Estudio comparativo de la absorción neta de calcio de dos formulaciones distintas de carbonato de calcio en mujeres posmenopáusicas / Comparative study of net calcium absorption of two different pharma¬ceutical formulations of calcium carbonate in posmenopausal women

La suplementación con calcio reduciría, sola o asociada a otra medicación para osteoporosis, la pérdida de masa ósea y el riesgo de fracturas. Sin embargo, su tasa de adherencia es baja debido a la poca tolerancia. Objetivo: comparar la tasa de absorción neta de calcio entre dos formulaciones distintas de carbonato de calcio (500 mg): comprimidos vs. mousse. Material y métodos: 11 pruebas fueron realizadas en mujeres posmenopáusicas de 58,9±3 años. El diseño fue exploratorio abierto, aleatorizado, prospectivo cruzado de fase 4. Intervención: las participantes fueron aleatorizadas en dos grupos para recibir las dos formulaciones previa suplementación con vitamina D3. La tasa de absorción neta de calcio fue estudiada por la prueba de inhibición de hormona paratiroidea (PTH). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre: basal y en la 1a, 2a y 3a hora posadministración del calcio asignado, y de orina de 2 horas basal y al final de la prueba. Determinaciones bioquímicas: calcio, fósforo, albúmina, 25-hidroxivitamina D y hormona paratiroidea intacta y calciuria. Análisis estadístico: método de los trapecios para calcular el área bajo la curva (AUC) de la concentración de calcio en el tiempo (R Development Core Team (2008). http://www.Rp-project.org) y Anova con dos términos de error para evaluar el efecto secuencia, período y formulación. Resultados: la mayor inhibición de PTH se observó a dos horas de la toma de ambas formulaciones (comprimidos -39,2% vs. mousse -38,0%; p=ns), con similar AUC0-3 h (comprimidos 3,35; IC 95%: 3,32; 3,37 vs. mousse 3,36; IC 95%: 3,33; 3,38). Cuando analizamos tolerancia y preferencias no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas formulaciones. Conclusión: el carbonato de calcio en mousse mostró similar tasa de absorción intestinal, preferencia y tolerancia gastrointestinal que en comprimido. (AU)

Calcium supplementation, administered alone or in combination with a specific medication for osteoporosis, would reduce bone mass loss and fracture risk in postmenopausal women. However, the adherence rate to calcium supplements is low, mainly due to low tolerance. Objective: comparisson of net calcium absorption rate between two different pharmaceutical formulations of calcium carbonate (PFCa) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: 11 tests were performed in postmenopausal women aged 58.9±3 yrs. Design: Comparative, randomized, prospective, open-label exploratory crossover study of calcium mousse versus calcium pills. Intervention: Participants were randomized in 2 groups to receive the 2 different PFCa (500mg): pills vs. mousse, with previous vitamin D3 supplementation. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibition test and the area-under-thecurve (AUC) of calcium were analyzed. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 hrs after intake of the assigned PFCa. Urine samples (2hs) were obtained at -baseline, after 2hs of PFCa intake and at the end of the test. Biochemical Determinations: Serum: calcium, phosphorus, albumin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and intact PTH. In urine: calcium. Statistical Analysis: The trapezoid rule was applied to assess AUC in time (R Development Core Team (2008). http://www.Rp-project.org). An ANOVA model with 2 error terms was used to assess the effect of sequence, period, and formulation. Results: The highest inhibition PTH rates were observed after 2 hrs of PFCa (pills -39.2% vs. mousse -38.0%; p=ns). The AUC0-3hrs for both PFCa was similar (pills 3.35; 95%CI: 3.32; 3.37 vs. mousse 3.36; 95%CI: 3.33; 3.38). No statistically significant differences were observed when we analyze tolerance and predilection. Conclusion: The calcium carbonate in mousse showed an adequate rate of intestinal absorption, similarly predilection and gastrointestinal tolerance than the pill presentation. (AU)

Calcium binding to S. mutans grown in the presence or absence of sucrose

Sucrose is the most cariogenic dietary carbohydrate because it is a substrate for insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (IEPS) production in dental biofilms, which can proportionally decrease bacterial density and, consequently, the number of biofilm calcium (Ca) binding sites. Ca bound to bacterial cell walls can be released into the biofilm fluid during a cariogenic challenge, reducing the driving force for mineral dissolution provoked by the pH drop. Thus, we investigated the effect of an IEPS-rich extracellular matrix on bacterial Ca binding after treatment with Ca solutions. Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt 1600 was cultivated in culture broths supplemented with 1.0% sucrose or 0.5% glucose + 0.5% fructose. The IEPS concentration in bacterial pellets was determined after alkaline extraction. Bacterial pellets were treated with 1 mM or 10 mM Ca++ solutions at 37ºC for 10 to 60 min. Ca binding to bacterial pellets, determined after acid extraction using the Arsenazo III reagent, was fast and concentration dependent. Although the IEPS concentration was approximately ten times higher in bacterial pellets cultivated in sucrose as compared to its monossaccharides, bound Ca concentration after Ca treatment was similar in both conditions. These results suggest that IEPS may not influence the amount of Ca bound to reservoirs of dental biofilms.

