Outcomes of different types of pulmonary atresia in neonates treated by ductus arteriosus stenting / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To summarize the outcomes of different types of pulmonary atresia in neonates treated by ductus arteriosus stenting. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 19 neonates who had pulmonary atresia treated by ductus arteriosus stenting in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2014 to June 2021 were included. They were divided into the intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) group and the ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD) group. Ductus arteriosus stents were implanted by different approaches. These children were followed up regularly at the 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the surgery and annually since then to evaluate the outcome. Independent sample t-test was used for the statistical analysis. Results: There were 12 children in PA-IVS group and 7 in PA-VSD group. All of them were full term in fants. The gestational age of the PA-IVS group and the PA-VSD group was (38.8±1.1) and (37.7±1.8) weeks, the birth weights were (3.2±0.4) and (3.4±1.1) kg, and the age at operation was (10±9) and (12±7) days, respectively, without significant difference (all P>0.05). Among the 12 children with PA-IVS, 9 had stents successfully implanted through the femoral artery and 3 through the femoral vein. Of the 7 children with PA-VSD, 2 had the stents successfully implanted via the femoral artery and 2 failed, and the remaining 3 had stents successfully implanted via the left carotid artery. There was no postoperative thromboembolism, arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm or other vascular complications. Five children with PA-VSD who had successful operations were followed up at 6 months of age. They all had the operation for pulmonary atresia, repair of the ventricular septal defect, removal of arterial duct stents, and ligation of the arterial duct. All children survived without any stent displacement or stenosis and biventricular circulation was achieved during the follow-up. Conclusions: Ductus arteriosous stenting can be the first-stage treatment for children with PA-IVS and PA-VSD. In addition to the traditional femoral vein and femoral artery approach, the carotid artery can be used as a route for stent placement.

Fechamento percutâneo do canal arterial em pacientes prematuros abaixo de 2 Kg: experiência inicial Brasileira / Percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus in preterm babies: the initial Brazilian experience

FUNDAMENTO: A incidência de ductus arteriosus patente (PCA) pode chegar a 50% em pacientes prematuros. Quando hemodinamicamente significativo, pode ser responsável por tempo de ventilação mecânica prolongado, além de importante fator de risco para o aparecimento de enterocolite necrotizante, hemorragia intraventricular e displasia broncopulmonar nessa população. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a experiência inicial do fechamento percutâneo de canal arterial em prematuros pesando menos de 2 kg. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo que compreendeu 14 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a fechamento percutâneo de canal arterial de março de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021 em 6 instituições no Brasil. RESULTADOS: A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi de 28,45 ±3,14 semanas, a idade média no momento do procedimento foi de 38,85 ±17,35 dias e o peso médio de 1,41±0,41 kg. Dentre os prematuros, 79% necessitavam de ventilação mecânica e 79% tinham feito uso de, em média, 1,5 ciclos de anti-inflamatórios não esteroides. A maioria dos pacientes teve melhora dos parâmetros ventilatórios e o tempo médio de extubação foi de 12,6 ±7,24 dias. A taxa de sucesso foi de 100%. Não houve mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo concluiu que o fechamento percutâneo do canal arterial em prematuros é uma realidade no Brasil, com resultados satisfatórios e baixa taxa de complicações.

BACKGROUND: The presence of patent ductus arteriosus can be as high as 50% in preterm babies. Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus is a common cause of delayed weaning of respiratory support and an important risk factor of necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in this population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe an initial experience of percutaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants weighing less than 2 kg. METHODS: This was a prospective study, comprised of 14 consecutive patients submitted to percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus between March 2020 and February 2021 in 6 institutions in Brazil. RESULTS: Mean gestational age was 28.45±3.14 weeks, mean age at the procedure was 38.85±17.35 days and mean weight was 1.41 ±0.41 kg; 79% of the patients were under mechanical ventilation, and 79% had been submitted, on average, to a 1.5 cycle of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most patients were weaned off of mechanical ventilation in a mean of 12.6 ±7.24 days after the procedure. Success rate was 100%. No procedure-related mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus in premature babies below 2 kg has satisfactory results and a low complication rate in this study sample.

Unusual presentation of patent ductus arteriosus in elderly patient

Abstract We presented a case of a 56-year-old man with giant pulmonary artery aneurysm caused by a misdiagnosed patent ductus arteriosus, severe multivalvular disease and active aortic valve endocarditis successfully treated by surgery. The correct diagnosis was missed despite preoperative diagnostics because the small patent ductus arteriosus was located at the distal part of common pulmonary trunk and a huge regurgitant signal overlapped its Doppler signal. Thorough evaluation of every patient, regardless of age, is necessary to recognize and treat this congenital anomaly.

