Morphometric analysis of calcaneal (heel) spurs in ancient and modern Anatolian populations / Análisis morfométrico de los espolones calcáneos en poblaciones de Anatolia antiguas y modernas

SUMMARY: Heel spurs are the bony protrusion seen especially on the dorsal and plantar face of the calcaneus bone at the attachment site of the muscles. It was aimed herein to obtain data about the life styles, daily lives, and especially the socioeconomic structures of modern and ancient Anatolian populations by evaluating the prevalence, location, age, and gender differences of heel spurs on the calcaneus and comparing these findings between the populations. Herein, the 251 calcaneus bones of 137 skeletons, which had been previously analyzed paleodemographically and dated to the Middle Ages, and 68 calcaneus bones belonging to a modern population, whose gender was unknown but lived in Anatolia, were examined in terms of heel spurs. In the current study, the presence of dorsal, plantar, or both dorsal/plantar heel spurs on these in 251 calcaneus bones was 43.9 %, 11.1 %, and 10.3 %, respectively. The presence of dorsal, plantar, or both dorsal/plantar heel spurs was determined as 22 %, 3 %, and 1.5 %, respectively, among the 68 calcaneus bones belonging to the modern population. When a comparison was made of the current study with studies in the literature on modern and prehistoric populations, a higher prevalence of heel spurs was found in prehistoric samples than in modern populations. It is our belief that this situation may have derived from the heavy labor force, environmental, or sociocultural differences in ancient Anatolian populations, insufficiency of vital materials due to inadequate industrial conditions, and the solution of anatomical disruption. In addition, the findings determined herein will guide the development of future and industrial studies on the foot and foot structure.

RESUMEN: Los espolones del talón son la protuberancia ósea que se ve especialmente en la cara dorsal y plantar del hueso calcáneo en el sitio de inserción de los músculos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en obtener datos sobre los estilos de vida, la vida cotidiana y, especialmente, las características socioeconómicas de las poblaciones anatolias modernas y antiguas mediante la evaluación de la prevalencia, la ubicación, la edad y las diferencias de sexo de los espolones calcáneos y comparar estos hallazgos entre los poblaciones. La muestra consistió en 251 calcáneos correspondientes a 137 esqueletos, que habían sido previamente analizados paleodemográficamente y fechados en la Edad Media; también se incluyeron 68 calcáneos pertenecientes a una población moderna de Anatolia, sin distinción de sexo. De la muestra de 251 calcáneos, se encontraron espolones calcáneos dorsales, plantares y dorsales/plantares, en el 43,9%, 11,1 % y 10,3 %, respectivamente. La presencia de espolones calcáneos dorsales, plantares y dorsales/plantares se determinó en el 22%, 3% y 1,5%, respectivamente, entre los 68 calcáneos pertenecientes a la población moderna. Cuando se realizó una comparación del estudio actual con la literatu- ra sobre poblaciones modernas y prehistóricas, se encontró una mayor prevalencia de espolones calcáneos en muestras prehistóricas que en poblaciones modernas. Creemos que esta situación puede haberse derivado a la gran fuerza de trabajo, y las diferencias ambientales o socioculturales en las antiguas poblaciones de Anatolia, la insuficiencia de materiales vitales debido a las condiciones industriales inadecuadas produjo la alteración anatómica. Además, los hallazgos aquí determinados guiarán el desarrollo de estudios futuros e industriales sobre la estructura del pie.

Calcanectomia subtotal para tratamento de úlcera de pressão com osteomielite associada: relato de 2 casos / Subtotal calcanectomy for the treatment of calcaneal pressure sores with associated osteomyelitis: a report of 2 cases

Introdução: Feridas em pés são muito frequentes e requerem abordagem multidisciplinar para a sua prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação. Quando acometem o calcâneo, oferecem dificuldade ainda maior e podem apresentar complicação com a ocorrência de osteomielite. Debridamento de tecido desvitalizado e antibioticoterapia são etapas obrigatórias para o tratamento. Na reconstrução, retalhos locais ou livres são necessários. Porém, nem todos os pacientes, devido a condições sistêmicas ou de vascularização local, são candidatos a esse tipo de reconstrução e acabam sendo submetidos a amputações. Relato de caso: Os autores relatam dois casos nos quais foram utilizadas calcanectomias subtotais para o tratamento de feridas em calcâneo. Em ambos os casos, foram evitadas as amputações.

