Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp isolated from broiler flocks / Avaliação de resultados do Teste Direto para Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTD) e da cultura para micobacterias em amostras de urina

Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Turkey. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a key role in control of infection. In this article, the Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (MTD) was evaluated for detection of M. tuberculosis in urine samples. The performance of the MTD was very good and appropriate for routine laboratory diagnosis.

A tuberculose continua sendo um problema de saúde pública na Turquia. A detecção rápida de Mycobacterium tuberculosis tem um papel importante no controle da infecção. Nesse artigo, avaliou-se o Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Test (MTD) para detecção de M. tuberculosis em amostras de urina. O desempenho do MTD foi muito bom e adequado para diagnóstico laboratorial de rotina.

Prevalence, haemolytic and haemagglutination activities and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter spp. isolated from human diarrhoeal stools in Vhembe District, South Africa.

Campylobacter species are increasingly being recognized as agents of gastroenteritis worldwide. However, data on the pathogenic characteristics of the organism isolated in rural communities in South Africa are lacking. In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. from diarrhoeal stools, haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities of the isolates, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) patterns to different antibiotics, were determined using the standard microbiological techniques. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from individuals of all age-groups; however, the infection rate was higher among individuals aged less than two years (30.4%). Of 115 Campylobacter strains isolated, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis indicated that 98 (85%) were C. jejuni, while 17 (15%) were C. coli. Seventy-one (62%) of the strains showed haemolysis on human blood, and 80% agglutinated human blood, whereas 22.6% were beta-lactamase-positive. Resistance to antimicrobials, such as erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and fusidic acid, was high. Increased resistance to macrolide and quinolone antibiotics poses major risks for treatment failure. Haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities may be useful in preliminary characterization of pathogenic strains in settings where Campylobacter-associated infections are common.

Circulation of Campylobacter spp. in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) held in captivity: a longitudinal study

Campylobacteriosis is an extremely important zoonosis, circulating freely in the environment. In nonhuman primates kept in open facilities and bred for experimental purposes, the presence of Campylobacter spp. could cause severe damage to the production and interfere with the results of scientific research. In this paper, we assessed the circulation of Campylobacter spp. in a colony of clinically healthy rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) destined to research. The analysis was carried out during seven non-consecutive years. Data showed that despite several changes made in animal management along the studied years in order to control this zoonosis, reduction of bacterial charge did not occur. Significant differences among the age groups and sex were observed. Infants showed higher susceptibility than adult animals. In general males were more infected than females. Modifications adopted in the handling techniques need to be reviewed with the intent of improving the production, reducing bacterial infection of the stock and avoiding undesirable cross reactions in the research carried out with these animals. Therefore, this paper alerts professionals that work directly with captive rhesus monkeys about the risks of Campylobacter spp. infection and possible interference on the experimental procedures.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylo-bacter spp. isolated from environmental samples.

Environmental samples were subjected to determine frequency of occurrence of pathogenic campylobacters in the environment. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested to evaluate the level of antibiotic sensitive campylobacters in the environment of investigation. In all, 70 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from water and domestic animal faeces samples using Kapadnis-Baseri device and antimicrobial susceptibility of them was determined by disc diffusion test and E- test. The results indicated that all the isolates of Campylobacter were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and resistant to cefotaxime, cephalexin and ampicillin. Lowest MIC values were observed for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (2 microg/mL) and highest MIC values for ampicillin and chloramphinicol (256 microg/mL). In general, pathogenic Campylobacter spp. were prevalent in large numbers in the environment, however, they were sensitive to ciprofloxacin.

Isolation, identification and drug susceptibility patterns of campylobacter strains cultured from children with diarrhea at two pediatric hospitals in Tehran, 2003-2004

Campylobacter spp. that have been frequently isolated from livestocks, meat and chicken cause acute diarrhea in developed countries. This study was conducted to screen the cases of diarrhea at two children hospitals in Tehran to detect the bactriologically confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis and to determine the rate of causative agents to different antimicrobial drugs. Five-hundred fecal samples of patients with acute diarrhea were received from two children hospitals, Children Medical Center and Mofid Hospitals during October 2003 and October 2004. Samples were received in Cary Blair transport medium to the Food Borne Disease Laboratory. They were then plated either directly on Brucella agar containing supplement or enriched in Preston broth for subsequent plating. The inoculated plates were incubated in microaerophilic condition for 48 hours. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion agar. During the study period, 39 campylobacter strains were isolated [7.8%]. Campylobacter jejuni was the dominant species isolated from the clinical specimen [75.7%]. The rates of susceptibilities to different antibiotics were as follows: gentamicin, imipenem and colistin [100%], streptomycin and chloramphenicol [97%], neomycin [94.1%], ampicillin [88.2%], erythromycin [85.2%], tetracycline [70.5%], cefotaxime [58.8%], ciprofloxacin [20.5], carbenicillin [50%] ceftazidime [32.2%]. All isolates were resistant to cephalexin.The frequency of recovery [7.8%] from children with diarrhea shows that the organism could be one of the major etiologic factors of diarrhea among children in Tehran. The high rate of resistance to quinolone warrants further for the possible reasons

Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter from acute enteric infections in Egypt.

While Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella remain major contributors to acute enteric infections, few studies on these pathogens have been conducted in Egypt. From January 1986 to December 1993, 869 Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter strains were isolated from stool specimens from 6,278 patients, presenting to the Abbassia Fever Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, with acute enteric infections. Salmonella predominated, totalling 465 isolates, followed by Shigella with 258 isolates, and Campylobacter with 146 isolates. Of the Shigella isolates, 124 were Shigella flexneri, 49 were S. sonnei, 47 were S. dysenteriae (mainly serotype 1, 2, and 3), and 38 were S. boydii. Campylobacter spp. comprised 92 Campylobacter jejuni and 54 C. coli isolates. Isolation of Salmonella was highest during the months of February-March, June-July, and October-November, while that of Shigella was maximal from July to October. Isolation of Campylobacter increased during May-June and again during August-October. Although Salmonella was sensitive to amikacin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, and nalidixic acid, it was, however, resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Shigella (> 80%) was sensitive to amikacin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (except S. sonnei), aztreonam, and nalidixic acid. Resistance (> 50%) was noted only for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. C. jejuni and C. coli were resistant to cephalothin, aztreonam, and streptomycin. Some of the above antibiotics were employed to characterize the Egyptian isolates, but did not have any clinical utility in the treatment of diarrhoea. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the resistance profiles of Shigella and Salmonella between late 1980s and early 1990s. The results suggest the use of fluoroquinolones or a third-generation cephalosporin as an empirical treatment of enteric diseases. However, alternative control strategies, including the aggressive development of broadly protective vaccines, may be more effective approaches to curbing morbidity and mortality due to acute enteric infections.

Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of campylobacter isolates recovered from humans and poultry in Lebanon

Recovery of campylobacter was attempted from 281 consecutive non selected out-patients diarrheic stools, 150 individual ceca collected from meat chicken breeder farms and 31 slaughtered marketed chicken obtained from shops in Lebanon. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from 2 [0.7%] human stool specimens, 34 [22.7%] chicken ceca and 3 [9.7%] raw chicken carcasses. Speciation of these isolates revealed 2 C. jejuni from humans diarrheic stools, 16 C. coli, 10C. jejuni, 3 C. fetus, 2 C. fennelliae [helicobacter fennelliae, new taxon], 2C. upsaliensis 1,C. cryaerophila [archobacter cryaerophilus, new taxon] from chicken ceca and 2C. coli and 1 C. fennelliae [h. fennelliae] from raw chicken carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the different isolates against 9 antimicrobial agents was performed using the e-test. Overall most isolates showed high to moderate susceptibility to gentamicin [97%], amoxicillin/clavulanate [95%], clindamycin [77%], chloramphenicol [77%], and ampicillin [69%]. Lower susceptibility were observed against tetracycline [49%], erythromycin [47%], ciprofloxacin [39%] and norfloxacin [36%]. This overall susceptibility profile generally applied to C. coli and C. jejuni, as well although C. coli mostly showed higher susceptibility than C. jejuni. Beta lactamase production was detected in 59% of all the isolates being higher in C. coli [72%] than C. jejuni [33%]. Whole cell protein profile analysis of 18 C. coli and 12 C. jejuni by SDS-PAGE revealed 6 different patterns. In both species, major variations existed in the region between mol wt 45-60 and all protein profiles were dominated by the presence of 5 major bands of mol wt 61 [doublet], 45, 31 and an approximate 24. differences in banding patterns within and between both species indicated diversity and heterogeneity of strains. This study shows that despite high prevalence and diversity of strains in chicken, campylobacter in Lebanon is rare in human diarrheic stools compared to salmonella [3.2%] and shigella [1.4%]

Eradication of Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. A six-month follow-up study