Aspectos desconocidos de la relación entre el sistema de grupo sanguíneo ABO y las morbilidades en prematuros / Unknown aspects of the relationship between ABO blood group system and preterm morbidities

Objetivos. Se ha demostrado, en diversos estudios llevados a cabo en adultos, que los grupos sanguíneos desempeñan un papel importante en muchas enfermedades. El objetivo fue investigar si hay una relación entre las morbilidades y el sistema de grupos sanguíneos ABO en lactantes prematuros.Metodología. En este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, se incluyó a recién nacidos prematuros que habían nacido con menos de 32 semanas de gestación y con un peso al nacer inferior a 1500 g. Se los agrupó por grupo sanguíneo (0, A, B, AB) y por morbilidades de la prematurez y se los comparó.Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de 1785 recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer. La comparación entre los grupos sanguíneos A y no A reveló que los lactantes de grupo sanguíneo A tenían una incidencia más alta de conducto arterial persistente (CAP) (48,7 % frente a 39,7 %, p = 0,005) y displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) (27 % frente a 20,8 %, p = 0,04), mientras que la incidencia de la hemorragia intraventricular de grado ≥3 era más baja (5,1 % frente a 10,1 %, p = 0,006).Conclusión. Este estudio es la primera y más grande investigación sobre la relación entre los grupos sanguíneos y las morbilidades en los prematuros. Con estos resultados se demuestra que el grupo sanguíneo A podría ser un factor de riesgo de CAP y DBP

Objectives. Blood groups have been shown to play an important role in a lot of diseases in various studies conducted in adults. The objective was to investigate whether there is a relationship between morbidities and ABO blood groups system in preterm infants.Methodology. This retrospective cohort study included preterm neonates born at < 32 weeks of gestation with a birth weight < 1500 g. Neonates were grouped by blood type (O, A, B, AB) and morbidities of prematurity were compared among these groups. Results. Data pertaining to 1785 very low birth weight preterm neonates were analyzed. Comparison of the A and non-A blood groups revealed that infants with blood group A had significantly higher incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (48.7 % vs. 39.7 %, p = 0.005) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (27 % vs. 20.8 %, p = 0.04), while the incidence of grade ≥ 3 intraventricular hemorrhage was lower (5.1 % vs. 10.1 %, p = 0.006).Conclusion. This study represents the first and biggest series examination of the relationship between blood groups and preterm morbidities. Our results show that blood group A may be a risk factor for PDA and BPD.

Primary study on the mechanism of ductus arteriosus closure in rats: impact of aging pathway / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the role and mechanism of aging pathway in patent ductus arteriosus closure of rats. Methods: Thirty outbreeding Sprague Dawley rats(20 females, 10-15 weeks old, 270-330 g) underwent random mating and conception. The primary Ductus Arteriosus smooth muscle cells (DASMCs) of pregnant 19 days(E19 group), 21 days(E21 group) and newborn(Day0 group) fetus were extracted and cultured. mRNA expression of cell senescence related markers p16, 21 and 53 genes in each group were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(RT-PCR) after 48 hours culture. After hypoxic culture on DASMCs for 3 days, the DASMCs were divided into 3 groups: hypoxic control group(G0 group), 3 hours normal oxygen concentration treatment group(G3 group) and 6 hours normal oxygen concentration treatment group(G6 group). After intervention, mRNA expression of p16, 21 and 53 RT-PCR was detected. The DASMCs of newborn rats(Day0 group) were extracted and divided into 3 groups:low-oxygen culture control group, low-oxygen+siRNA culture group and normal oxygen concentration culture group. The DASMCs migration ability was tested experimentally by Transwell method. Result: The mRNA levels of p16, 21 and 53 in DASMCs were higher in E19 group than in Day0 group(all P<0.01), and the mRNA levels of p16, 21 and 53 in DASMCs were also higher in E21 group than those in Day0 group (all P<0.01). The mRNA levels of p16, 21 and 53 in DASMC were all higher in G0 group than those in G3 group (P<0.05 or 0.01), and the mRNA levels of p16, 21 and 53 in DASMCs were all higher in G0 group than those in G6 group (all P<0.01), and the mRNA levels of p16, 21 and 53 in DASMCs were all higher in G3 group than those in G6 group (all P<0.05). DASMCs migration ability of newborn rats was higher in normal oxygen concentration culture group than that in low-oxygen culture group (P<0.01), and DASMCs migration ability of newborn rats was also higher in low-oxygen+siRNA culture group than that in low-oxygen culture group (P<0.01). Conclusion: The expression of senescence marker of DASMCs decreases with the birth in rats during the process of ductal closure, and the aging pathway may affect ductal closure by inhibiting DASMCs migration in rats.

Factores predisponentes para administrar un segundo ciclo de paracetamol o el cierre quirúrgico del ductus arterioso persistente en los recién nacidos pretérmino / Predisposing factors for administering a second paracetamol cycle or surgical closure of the persistent arterial ductus in preterm infants