Introduction: Feet wounds are very common and require multidisciplinary approach for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. When involving the calcaneus, they offer even greater difficulty and may complicate with osteomyelitis. Debridement of devitalized tissue and antibiotics are important steps for treatment. For the reconstruction, local or free flaps are needed. However, not all patients, due to systemic conditions or local blood supply, are not candidates for this type of reconstruction and some times are submitted to amputations. Cases Report: The authors report two cases in which subtotals calcanectomies were used for the treatment of wounds in the calcaneus. In both cases, amputations were avoided.

Fractura de calcáneo como complicación de tratamiento percutáneo de fascitis plantar: Reporte de un caso / Calcaneus fracture as a complication of the percutaneous treatment of plantar fasciitis: Case report

La fascitis plantar, una entidad patológica autolimitante, es una causa común de dolor en el talón en pacientes adultos. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado cuando el paciente recibe tratamiento conservador bien vigilado sin obtener mejoría de síntomas entre 4-6 meses. Entre las complicaciones de las técnicas percutáneas se citan: infecciones, persistencia de dolor, lesiones neurológicas, entre otras. Nosotros reportamos un paciente con fractura de calcáneo posterior a fasciotomía plantar percutánea y resección de espolón calcáneo. Se hizo una revisión y discusión de la literatura.

Plantar fasciitis, a self-limiting pathologic entity, is a common cause of heel pain in adult patients. Surgical treatment is indicated when the patient does not improve after receiving conservative treatment for 4-6 months with proper surveillance. The complications of percutaneous techniques include: infection, persistent pain, and neurologic injuries, among others. We report the case of a patient with calcaneus fracture following percutaneous plantar fasciotomy and resection of a calcaneal spur. We conducted a review and discussion of the literature.

Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the calcaneum: A study of 12 cases.

Benign tumors of the calcaneum are rare. Cystic lesions such as simple bone cysts and aneurysmal bone cysts are commonly seen. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate tumors of the calcaneum, which were seen over a 12-year period. Materials and Methods: We analyzed noninfectious, noninflammatory, benign lesions of the calcaneum seen in the Orthopedic Out Patient Department from 1991 to 2003. Twelve such tumors were encountered. There were 11 males and one female and their ages varied from 18 to 53 years with a median of 31. Data was collected from the histopathology reports, radiographs, and inpatient and outpatient records. One of the coauthors reviewed the histopathologic findings of all the tumors. Results: Twelve benign lesions were seen in 12 patients. In our series, cysts predominated, with three aneurysmal bone cysts and five simple bone cysts. The other benign tumors were: one fibrous dysplasia, one vascular hamartoma, one osteoblastoma, and one chondromyxoid fibroma. The bone cysts were treated by curettage, with or without bone grafting, except for one large aneurysmal bone cyst, which was treated by excision of the calcaneum. The postoperative function in this patient was good, with modified footwear. Conclusion: The calcaneum is an uncommon site for most bone tumors, and in our series, bone cysts were the most common benign lesions. Curettage and bone grafting or the use of bone substitutes can be effectively used in the treatment of symptomatic bone cysts of the calcaneum.

Intraosseous lipoma: radiological findings / Lipoma intra-ósseo: achados radiológicos

OBJECTIVE: Intraosseous lipomas may be less rare lesions than previously suggested in the literature. They have frequently been misdiagnosed as other benign bone lesions. A combination of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and radiography is essential for decreasing misdiagnosis rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study presents ten cases of intraosseous lipoma. The patients' ages ranged from 25 to 80 years, and six of them were female. Six patients presented with bone pain, whereas four patients were asymptomatic with incidentally discovered lesions. The involved bones were: femur (four patients), tibia (two patients), calcaneus (one patient), sacrum (one patient), iliac bone (one patient), navicular bone (one patient). All of the patients were assessed by means of conventional radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the affected region. RESULTS: In all of the cases, plain films revealed well-defined lytic lesions. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were quite useful in demonstrating fat within the femur. The histologic pattern of all tumors was that of mature adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous lipoma is a well-defined entity that may develop with varying presentations. Plain radiographs alone cannot establish the diagnosis of this lesion. However, both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are quite useful methods in these cases.