Efecto de un incremento en la diuresis sobre la absorción y retención de algunos nutrientes en ratas / Effect of an increase in diuresis on absorption and retention of some nutrients in rats

Estudios previos en ratas han demostrado que la administración del diurético furosemida aumenta la pérdida urinaria de electrolitos y nutrientes, causando un efecto negativo sobre las reservas de los mismos. Una alternativa para proteger esas reservas es incrementar la absorción intestinal. Así, se evaluó la absorción, pérdidas urinarias y reservas corporales de nitrógeno, calcio, magnesio, sodio, potasio y cinc, en cuatro grupos de ratas: control, y tres grupos experimentales que consumieron furosemida en concentraciones de 0,5; 1,0 y 1,5 mg/g de dieta, durante 23 días. El diurético causó poliuria dosis dependiente, disminución en el consumo de alimento, la eficiencia y el crecimiento. También, provocó un aumento en las pérdidas urinarias del nitrógeno y minerales. La absorción de nitrógeno, calcio y cinc no se modificó, mientras que la del magnesio, sodio y potasio aumentó ligeramente. Se determinó que la absorción no compensó las pérdidas urinarias. Así, la furosemida afectó negativamente la retención de nutrientes y electrolitos, provocando una reducción en las reservas corporales de los mismos. Este diurético tiene un efecto negativo sobre el estado nutricional en ratas, causado por la reducción en el consumo de alimento, así como en la utilización de los nutrientes consumidos. La reducción en la utilización de los nutrientes asociada con este diurético, puede ser explicada en parte, por una pobre retención de nutrientes por el riñón, que no puede ser compensada por un incremento en la absorción intestinal.

Previous studies have shown that, in rats, the administration of the diuretic furosemide increases diuresis as well as urinary loss of electrolytes and essential nutrients. This loss has a negative effect on electrolytes and nutrient reserves. Since one alternative to help protect these reserves is to increase intestinal absorption, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the absorption, urinary loss and tissue reserves of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and zinc in rats offered 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg furosemide per g diet, daily during 23 days. The diuretic caused a dose dependent polyuria, a reduction in food intake, growth and feed efficiency. In addition, those rats had increased urinary loss of nitrogen and minerals. Nitrogen, calcium and zinc absorption were not affected, but magnesium, sodium and potassium increased slightly. Intestinal absorption could not compensate for urinary loss. In general, this study showed that in rats, this diuretic had a negative effect on nutritional status caused by a reduction in food intake and also in the utilization of the nutrients consumed. The reduction in nutrient utilization associated with this diuretic may be partly explained by a poor nutrient retention by the kidney which was not compensated by an increase in intestinal absorption.

Velocidad de disolución de diferentes preparados de calcio utilizados en clínica / Dissolution velocity of different calcium solutions used in clinics

Hydrochloric acid was added to destilled water in increasing amounts to obtain a final pH of 6.9, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0 and 1.5. Eighteen commercial calcium preparations were incubated in these solutions for 60 min and dissolution velocity was measured as the percentage of elemental calcium found in solution after this incubation period. Calcium carbonate preparations had a pH 1.5. Using the solution with pH 1.5 the dissolution velocity of different preparations varied widely from 56 to 100 percent. Calcium acetate, followed by calcium citrate and dicalcic phosphate were the salts in tablets with better dissolution velocities. Among powders and effervescent preparations, those containing calcium lactogluconate and citrate had the better dissolution velocities (95 to 115 percent), that were independent of the solution's pH. A studied preparation with integral bone had a very low dissolution velocity, not surpassing 33 mg of calcium per tablet. The dissolution velocity of different calcium carbonate preparations varies greatly and in conditions of achlorhydria, it is negligible. Calcium lactogluconate and citrate dissolution velocities are independent of the solution's pH

Ca(2+)-transport across brush border and basal surfaces of human term [correction of terms] placenta.

Brush border microvillous (BBM) and basal cell membranes (BCM) were isolated from syncytiotrophoblast of human term placenta by homogenization, sonication, prolonged stirring and differential centrifugation. Uptake of 45Ca(2+)-CaCl2 in membrane vesicles in morpholino propane sulphonic acid (MOPS) buffer was studied up to 60 min. Maximum uptake of the radioisotope was recorded at 10 and 15 min of incubation of the BBM and BCM, respectively. Radioisotopic uptake was also dependent on the Ca(2+)-concentration, linear up to 3 mu mole and then assuming hyperbolic substrate saturation kinetics. The Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the data gave Kt value for BBM and BCM, 0.85 and 1.08 microM, respectively while the Vmax of uptake (Jmax) in the same were 105.26 and 188.68 pmole Ca2+/microgram protein/20 min. Ca(2+)-Uptake in placental BBM and BCM vesicles was inhibited by two Ca(2+)-channel blockers, nifedipine and verapamil to as much as 50% while Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187 enhanced the uptake process significantly.