Contexto: el conducto arterioso es una estructura que forma parte de la circulación fetal normal; en condiciones normales, se cierra espontáneamente en las primeras 24 a 36 horas de vida. En algunas condiciones patológicas, como la prematuridad, sigue siendo permeable. El tratamiento incluye terapia farmacológica y, en casos extremos, asistencia quirúrgica. Propósito: determinar si los factores demográficos, la edad en el momento del diagnóstico, los parámetros antropométricos, las patologías asociadas, la sobrehidratación, la fototerapia, las transfusiones sanguíneas, el uso de drogas inotrópicas y la ventilación mecánica influyen en la respuesta del tratamiento farmacológico con un ciclo de paracetamol en los pacientes con conducto arterioso persistente y en aquellos que requieren un segundo ciclo o el cierre quirúrgico. Sujetos y métodos: Este es un estudio descriptivo, analítico, epidemiológico, transversal, retrospectivo. Muestra: 205 pacientes pretérminos, nacidos en Quito entre noviembre del 2016 y noviembre del 2018 que tuvieron ductus arterioso persistente. Resultados: 103 casos de ducto arterioso persistente con respuesta al tratamiento con un solo ciclo de paracetamol y 102 que no cerraron el ductus; en el momento del diagnóstico la edad fue menor o igual a 72 horas (n = 110; 53,73 %); predominó el sexo masculino (n = 111; 54,14 %), así como la raza mestiza (200; 97.73 %); los diagnósticos al ingreso fueron: riesgo metabólico (n = 147; 71.7 %) y riesgo de sepsis (n = 108; 52.9 %); la edad gestacional promedio fue de 32-37 semanas ; la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron perímetro cefálico, talla y temperatura adecuados; y no requirieron inotrópicos (n = 132; 64,39 %); la mayoría recibió antibióticos (n = 170; 82,71 %); muchos no recibieron alimentación (n = 126; 61,76 %); algunos requirieron Ventilación Mecánica Intermitente (n = 131; 63,7 %). Las patologías asociadas más frecuentes fueron las respiratorias (n = 179; 87.31 %), las metabólicas (n = 160; 78,36 %) y las infecciosas (n = 152; 74,63 %); en cuanto a los hallazgos ecocardiográficos, se encontró un tamaño del ductus mayor a 1,4mm/kg (n = 110; 53,62 %), un patrón de flujo en cierre (n = 99; 48,55 %), sin inversión de flujo (n = 157; 76,81 %), una fracción de acortamiento mayor o igual a 35 % (n = 162; 78.99 %), sin dilatación de las cavidades izquierdas (n = 184; 89,86 %); los cofactores asociados fueron: fototerapia (n = 113; 55,07 %), transfusión sanguínea (n = 83; 40,58 %), uso de furosemida (n = 58; 28,26 %) y sobrehidratación (n = 55; 26,81 %). Conclusiones: las variables asociadas a una no respuesta a un solo ciclo de paracetamol fueron la edad en el momento del diagnóstico, mayor a 72 horas; la temperatura al nacer menor a 36,5° C; las transfusiones, el uso de furosemida y la sobrehidratación.

Context: The ductus arteriosus is part of the normal fetal circulation, that normally closes spontaneously in the first 24 to 36 hours of life. In some pathological conditions, such as prematurity, it continues to be permeable. Treatment includes pharmacological therapy and in extreme cases surgical assistance. Purpose: To determine if demographic factors, age of diagnosis, anthropometric parameters, associated pathologies, overhydration, phototherapy, blood transfusions, use of inotropic drugs, mechanical ventilation influence the response of pharmacological treatment with a paracetamol cycle in patients with persistent ductus arteriosus and those that require a second cycle or surgical closure. Subjects and methods: This is a descriptive, analytical, epidemiological, cross-sectional, retrospective study. Sample: 205 preterm patients born from November 2016 to November 2018 in Quito with persistent ductus arteriosus. Results: 103 patients responded to treatment with a single cycle of paracetamol and 102 did not, age at diagnosis less than or equal to 72 hours (n = 110, 53.73%), male sex (n = 111 54.14%), mestizo (200, 97.73%), diagnosis at admission: metabolic risk (n = 147, 71.7%), risk of sepsis (n = 108, 52.9%), gestational age 32-37 SG (n = 85, 41.67%), the majority of the patients presented adequate head circunference, height and temperature, did not require inotropics (n = 132, 64.39), used antibiotics (n = 170, 82.71%), did not receive food (n = 126, 61.76%), required Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation(n = 131, 63.7%), among the associated pathologies the most frequent were: respiratory (n = 179, 87.31%), metabolic (n = 160, 78.36%), infectious (n = 152, 74.63%), echocardiographic findings: ductus size greater than 1.4mm / kg (n = 110, 53.62%), flow pattern at closure ( n = 99; 48.55%), without flow reversal (n = 157; 76.81%), shortening fraction greater than or equal to 35% ( n = 162; 78.99%), without dilatation of left cavities (n = 184; 89.86%), associated cofactors: phototherapy (n = 113, 55.07%), blood transfusion (n = 83, 40.58%), use of furosemide (n = 58, 28.26%) and overhydration ( n = 55, 26.81%) Conclusions: The variables associated with non-response to a single cycle of paracetamol were age at diagnosis greater than 72 hours, temperature at birth less than 36.5 ° C, transfusions, use of furosemide and overhydration.