OBJETIVO: Lipomas intra-ósseos podem ser lesões menos raras do que anteriormente sugerido na literatura. Freqüentemente têm sido erroneamente diagnosticados como outras lesões ósseas benignas. A combinação de tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e radiografia é essencial para reduzir as taxas de erro diagnóstico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este estudo retrospectivo apresenta dez casos de lipoma intra-ósseo. As idades dos pacientes variavam entre 25 e 80 anos, e seis deles eram do sexo feminino. Seis pacientes apresentavam dor óssea, enquanto quatro eram assintomáticos com lesões descobertas casualmente. Os ossos afetados foram: fêmur (quatro pacientes), tíbia (dois pacientes), calcâneo (um paciente), sacro (um paciente), osso ilíaco (um paciente), osso navicular (um paciente). Todos os pacientes foram avaliados por meio de radiografia convencional, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética das regiões afetadas. RESULTADOS: Em todos os casos, as radiografias revelaram lesões líticas bem delimitadas. Tanto a tomografia computadorizada como a ressonância magnética foram bastante úteis para demonstrar gordura dentro do tumor. O padrão histológico de todos os tumores caracterizou-se por tecido adiposo maduro. CONCLUSÃO: Lipoma intra-ósseo é uma entidade bem definida que pode se desenvolver com variadas apresentações. Radiografias convencionais, isoladamente, não podem diagnosticar essas lesões. Entretanto, a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética são métodos bastante úteis nesses casos.

Osteoma osteoide del calcáneo: caso clínico / Osteoid osteoma of the calcaneus: a case report

We report the case of a young deportist women with chronic foot and ankle pain, whose diagnosis was Osteoid Osteoma of the Calcaneus. We searched on the literature and performed a review of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of this tumor.

Reportamos el caso de una mujer joven deportista con dolor crónico de pie y tobillo, cuyo diagnóstico fue Osteoma Osteoide del Calcáneo. Buscamos en la literatura e hicimos una revisión de la epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico diferencial, estudio y tratamiento de este tumor.

Calcaneal osteosarcoma; a case report

Osteosarcoma of the foot is rare and, when presents, commonly observed in adults. We report a case of osteosarcoma of the calcaneus in an 11-year-old girl who was presented with a 4-month history of pain and swelling on her left ankle and inability to walk in her left lower extremity. On examination, there was a diffuse swelling involving her left ankle joint and foot. The radiograph showed soft tissue with calcification and ossification that involved the calcaneus with cortical bone destruction. Histologically, the tumor was consisted of variable foci of lacy osteoid formation and spindle pleomorphic stroma with typical osteoblasts. This rare location, histologic characteristics, and differential diagnostic points are discussed

Localização no calcâneo de linfoma não-Hodgkin B de grandes células primário do osso: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Calcaneous involvement by primary large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone: a case report and literature review

Descreve-se, neste artigo, um caso raro de linfoma não-Hodgkin B de grandes células extranodal primário do osso em um paciente de seis anos de idade, do sexo masculino, com manifestaçãoclínica e radiológica inicial em localização não-comum (tálus).

A case of a 6-year-old male primary B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with lytic bone lesion in an unusual location was demonstrated by clinical and radiologic examination.

Colgajo calcáneo lateral de avance en V-Y / Lateral calcaneal V-Y advancement flap

La reparación de heridas extensas y/o profundas del talón y tobillo es compleja, existiendo diversas alternativas terapéuticas. Entre ellas, se encuentra el colgajo calcáneo lateral de avance en V-Y, descrito por Hayashi y Maruyama, para la reparación de lesiones del talón. Este permite dar una cobertura estable a la herida y realizar el cierre primario del área dadora, con un buen resultado estético y funcional. Se revisa una serie de 8 pacientes, intervenidos entre diciembre del 2000 y mayo del 2002, en los que se empleó este colgajo. Destacamos su utilidad no solo para la reparación de defectos del talón y región aquiliana distal; sino que también del área maleolar lateral. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica, los resultados y complicaciones.

