Experimental study of dopamine ameliorating the inflammatory damage of olfactory bulb in mice with allergic rhinitis / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of dopamine on olfactory function and inflammatory injury of olfactory bulb in mice with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: AR mouse model was established by using ovalbumin (OVA), and the mice were divided into two groups: olfactory dysfunction (OD) group and without OD group through buried food pellet test (BFPT). The OD mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, and OVA combined with dopamine (3, 6, 9 and 12 days, respectively) or OVA combined with an equal amount of PBS (the same treatment time) was administered nasally. The olfactory function of mice was evaluated by BFPT. The number of eosinophils and goblet cells in the nasal mucosa were detected by HE and PAS staining. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP) in olfactory epithelium, the important rate-limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) of dopamine, and the marker proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b of glial cell in the olfactory bulb. TUNEL staining was used to detect the damage of the olfactory bulb. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: AR mice with OD had AR pathological characteristics. Compared with AR mice without OD, the expression of OMP in olfactory epithelium of AR mice with OD was reduced (F=26.09, P<0.05), the expression of GFAP and CD11b in the olfactory bulb was increased (F value was 38.95 and 71.71, respectively, both P<0.05), and the expression of TH in the olfactory bulb was decreased (F=77.00, P<0.05). Nasal administration of dopamine could shorten the time of food globule detection in mice to a certain extent, down-regulate the expression of GFAP and CD11b in the olfactory bulb (F value was 6.55 and 46.11, respectively, both P<0.05), and reduce the number of apoptotic cells in the olfactory bulb (F=25.64, P<0.05). But dopamine had no significant effect on the number of eosinophils and goblet cells in nasal mucosa (F value was 36.26 and 19.38, respectively, both P>0.05), and had no significant effect on the expression of OMP in the olfactory epithelium (F=55.27, P>0.05). Conclusion: Dopamine can improve olfactory function in mice with AR to a certain extent, possibly because of inhibiting the activation of glial cells in olfactory bulb and reducing the apoptotic injury of olfactory bulb cells.

Neurodegenerative changes in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in people older than 50 years old: a descriptive study / Alterações neurodegenerativas no tronco cerebral e bulbo olfatório em indivíduos acima de 50 anos: um estudo descritivo

With the increase in life expectancy in Brazil, concerns have grown about the most prevalent diseases in elderly people. Among these diseases are neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Protein deposits related to the development of these diseases can pre-date the symptomatic phases by years. The tau protein is particularly interesting: it might be found in the brainstem and olfactory bulb long before it reaches the limbic cortex, at which point symptoms occur. Of the 14 brains collected in this study, the tau protein was found in the brainstems of 10 (71.42%) and in olfactory bulbs of 3 out 11. Of the 7 individuals who had a final diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 6 presented tau deposits in some region of the brainstem. Our data support the idea of the presence of tau protein in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in the earliest stages of AD.

Com o aumento da expectativa de vida no Brasil e no mundo, crescem as preocupações com as doenças mais prevalentes entre os idosos, dentre elas as doenças neurodegenerativas (DN) como a doença de Alzheimer (DA) e a doença de Parkinson (DP). Sabe-se que os depósitos proteicos relacionados com o desenvolvimento destas doenças podem preceder a fase sintomática em anos. A proteína tau é de particular interesse, uma vez que parece ser encontrada no tronco encefálico e bulbo olfatório muito antes de atingir o córtex límbico, quando ocorrem os primeiros sintomas. Dos 14 encéfalos coletados neste estudo, a proteína tau foi encontrada, no tronco encefálico, em 10 (71,42%) e no bulbo olfatório em 3 de 11. Dos 7 indivíduos que tiveram diagnóstico final de DA, todos apresentavam depósitos de tau em alguma região do tronco encefálico. Nossos dados estão de acordo com a literatura mais recente, que tem confirmado a presença de proteína tau no tronco encefálico e bulbo olfatório nos estágios mais precoces da DA.

Dilation of the olfactory bulb cavity concurrent with hydrocephalus in four small breed dogs

Four small breed dogs were admitted with seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed dilation of the olfactory bulb cavity as well as enlargement of the lateral ventricles. These findings demonstrate that dilation of the olfactory bulb cavity can occur concurrent with hydrocephalus. This is the first description of the clinical and MRI features of dilation of the olfactory bulb cavity concurrent with hydrocephalus in dogs.

MRI findings in Kallmann syndrome.

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a neuronal migration disorder characterised by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. Five patients with clinical findings suggestive of KS were evaluated with MRI. All patients had abnormalities of olfactory system. Olfactory bulbs were absent in all patients. Olfactory sulci were absent in 3 patients and hypoplastic in 2 patients. Anterior pituitary was hypoplastic in two patients. The MRI findings in KS are characteristic and MRI is a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of KS.

La resonancia magnética en el diagnóstico del síndrome de Kallmann. Presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome. Presentation of two cases and literature review

Se presentan los casos de dos mujeres con hipogonadismo hipogonadotrópico y trastornos olfatorios. El diagnóstico de síndrome de Kallmann fue corroborado en ambos casos con imágenes de Resonancia Magnética que mostraron aplasia de los bulbos olfatorios en un caso, e hipoplasia en el otro. Se destaca la función de la Resonancia Magnética para la demostración inequívoca por imagen del defecto olfatorio. Se comenta la presencia clínica y se hace una revisión de la literatura