Prevalência de persistência do canal arterial em neonatos em um hospital público / Prevalence of persistence of the arterial canal in newborns in a public hospital

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de persistência do canal arterial (PCA) em neonatos em um hospital público. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, observacional e de caráter descritivo. Foram coletados dados de 313 prontuários de recém-nascidos, observando a ocorrência do diagnóstico de PCA em uma amostra de neonatos internados em um hospital público do norte de Minas Gerais no período de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016, até o 7° dia de vida. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, Apgar 1' e 5', desconforto respiratório, uso de equipamentos de suporte ventilatório e utilização de medicamentos para a função respiratória. Os dados coletados foram processados estatisticamente através do programa Minitab. Resultados: Neste estudo, percebe-se que a incidência da PCA é maior em prematuro quando a relação idade gestacional e peso ao nascer são inversamente proporcionais à PCA. A prevalência neste estudo foi de 2,6 % de recém nascidos com a cardiopatia, sendo que destes foi observado o desconforto respiratório em 43 % de neonatos. Conclusão: A prevalência do canal arterial na amostra foi relativamente baixa, dentre os fatores associados ao aparecimento da cardiopatia, mas as alterações no quinto minuto de Apgar mostraram ser estatisticamente significantes. Sendo assim, identificar a ocorrência do diagnóstico da PCA e conhecer as repercussões respiratórias, assim como proposto nesse estudo, pode auxiliar na programação da assistência e, em especial, favorecer a melhoria da conduta de enfermagem.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de persistencia del canal arterial (PCA) en neonatos en un hospital público. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, observacional y de carácter descriptivo. Se recogieron datos de 313 prontuarios de recién nacidos, observando la ocurrencia del diagnóstico de PCA en una muestra de neonatos internos en un hospital público del norte de Minas Gerais en el período de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016, hasta el 7° día de vida, analizando las variables: edad gestacional, peso al nacer, Apgar 1' y 5', malestar respiratorio, uso de equipos de soporte ventilatorio y utilización de medicamentos para la función respiratoria. Los datos recolectados fueron procesados estadísticamente a través del programa Minitab. Resultados: En este estudio se percibe que la incidencia de la PCA es mayor en prematuros, donde la relación edad gestacional y peso al nacer son inversamente proporcionales a la PCA. La prevalencia en este estudio fue de 2,6 % recién nacidos con la cardiopatía, siendo que de estos se observó la incomodidad respiratoria en el 4,3 % de neonatos. Conclusión: La prevalencia del canal arterial en la muestra fue relativamente baja, entre los factores asociados a la aparición de la cardiopatía, las alteraciones en el quinto minuto de Apgar mostraron ser estadísticamente significantes. Siendo así, identificar la ocurrencia del diagnóstico de la PCA y conocer las repercusiones respiratorias, así como es propuesto en ese estudio, puede auxiliar en la programación de la asistencia y, en particular, favorecer la mejora de la conducta de enfermería.

Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence of persistence of the arterial canal (PAC) in newborns in a public hospital. Methodology: This is a quantitative, observational and descriptive study. Data from 313 compendiums of newborns were collected, noting the occurrence of the diagnosis of PAC in a sample of inmate newborns at a public hospital in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the period between August 2015 and August 2016, up to the 7th day of life. The following variables were analyzed: gestational age, birth weight, Apgar 1' and 5', respiratory discomfort, use of ventilation support equipment and use of medication for respiratory function. The collected data were statistically processed through the Minitab program. Results: The incidence of the PAC is higher in premature infants, where the relationship of gestational age and birth weight are inversely proportional to the PAC. The prevalence in this study was 2,6 % of newborns with heart disease, and it was observed respiratory discomfort in 43 % of them. Conclusion: The prevalence of arterial canal in the sample was relatively low; among the factors associated with the occurrence of heart disease, alterations in the fifth minute of Apgar were statistically significant. Being so, identifying the occurrence of the diagnosis of PAC and knowing the respiratory impact can aid in the programming of assistance and, in particular, favor the improvement of the conduct of nursing.

Descripción anatómica, clínica y sobrevida de los pacientes con atresia pulmonar que han sido llevados a angioplastia con stent en el ductus arterioso persistente en el periodo 2009-2014 / Anatomical and clinical description and survival of patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty with ductal stent in the period 2009-2014

Resumen Objetivo: describir las características anatómicas, la evolución clínica y la sobrevida de los pacientes con atresia pulmonar que han sido llevados a angioplastia con stent en ductus arterioso persistente y determinar si existen diferencias significativas en la saturación al inicio y final del procedimiento y a las 6, 12 y 24 horas posprocedimiento. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico, descriptivo tipo cohorte. La población de estudio se tomó de las bases de datos del servicio de Cardiología pediátrica de una institución especializada en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de atresia pulmonar sometidos a angioplastia, en tanto que se excluyeron aquellos con cirugía cardiovascular previa. El análisis estadístico se realizó en STATA® 12,0, mediante estadística descriptiva, curvas de Kaplan-Meier y ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Resultados: se identificaron 237 pacientes con atresia pulmonar. Se seleccionaron 30 de los cuales se excluyeron 5. En total se construyó una cohorte de 25 pacientes que fueron llevados a angioplastia, 52% con atresia pulmonar con comunicación interventricular. Edad promedio 12,2 días, peso 2.698 g, diámetro del DAP 3,8 mm (DE = 1,1), índice de McGoon media 1,35. El implante del stent fue exitoso en todos los pacientes; sin embargo 2 fallecieron en la sala de procedimientos y uno durante las 6 horas siguientes. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron paro cardiorrespiratorio (n = 2), trombosis del stent (n = 2) y bacteriemia (n = 2). La mortalidad a 30 días fue del 28% (n = 7); durante el tiempo total fue del 36% (n = 9). Por medio del ANOVA no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los promedios de saturación en los cinco tiempos de interés. Conclusiones: la atresia pulmonar es una patología compleja que requiere intervención invasiva para el mantenimiento de la capacidad circulatoria de los pacientes. Este estudio muestra que a pesar de una intervención efectiva, la mortalidad a los 30 días es elevada. No se encontraron diferencias en los tiempos de saturación, lo que sugiere que mantiene la saturación de los pacientes de una forma no distinta que con la prostaglandina E (PGE1) pero garantiza la permeabilidad del ductus.

