsies done in Uberaba, MG, Brazil through the years 1992 and 1993. Calcified lung nodules and/or calcified lymph nodes were found in 39 (30.7 per cent) cases. For 27 (69.2 per cent) out of those 39 autopsies, fungi morphologically compatible with Histoplasma capsulatum were found within those calcified structures. Fite-Faraco stain for acid-fast bacilli was negative for all cases. It is concluded that the majority of calcified pulmonary nodes and calcified regional lymph nodes found at autopsies in Uberaba are related to infection with H. capsulatum. These findings raise the possibility for this fungal disease to be endemic in Uberaba. Such information might be relevant to the diagnosis of this systemic mycosis.

Evaluación clínica de pacientes asmáticos tratados con una formulación de teofilina de liberación sostenida desarrollada en Cuba / Evaluation clinic of patients asthma treatys with in formulation of theophylline of liberation supposted developed in Cuba

Veintisiete pacientes con asma ligera o moderada participaron en un ensayo clínico cruzado y a doble ciego en que se compararon un preparado de teofilina de liberación sostenida desarrollo recientemente en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas de Cuba con uno de corta duración habitualmente empleado en el país, en cuanto a efectividad del tratamiento en el período intercrisis y la aparición de efectos adversos. Ambas formulaciones mejoran clínicamente de forma similar a los pacientes, pero las concentraciones de teofilina en la sangre a las 12 horas de administrada fueron mayores para el nuevo preparado de liberación sostenida y con el uso del mismo los pacientes reportaron efectos adversos que con el de corta duración

Actinomicosis bronquial primaria y cuerpo extraño / Primary bronchial actinomycosis and foreign body

This paper presents the fourth case reported on the association of primary bronchial actinomycosis and foreign body. The pathogenesis of this rare association has been linked to the low respiratory tract and a foreign body (chicken bone); it depends on its characteristics and how long it has remained lodged into the bronchial tree. The diagnosis of this case was very difficult and late. Several endoscopy procedures were required in order to detect it. Our patient has been treated successfully with parenteral penicillin in association with an original bronchoscopic procedure using a laser technique to find the foreign body and take it out of the respiratory tract. We consider that it is necessary to remember this association in every patient who suffers from recurrent pneumonia, in those who are at risk of foreign body aspiration and when the presence of an endobronchial mass is suspected.

Etiopatogenia na DBPOC / Etiopathogenesis in COPD

A obstruçao crônica do fluxo aéreo se deve normalmente a duas patologias: bronquite crônica e enfisema, embora possam ocorrer separadamente, com manifestaçoes clínicas diferentes, têm em suas lesoes associadas a principal causa de DBPOC (Doença Broncopulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica). A partir disso, os autores fazem uma revisao bibliográfica sobre aspectos do enfisema e da bronquite crônica, a fim de estabelecer dados etiopatogênicos e epidemiológicos da DBPOC.

Estenose bronquica de etiologia tuberculosa: patogenia e tratamento / Bronchial stenosis of tuberculous etiology: pathogenesis and treatment

Descrevemos quatro casos de estenose bronquica, uma complicacao rara de tuberculose pulmonar. No primeiro caso, uma mulher de 18 anos, sem tratamento previo para tuberculose, apresentou estenose bronquica como resultado da cicatrizacao de complexo primario. Nao havia lesao de parenquima ao raio X. Nos outros tres pacientes a estenose bronquica foi atribuida a tuberculose ativa com pesquisa positiva para bacilo alcool-acido resistente em escarro. Estes receberam tratamento para tuberculose. Em um deles isto foi suficiente para a resolucao da estenose, mas nos outros dois pacientes ocorreu estenose bronquica devido a fibrose.