Cincuenta y cuatro pacientes, 41 varones y 13 mujeres, entre 26 y 76 años, afectados de úlcera duodenal y curados entre 4 y 8 semanas con subcitrato de bismuto coloidal, 360 mg dos veces por día, fueron estudiados. A todos los pacientes se les practicó endoscopia gastroduodenal antes del tratamiento, 4 a 8 semanas luego del mismo y 6 meses después. Se tomaron biopsias gástricas endoscopicas para determinar la presencia de campilobacter pilori por medio del test de la ureasa. Todos los pacientes eran C.P. positivos incialmente. Las bacterias fueron erradicadas en 36/54 pacientes (67%) al final de la terapéutica. La curación ulcerosa fue obtenida después de 8 semanas en 45/54 pacientes. Ventisiete (66%) fueron entonces C.P. negativo y 14 fueron C.P. positivo. Se observó recurrencia ulcerosa en 15/41 pacientes (37%), cuyas úlceras habían curado previamente. Todos los pacientes con recidiva fueron C.P. positivos. se observó una correlación estadisticamente significativa entre la persistencia de C.P. y el grado de recidiva ulcerosa (p , 0,001). Se concluye que: a) La erradicación de C.P. en los pacientes ulcerosos duodenales no tuvo influencia en la curación de la úlcera. b) La recidiva de la úlcera duodenal estuvo correlacionada con la persistencia de C.P

Suscetibilidade "in vitro" de Campylobacter isolado de bezerros contra 22 antimicrobianos / In vitro drug susceptibilities of Campylobacter isolated from calves against 22 antimicrobial agents

Foram realizados testes de sucetibilidade em 60 estirpes de Campylobacter isoladas de conteúdo intestinal (reto, íleo e colo) de bezerros com e sem diarréia. As estirpes classificadas como Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Campylobacter coli, NARTC-grupo e Campylobacter fetus subsp. Venenerealis apresentaram sensibilidade entre 90% a 97% à gentamicina, nitrofurantoina, neomina, aparamicina e canamicina. Apresentaram resistência entre 88% a 100% contra o sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, à bacitracina, vancomicina e penícilina e contra as 13 drogas restantes testadas a resistência das estirpes situou-se entre 75% a 13%. A variaçäo na suscetibilidade das estirpes de Campylobacter frente as drogas antimicrobianas sugere a utilizaçäo de testes de sensibilidade para eleiçäo de drogas a serem utilizadas no tratamento da Campylobacter-infeccäo

Susceptibilidade do Campylobacter pylori a nove agentes antimicrobianos / Susceptibility of Campylobacter pilory to nine antimicrobial agents

Setenta linhagens de Campylobacter pilory, isoladas no Recife, Brasil, do antro gástrico de humanos, foram testadas pelo métodos das diluiçöes em ágar contra nove agentes antimicrobianos. Considerando as CIM 50 e CIM 90 como critérios de atividade, a droga mais ativa foi ampicilina seguida em ordem decrescente de atividade pela cefotaxima, minociclina, cefalotina, gentamicina, norfloxacina, eritromicina, lomefloxacina e cloranfenicol. Portanto, em vista do excelente desempenho "in vitro" da ampicilina, sugeriu-se seu emprego em ensaios clínicos

Primer informe sobre el aislamiento de campylobacter pyloi en gastritis crónica atrófica en Costa Rica / First report of the isolation of campylobacter pylori in chronic atrophic gastritis in Costa Rica

Se cultivo 4 biopsias gastricas de sendos pacientes que padecian gastritis cronica atrofica. Las muestras fueron inoculadas en platos con agar de Butzler y agar sangre y fueron incubadas en microaerobiosis a 37 grados centígrados durante 6 días. Se cultivo C. pylori a partir de dos de esas muestras, las cuales provenian de pacientes cuyo jugo gastrico mostro valores de pH de 2 y 1,5 respectivamente, y que tambien fueron negativos a la prueba de nitritos. Ambas sepas fueron catalasa, oxidasa y ureasas positivas. Ademas ultraestructuralmente fueron similares a C. pylori. Los pacientes con cultivos negativos mostraron valores de pH gastrico de 6 y 8 y dieron la reaccion para nitritos positiva en jugo gastrico. Este informe representa los resultados preliminares de un estudio prospectivo

Alteraciones morfológicas inducidas por ampicilina en Campylobacter / Morphological changes induced by ampicillin in Campylobacter

Se evaluaron los cambios morfológicos de Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni cultivados en caldo de tioglicolato, conteniendo 0.1, 1.3 y 10 concentraciones minímas (CMI) de ampicilina. Durante las primeras cuatro horas de incubación en presencia de 0.1. CMI no ocurrieron alteraciones, sin embargo con el resto de las dosis de ampicilina, ya durante la primera hora se encontró una proporción mayor del 5% de formas filamentosas policurvadas, cuya proporción aumentaba con el tiempo de incubación, encontrándose el mayor número de bacterias alteradas cuando se emplearon 10 CMI. No se observaron otras alteraciones morfológicas