Abstract Objective: the aim of this study is to describe the anatomical characteristics, the clinical progression, and survival of patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty with a stent in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and to determine if there are significant difference in the saturation at the beginning and the end of the procedure, and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after the procedure. Materials and methods: An analytical and descriptive cohort study was conducted on a population taken from the database of a Paediatric Cardiology Department of a specialised institution in the city of Bogota, Colombia. Patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty were included, and those with previous cardiovascular were excluded. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA® 12.0, by means of descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves and repeated measurements ANOVA. Results: A total of 237 patients with pulmonary atresia were identified. Of the 30 that were selected, 5 were excluded, leaving a total of 25 patients that were subjected to angioplasty. Interventricular communication was observed in 52%. The mean age was 12.2 days, with a mean weight of 2.698 g, a mean PDA diameter of 3.8 mm (SD = 1.1), and a mean McGoon index of 1.35. Although the stent implant was successful in all patients, two died in the procedures room, and another one during the following 6 hours. The most common complications were, cardiorespiratory arrest in 2 patients, thrombosis of the stent in 2, and bacteraemia in two patients. The mortality at 30 days was 28% (7), and 36% (9) during the total time. Using ANOVA, no significant differences were found in the saturation means at the five times of interest. Conclusions: Pulmonary atresia is a complicated condition that requires invasive intervention in order to maintain the circulatory capacity of the patients. This study shows that, despite an effective intervention, the 30-day mortality is elevated. No differences were, found in the saturation times, which suggest that saturation is maintained in the patients in a way not unlike that with prostaglandin E (PGE1), but ensures the patency of the ductus.

Trombosis antenatal de aneurisma espontáneo de conducto arterial / Antenatal thrombosis of arterial ductus spontaneous aneurysm

Los aneurismas espontáneos del conducto arterial se detectan inusualmente de forma prenatal. Su incidencia varía entre 1,5 por ciento y 8 por ciento de los embarazos. Usualmente se solucionan espontáneamente; sin embargo, pueden presentarse complicaciones letales como trombosis, embolia y ruptura. Los casos fatales descritos son escasos, la mayoría después del nacimiento. El objetivo es presentar el reporte de autopsia de un mortinato cuya causa de muerte fue la trombosis de aneurisma del conducto arterial. La madre fue una primigesta de 22 años de edad, con embarazo de 40 semanas sin antecedentes de importancia, atendida en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bucaramanga, Santander. Le realizamos una cesárea emergente por perfil biofísico fetal alterado y bradicardia fetal. Se obtuvo un mortinato masculino sin esfuerzo respiratorio, hipotónico, cianótico, que no respondió a maniobras de reanimación. Los hallazgos de autopsia relevantes fueron: dilatación auricular derecha y dilatación preductal con trombosis del conducto cuya luz estaba completamente ocluida por un coágulo. Los aneurismas ductales prenatales son una entidad que merece más estudio para determinar estrategias de diagnóstico precoz y seguimiento, y así disminuir el riesgo de desenlaces fatales(AU)

Introduction: Spontaneous ductus arteriosus aneurysm is a condition rarely diagnosed on prenatal imaging. Literature reveals 1,5 to 8 percent incidence on pregnancies. Most cases have spontaneous resolution, nonetheless, life-threatening complications such thrombosis, embolism and rupture can occur. Fatal cases reports are scarce, most of them presenting on newborns, days to months after birth. Objective: To present the autopsy report of a stillbirth whose cause of death was thrombosis of the arterial duct aneurysm. Methods: A 22-year healthy prime mother with 40-week pregnancy was assisted at a tertiary hospital in Bucaramanga, Santander. She required emergency cesarean section due to low biophysical profile and fetal bradycardia. The newborn had no respiratory effort, was floppy, cyanotic and did not respond to resuscitation maneuvers. The relevant autopsy findings were right atrial dilatation and preductal dilation with thrombosis of the duct whose lumen was completely occluded by a clot. Conclusions: The prenatal ductal aneurysm is an entity that deserves more study to determine strategies for early diagnosis and follow-up thus decrease the risk of fatal outcomes(AU)