Open reduction and ao osteosynthesis of displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus

Twenty displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus [in 20 patients] were treated by open reduction and AO osteosynthesis. Lateral approach, corticocancellous iliac bone graft, AO cervical plate, AO 4 mm cancellous screws were used in all cases. Active and assisted active movements of the subtalar joint started five to seven days postoperatively. Scoring system of Crosby and Fitzgibbons 1990 was used for clinical assessment. Radiological measurements were made from lateral and axial views. The articular congruity of the subtalar joint and any arthritic changes were also assessed. Thirteen cases were good, six were poor and one was fair after a follow up period ranged from 16-36 month [average 26 months] with an average of 73% of normal subtalar motion

Evidence for a new ad sysdrome: report of a large iranin sibship with severe multiple synostosis

An investigation was carried out on a young unrelated couple, both 29 years old, with two boys and three girls, 3 months to 8 years old. One boy and the mother were healthy, the other four children and the father were affected. The family, originally from the district of Nour, in northern Iran, near the Caspian Sea, was first counseled at the Genetic Clinic in Tehran in 1984. Several trips were made to the location in a period of five years, to examine this large family. The major anomalies in this family were brachyphalangia, elbow joint aplasia [humero - radial synostosis, 110 to 140°C], carpal/tarsal synostosis and talus/calcaneus fusion. All affected individuals present a fixation of the feet in supination position and because of partial synostosis [physis] of calcaneus and talus, walked on lateral side with the external cant of the foot. All deformities were studied by clinical examinations and radiological confirmations, on each affected individual

A small cell osteosarcoma on the calcaneus: a case report

Small cell osteosarcoma is rare, representing 1-4% of all osteosarcomas. We experienced a case of small cell osteosarcoma in an 8-year-old girl on her calcaneus. Histologically, the tumor consists of small round cells that resemble those of Ewing's sarcoma, and variable foci of lacy osteoid formation between tumor cells. The rare location, histologic characteristics and differential diagnostic points are discussed.

Ocorrência de padröes radiológicos da epifisite do calcâneo em crianças assintomáticas / Occurrence of radiologic patterns related to calcaneum epiphysitis in asymptomatic children

Através de estudo radiográfico realizado em 250 crianças normais de ambos os sexos e de idades compreendidas na faixa de sete a 13 anos, na incidência lateral e axial posterior, colhemos dados sobre os aspectos da apófise posterior do calcâneo no intuito de estabelecer os parâmetros anatômicos normais. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que há ampla variaçäo de imagens e formas evolutivas da apófise posterior do calcâneo e que as imagens relacionadas pela literatura como elementos de diagnóstico da apofisite do calcâneo (doença de Haglund-Sever) ocorreram em grande número de crianças sem qualquer sintoma de enfermidade

Manejo quirúrgico de las fracturas intra-articulares del cálcaneo

El tratamiento de las fracturas intra-articulares del calcáneo permanece contravertido en nuestro medio. Por eso en el Hospital Universitario del Valle se realizó un estudio prospectivo, desde Junio de 1986 a diciembre de 1989, con 26 fracturas mediante reducción abierta, fijación interna rígida, injertos óseos y movilización temprana según los postulados de Fernández. Los resultados fueron buenos y excelentes en 78 por ciento y regulares, malos y buenos en 22 por ciento con un seguimiento promedio de 18 meses. Este informe preliminar nos permite concluir que el tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas intraarticulares del calcáneo brinda mejores resultados a los pacientes

Calcâneo bífido / Bifid calcaneus

É descrito um caso de calcâneo bífido, em um paciente de dois anos e seis meses de idade. Após revisão da literatura justifica-se esta publicação por tratar-se de alteração relativamente rara e achada casualmente. Não ocorre somente em pés planos, não se trata de osso acessório ou supranumerário e apresenta benignidade na sua evolução espontânea. Aconselha-se a precaução para não confundi-la com fratura. Não foi encontrado qualquer relato a respeito, publicado no Brasil.

Valor del bloqueo terapéutico de los nervios tibial posterior y sural en el tratamiento del espolón calcáneo / Value of therapeutical blockade of posterior tibial and sural nerves in the treatment of calcaneal spur

Se realiza una introducción explicando las características más importantes del síndrome del espolón calcáneo. Se presenta un breve resumen de la anatomía de los nervios tibial posterior y sural. Se describen las técnicas de bloqueo de los nervios tibial posterior y sural. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos en 14 pacientes remitidas a nuestro servicio por padecer de este síndrome doloroso y que fueron tratadas con bloqueos terapéuticos