Avaliaçäo da taxa de dissoluçäo de hidroxiapatias preparadas em diferentes condiçöes / Evaluation of dissolution rate of hidroxyapatite prepared in different conditions

A solubilidade dos vários compostos da família dos fosfatos de cálcio no meio fisiológico é uma das principais características utilizadas para a escolha do composto mais adequado para cada aplicação. Para um mesmo composto, entretanto, a solubilidade pode variar devido a variação da concentração de defeitos, a área superficial. a razão Ca/P, o tamanho de particulas, outros tipos e quantidade de fases presentes e porosidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar um método que permite avaliar comparativamente a solubilidade de hidroxiapatitas com caracteristicas diferentes. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficácia do método proposto para avaliar a solubilidade da hidroxiapatita e confirmam a interrelação entre a solubilidade, a razão Ca/P e a presença de grupos CO3**-2 detectada pela espectroscopia de infravermelho

Abstract - The solubility of the various compounds of the calcium phosphate family in the physiological medium is one of the main characteristics used to identify the most suitable compound for each application. However. for one single compound the solubility may vary due to the concentration of defects. The objective of this work was to develop a method which would allow us to evaluate comparatively the solubility of hydroxyapatites with different characteristics. The results obtained have shown that the proposed method is suitable to evaluate the solubility of hydroxyapatite and have confirmed the relationship between solubility, the Ca/P ratio and the presence of CO/ groups detected by infrared spectroscopy

Biodisponibilidade de cálcio em seis suplementos de fósforo e/ou de cálcio para frangos de corte / Calcium bioavailability of six phosphorous and/or calcium sources for broiler chicks

Determinaram-se os valores de biodisponibilidade de cálcio (BDCa) de seis fontes de fósforo, usando pintos de corte de um a 20 dias de idade, pelo critério do teor de cinzas ósseas, utilizando-se o método da abscissa. Usou-se o carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) como fonte padräo, cujo cálcio foi considerado 100 por cento disponível, para se obter uma equaçäo de regressäo linear dos teores de cinzas ósseas (Y) em funçäo do consumo de cálcio do CaCO3 (X). As seis fontes de fósforo e seus respectivos valores de BDCa (porcentagem) foram: calcário calcítico, 99,0 fosfato bicálcico, 76,4; farinha de ossos calcinada, 63,0; fosfato bicálcio semidesfluorizado, 40,4; fosfato de Araxá, 17,2 e fosfato de Patos de Minas, 13,2. Conclui-se que: há variaçäo de BDCa entre as fontes de fósforo, observando-se os mais baixos valores nos fosfatos naturais; nas avaliaçöes de fontes de fósforo devem ser determinados os valores de biodisponibilidade de fósforo e de cálcio; o uso de fontes de fósforo para suprir fósforo disponível deve também levar em conta a BDCa; estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de suplementaçäo de cálcio, empregando-se um suplemento de alta BDCa em proporçöes adequadas às fontes avaliadas neste experimento, com especial atençäo ao conteúdo de flúor dos fosfatos de rocha

Nutrition-physiology link: need to increase basic research

Comentam-se alguns mecanismos complexos da absorçäo intestinal em relaçäo ao seu elo com interaçöes entre nutrientes, ou ao sistema alimentar, em si. Considera-se também a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes em relaçäo ao estado nutricional dos indivíduos, afim de enfatizar a necessidade de maior conhecimento da fisiologia para a melhor compreensäo da nutriçäo, e vice-versa

A kinetic study of some factors which influence the intestinal absorption of calcium in rats

Rats weighing 100 ñ 8 g were used in an in vivo kinetic study of the intestinal absorption of calcium (CaA) from there systems: 1) CaCl2, 2) whole cow's milk (M), and 3) a taple Brazilian diet (SBD). Food substrates were treated with HCl, neutralized and diluted with 0.15 mM NaCl to different concentrations. Each dilution was assayed by introducing 2 ml into the small intestine and the final amount of Ca*+ in the small intestine was determined 30 min later. The values for velocity (v= Vmax (Ca*+ in the small intestine was determined 30 min later. The values for velocity (v+Vmax (Ca*+)/(Ca*+) + Km) and affinity (1/Km) for the food substrates were 1.35, 15.51 and 2.31 *g Ca*+/min and 0.29, 0,016 and 0.266 *g Ca*+/ml, respectively. We conclude that the higher affinities observed for CaCl2 and SBD were not correlated with velocity. Factors modifying CaA appear to be protein (stimulator) and phylate and fiber (inhibitors)