Interventional Cardiology for Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart interventions are now replacing surgical palliation and correction in an evolving number of congenital heart defects. Right ventricular outflow tract and ductus arteriosus stenting have demonstrated favorable outcomes compared to surgical systemic to pulmonary artery shunting, and it is likely surgical pulmonary valve replacement will become an uncommon procedure within the next decade, mirroring current practices in the treatment of atrial septal defects. Challenges remain, including the lack of device design focused on smaller infants and the inevitable consequences of somatic growth. Increasing parental and physician expectancy has inevitably lead to higher risk interventions on smaller infants and appreciation of the consequences of these interventions on departmental outcome data needs to be considered. Registry data evaluating congenital heart interventions remain less robust than surgical registries, leading to a lack of insight into the longer-term consequences of our interventions. Increasing collaboration with surgical colleagues has not been met with necessary development of dedicated equipment for hybrid interventions aimed at minimizing the longer-term consequences of scar to the heart. Therefore, great challenges remain to ensure children and adults with congenital heart disease continue to benefit from an exponential growth in minimally invasive interventions and technology. This can only be achieved through a concerted collaborative approach from physicians, industry, academia and regulatory bodies supporting great innovators to continue the philosophy of thinking beyond the limits that has been the foundation of our specialty for the past 50 years.

Chronological Echocardiographic Changes in Healthy Term Neonates within Postnatal 72 Hours Using Doppler Studies

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated echocardiographic changes in full-term healthy neonates during early transitional period from postnatal 0–72 hours at 12-hour intervals by echocardiography. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational, and longitudinal single-center cohort study. Morphometric, functional, systolic, diastolic, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) parameters (patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], aorta, superior vena cava [SVC], stroke volume [SV], cardiac output [CO], cardiac index [CI], early diastolic flow velocity [E], late diastolic flow velocity [A], early filling in TDI [E′], peak systolic annular velocity in TDI [S′], late velocity peak in TDI [A′], and myocardial performance index [MPI]) were evaluated in left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) with 56 newborns. RESULTS: Sizes and peak velocities of PDA before postnatal 24 hours were significantly changed than those after postnatal 24 hours. Aortic velocity time integral (VTI), systolic blood pressure (BP), LV SV/kg, LV CO/kg, LV CI, and SVC flow/LV CO before 24 hours showed significantly changes than those after 24 hours. Also, LV and RV MPI before 24 hours were significantly higher than those after 24 hours. LV E/E′ was significantly higher than RV E/E′. CONCLUSION: Postnatal 24 hours is critical time for hemodynamic closure of PDA because aortic VTI, systolic BP, LV SV, LV CO, LV CI, and SVC flow/LV CO showed simultaneously significant changes after 24 hours at the same time as 24 hours of physiological closure of PDA. Chronological and dramatic changes of systolic, diastolic, and TDI parameters during early postnatal period can be used to compile normal baseline data of healthy full-term neonates.

Outcomes of transcatheter closure of ductus arteriosus in infants less than 6 months of age: a single-center experience / 소아과

PURPOSE: Transcatheter device closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is challenging in early infancy. We evaluated PDA closure in infants less than 6 months old. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of infants less than 6 months of age who underwent attempted transcatheter device closure in our institution since 2004. To compare clinical outcomes between age groups, infants aged 6–12 months in the same study period were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients underwent transcatheter PDA closure during the study period. Patient mean age was 3.3±1.5 months, and weight was 5.7±1.3 kg. The duct diameter at the narrowest point was 3.0±0.8 mm as measured by angiography. The most common duct type was C in the Krichenko classification. Procedural success was achieved in 19 patients (86.3%). Major complications occurred in 5 patients (22.7%), including device embolization (n=1), acquired aortic coarctation (n=2), access-related vascular injury requiring surgery (n=1), and acute deterioration requiring intubation during the procedure (n=1). Two patients had minor complications (9.1%). Twenty-four infants aged 6–12 months received transcatheter device closure. The procedural success rate was 100%, and there were no major complications. The major complication rate was significantly higher in the group less than 6 months of age (P=0.045). There was a trend toward increased major complication and procedural failure rates in the younger age group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A relatively higher incidence of major complications was observed in infants less than 6 months of age. The decision regarding treatment modality should be individualized.

Hemodynamic Effects on Systemic Blood Flow and Ductal Shunting Flow after Loading Dose of Intravenous Caffeine in Preterm Infants according to the Patency of Ductus Arteriosus

BACKGROUND: In preterm infants, caffeine citrate is used to stimulate breathing before they are weaned from mechanical ventilation and to reduce the frequency of apnea. In recent studies, effects of caffeine on the cardiovascular system have been emphasized in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). METHODS: This study aimed to assess the short-term hemodynamic effects on systemic blood flow and ductal shunting flow after loading standard doses of intravenous caffeine in preterm infants. Echocardiographic studies were performed by a single investigator, before and at 1 hour and 4 hours after an intravenous infusion of a loading dose as 20 mg/kg caffeine citrate for 30 minutes. RESULTS: In 25 preterm infants with PDA, left ventricular output decreased progressively during 4 hours after caffeine loading. Superior vena cava (SVC) flow decreased and ductal shunting flow increased at 1 hour and then recovered at 4-hour to baseline values. A diameter of PDA significantly decreased only at 4-hour after caffeine loading. There were no significant changes of these hemodynamic parameters in 29 preterm infants without PDA. CONCLUSION: In preterm infants with PDA, a standard intravenous loading dose of 20 mg/kg caffeine citrate was associated with increasing ductal shunting flow and decreasing SVC flow (as a surrogate for systemic blood flow) 1 hour after caffeine loading, however, these hemodynamic parameters recovered at 4 hours according to partial constriction of the ductus arteriosus. Close monitoring of hemodynamic changes would be needed to observe the risk for pulmonary over-circulation or systemic hypo-perfusion due to transient increasing ductal shunting flow during caffeine loading in preterm infants with PDA.

La hipertensión pulmonar en el recién nacido con cierre del ductus arterioso en el útero y secuencia de la perfusión arterial reversa en el embarazo gemelar / Pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with in utero closure of the ductus arteriosus and twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence

Resumen Introducción: La hipertensión pulmonar del recién nacido secundario con cierre en el útero del ductus arterioso es una complicación frecuente en las pacientes gestantes que usan analgésicos no esteroideos durante el embarazo. Se presenta un caso de secuencia de la perfusión arterial reversa en el embarazo gemelar con evidencia de supervivencia del gemelo acárdico con el flujo sanguíneo del gemelo bomba. El tratamiento es la cirugía con fetocoagulación láser al gemelo acárdico, previniendo complicaciones mayores para el gemelo sano. Caso clínico: Gemelo con secuencia twin reversed arterial perfusion. A las 22 semanas de gestación se le practicó fotocoagulación con láser al feto acárdico. La madre recibió por dos días acetaminofén y analgésicos no esteroideos para manejo del dolor. Se le realizó ecocardiograma fetal a las 31 semanas de gestación, con evidencia de disfunción diastólica del ventrículo derecho y cierre del ductus arterioso. Se le realizó cesárea de urgencia obteniendo recién nacido que presentó hipertensión pulmonar en el período neonatal, quien con manejo médico tiene resolución de la misma. Conclusión: La hipertensión pulmonar del recién nacido secundario a cierre del ductus arterioso en el útero por ingesta de medicamentos, es una entidad que pone en riesgo la vida del feto, por lo cual su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno es indispensable para mejorar la sobrevida de nuestros pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension of the newborn secondary to in utero closure of the ductus arteriosus is a frequent complication in pregnant patients taking non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs during pregnancy. We present a case of reversed arterial perfusion sequence in a twin pregnancy with evidence of survival of the acardiac twin with the blood flow of the pump twin. The treatment of choice is surgery with intrafetal laser coagulation on the acardiac twin, to prevent further complications on the healthy twin. Clinical case: Twin with reversed arterial perfusion sequence. At 22 weeks gestation intrafetal laser coagulation on the acardiac twin was performed. The mother received acetaminophen for two days and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the management of pain. Fetal echocardiogram was conducted at 31 weeks gestation, evidencing diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle and ductus arteriosus closure. She underwent an emergency c-section; the newborn had pulmonary hypertension during the neonatal period that was solved with medical management. Conclusion: Pulmonary hypertension of the newborn secondary to in utero closure of the ductus arteriosus due to drug consumption is an entity that poses a risk to the fetus, so a timely diagnosis and treatment is essential to improve survival of our patients.

Modified hybrid procedure in hypoplastic left heart syndrome: initial experience of a center in northeastern Brazil

Abstract Introduction: Although it only corresponds to 2.5% of congenital heart defects, hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is responsible for more than 25% of cardiac deaths in the first week of life. Palliative surgery performed after the second week of life is considered an important risk factor in the treatment of HLHS. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the initial experience of a medical center in Northeastern Brazil with a modified off-pump hybrid approach for palliation of HLHS. Methods: From November 2012 through November 2015, the medical records of 8 patients with HLHS undergoing hybrid procedure were retrospectively evaluated in a tertiary private hospital in Northeastern Brazil. The modified off-pump hybrid palliation consisted of stenting of the ductus arteriosus guided by fluoroscopy without contrast and banding of the main pulmonary artery branches. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded for descriptive analysis. Results: Eight patients were included in this study, of whom 37.5% were female. The median age and weight at the time of the procedure was 2 days (p25% and p75% = 2 and 4.5 days, respectively) and 3150 g (p25% and p75% = 3077.5 g and 3400 g, respectively), respectively. The median length in intensive care unit stay was 6 days (p25% and p75% = 3.5% and 8 days, respectively). There were no in-hospital deaths. Four patients have undergone to the second stage of the surgical treatment of HLHS. Conclusion: In this series, the initial experience with the modified off-pump hybrid procedure showed to be safe, allowing a low early mortality rate among children presenting HLHS.