Lipoperoxidation associated with mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in the presence of Ca2+

Lipoperoxidation was investigated as a step for membrane protein thiol oxidation of rat liver mitochondria incubated in the presence of Ca2 and t-butylhydroproxide, by the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Lipoperoxidation occured only when the incubation medium contained 125 µM t-butylhdroperoxide (t-buOOH) in the presence of Ca2+ and phosphate (Pi). No lipoperoxidation was observed when acetate replaced Pi as permeant anion, or when the oxidant was omitted, even at high Ca2 and Pi concentrations (up to 120 µMCa2+ and 5mMPi), conditions under which the mitochondria are fully permeabilized. In both cases, ADP protected efficiently against permeabilization, indicating the possible involvement of the ADP/ATP carrier in the earlier stages of the process

A clinical test for calcium absorption in climacteric women: a two tracer, single blood sample procedure with corrections for body size and skeletal turnover

Se ha desarrollado un método que estima la relación: absorción neta de calcio/calcio ingerido, mediante el empleo de dos trazadores (45Ca y fluoruro de sodio). Estos trazadores estiman, respectivamente, la absorción de calcio y el turnover óseo. Cada sujeto recibió una dosis oral de 700 micronmoles de fluoruro de sodio en ayunas, recogió la orina emitida en las 24 horas siguientes con el objeto de medir la fracción excretada de fluoruro y determinar la retención corporal de fluoruro (WBRF) que estima el turvnover óseo: WBRF = 100 (1 - (Fluoruro urinario/dosis de fluoruro)). Veinticuatro horas después de la dosis de fluoruro, cada paciente recibió 2 microcuries de 45Ca en 15 ml de leche. Se les extrajo sangre 5 horas más tarde para medir la radioactividad en el plasma y calcular la fraccioón del isótopo en el líquido extracelular, estimado en 15% del peso corporal: balances entre 0 y -100 mg Ca/d (n = 30) exhibieron una relación sigmoides en función de la WBRF

Pregnancy-Acosiated Osteoporosis

A case of pregnancy associated osteoporosis in a 26 year old woman with backache and vertebral com-pression fracture is presented. The radioactive 45-Ca uptake test showed a disturbance in intestinal calcium absorption. The bone densitometry measured by dual photon absorptiometry revealed severe osteoporosis the entire lumbar spine. After months without therapy, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femur were increased markedly and spontaneously.

Pregnancy-Acosiated Osteoporosis

A case of pregnancy associated osteoporosis in a 26 year old woman with backache and vertebral com-pression fracture is presented. The radioactive 45-Ca uptake test showed a disturbance in intestinal calcium absorption. The bone densitometry measured by dual photon absorptiometry revealed severe osteoporosis the entire lumbar spine. After months without therapy, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femur were increased markedly and spontaneously.

Efecto inhibitorio del propranolol sobre la relajacion miocardica no mediado a traves del bloqueo beta / Inhibitory effect of propranolol on myocardial relaxation not mediated by beta blockade

En corazones aislados, con frecuencia cardíaca y flujo coronario constants, se estudiaron los efectos del d- y d, l-propranolol sobre la relajación miocárcica. La infusión del d, l-propranolol 10**-5M produjo una disminución significativa en la máxima velocidad de conhtracción (+T) de 48 ñ 1.5 % (P < 0.05) y una disminución proporcionalmente mayor de la máxima velocidad de relajación (-T) de 58 ñ 2 % con un aumento significativo de la relación entre ambas velocidades (+T/-T) de 28.4 ñ 6.2 % (1.35 ñ 0.03 a 1.74 ñ 0.09). La constante de tiempo de la relajación en su porción exponencial (Tau) se prolongó significativamente en 64 ñ 17.5 % (de 3.8 ñ l.4 a 61 ñ 6 ms) (P < 0.05). Una reducción en +T de 52.2 ñ 4.1% provocada por perfusión con baja concentración de calcio (0.5 mM) también aumentó +T/-T y Tau en 11 ñ 4.5 % y 27 ñ 6 % respectivamente (P < 0.05). Estos aumentos fueron, sin embargo, menores que los provocados por d- y d, 1- propranolol (P < 0.05). El efecto de la concentración baja de calcio sobre +T, +T/-T y Tau fue completamente reversible, en tanto que la reversión del efecto inotrópico negativo de d- o d, l-propranolol por calcio no revirtió dla disminución en -T ni los aumentos de +T/-T y Tau provocados por la droga. Resultados similares se obtuvieron en corazones deplecionados de catecolominas. El d/propranolol no afectó la sensibilidad al calcio de trabéculas ventriculares por derechas de gato peladas por procedimientos químicos. La captura de calcio por el sistema retículo...