Restricción del ductus arterioso fetal en gestante de tercer trimestre por consumo de paracetamol / Fetal Ductus Arteriosus Restriction in the Final Third of Pregnancy Due To Acetaminophen Consumption

Se presenta el caso de una paciente que desde la semana 20 de gestación fue diagnosticada de cólico renal con la necesidad de varios ingresos y colocación de catéter doble J por parte de Urología. La paciente recibió tratamiento con paracetamol intravenoso y oral. Los controles ecográficos obstétricos -a los largo de la gestación- fueron normales hasta que en la semana 32, cuando ingresó de nuevo por cuadro sospechoso de cólico renal tratado con Paracetamol. Se objetivan en ecografía con hallazgos compatibles con restricción precoz del ductus arterioso. Se indicó la suspensión del paracetamol y los cambios se redujeron en las 48 horas posteriores y casi desaparecieron por completo una semana tras la retirada de la medicación. La gestación llegó a término y el recién nacido presentó un ecocardiograma posnatal normal. Recomendamos la restricción de los analgésicos no opiáceos en el tercer trimestre y el seguimiento con Doppler del conducto arterioso en los casos en que se requiriera usarlos(AU)

A case is reported of a pregnant woman who was diagnosed with renal colic at 20 weeks of gestation. She needed various admissions in hospital and double J stent placement by Urology Service and she was treated with acetaminophen by both intravenous and oral ways. Obstetric ultrasound scans were normal throughout gestation until week 32, when she was admitted to hospital again for suspected renal colic. She was treated with acetaminophen. In that moment, ultrasound findings are consisted with early ductus arteriosus constriction. Acetaminophen was decided to be stopped and changes reduced in the first 48 hours and they almost disappeared after one week of medication withdrawal. Pregnancy came to term and the child was born normal. Restricting non-opioid analgesics was recommended in the third quarter, as well as following up with ductus arteriosus doppler in cases in which it is required to use them(AU)

Co-morbilidades secundarias a ductus arterioso persistente en pacientes menores de 5 años previo reparo quirúrgico en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom en el periodo de enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2015 / Co-morbidities secondary to patent ductus arteriosus in patients under 5 years of age previous surgical repair at the Benjamín Bloom National Children's Hospital in the period from January 2014 to December 2015

El ductus arterioso es una estructura vascular que conecta la aorta descendente proximal con la arteria pulmonar principal cerca del origen de la rama pulmonar izquierda. Si no se da el cierre espontáneo del ductus arterioso en la vida extrauterina suceden una serie de eventos que se convierten en complicaciones, debido a que el flujo sanguíneo se deriva de izquierda a derecha. Se revisaron 53 expedientes clínicos de pacientes menores de 5 años que fueron operados en Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom en el periodo de enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2015 y se hizo una caracterización clínica de los pacientes junto a las morbilidades que presentaron previo al reparo quirúrgico. Se reportaron 53 casos con una relación (M/F) 1:1, de estos un 81% de pacientes presentaron Desnutrición, el 66% de pacientes presentaron Hipertensión pulmonar, el 34% de pacientes presentaron Insuficiencia Renal Aguda y el 33% de pacientes presentaron Neumonía, siendo estas las morbilidades más frecuentes. Las consecuencias clínicas del ductus arterioso persistente se relacionan con el descenso del gasto cardíaco secundario al cortocircuito de izquierda a derecha. La distribución del flujo sistémico está alterada dando como resultado una reducción de la perfusión, que contribuye a la aparición de algunas morbilidades que se asocian con el ductus arterioso persistente. Las cuáles forman parte del cuadro clínico y de la historia natural de la enfermedad siendo de gran impacto la reparación quirúrgica, para mejorar la esperanza de vida

Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease among Infants from 2012 to 2014 in Langfang, China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital malformations with high mortality and morbidity. The prevalence of CHD reported previously ranged from 4 per 1000 live births to 50 per 1000 live births. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to document the prevalence of CHD in Langfang district of Hebei Province, China by analyzing data collected by hospitals located in 11 the counties of the district, as supported by a public health campaign.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 67,718 consecutive 3-month-old infants were included from July 19, 2012 to July 18, 2014. Structural abnormalities were diagnosed based on echocardiography findings, including two-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 67,718 infants, 1554 were found to have cardiac structural abnormalities. The total prevalence of CHD was 22.9 per 1000 live births, a value significantly higher than the previously reported prevalence of 8 cases per 1000 live births. The top five most common cardiac abnormalities were as follows: atrial septal defect (ASD, 605 cases, 8.93‰); ventricular septal defect (550 cases, 8.12‰); patent ductus arteriosus (228 cases, 3.37‰); pulmonary stenosis (66 cases, 0.97‰); and tetralogy of Fallot (32 cases, 0.47‰). The CHD prevalence differed by gender in this study ( χ2 = 23.498,P < 0.001), and the majority of ASD cases were females. Regional differences in prevalence were also found ( χ2 = 24.602,P < 0.001); a higher prevalence was found in urban areas (32.2 cases per 1000 live births) than in rural areas (21.1 cases per 1000 live births). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of CHD in preterm versus full-term infants ( χ2 = 133.443,P < 0.001). Prevalence of CHD in infants of maternal aged 35 years or over was significantly higher ( χ2 = 86.917,P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence of CHD in Langfang district was within the range reported using echocardiography. Echocardiography can be used to early diagnose the CHD.</p>