Experiencia clínica pediátrica en endocarditis infecciosa por Candida spp / Pediatric clinical experience in infectious endocarditis due to Candida spp

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento y evolución de endocarditis infecciosa por Candida spp en niños debe basarse en guías de manejo; sin embargo, aún existen controversias al respecto. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de EI por Candida spp en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, analítico, realizado entre enero de 2006 y diciembre 2017. Análisis paramétrico de variables cuantitativas; razones, proporciones, comparación por medio de χ2 y prueba exacta de Fisher con IC al 95% para variables no paramétricas. Tasa de mortalidad. Resultados: Veinticinco episodios de endocarditis por Candida spp recibieron tratamiento anti fúngico estándar. La mortalidad fue superior en pacientes sometidos a resección de la vegetación endocárdica (66,7%) RR 3,16, χ2 p = 0,029, en niños con síndrome linfo-hemofagocítico SLHF (50%), RR= 1,18 (χ2 NS), en co infección con bacterias multi-resistentes (57,1 %) RR= 2, (χ2 NS) y en EI trombótica (88,9%) RR = 4,74 (χ2 p = 0,004). Conclusiones: Co-infección de EI por Candida sp con bacterias multi-resistentes, SLHF y/o manejo quirúrgico de la vegetación endocárdica, pueden considerarse factores de mal pronóstico.

Background: Treatment and outcome of Candida spp infectious endocarditis in children it most be based on treatment guidelines, however there are some controversies. Aim: To describe our experience on treatment of pediatric candidal infective endocarditis. Methods: Analytic prospective study, from January 2006 to December 2017. Parametric analysis for quantitative variable. Proportions were compared by χ2 and exact Fisher Test CI 95%. Mortality rate. Results: 25 episodes of Candida spp infective endocarditis were treated with standard antifungal drugs. Mortality rate was higher on patients submited to endocardic vegetation resection (66.7%) RR= 3.16, (χ2 p = 0.029), children with lymphohemophagocytic syndrome (LHFS) (50 %) RR= 1.18 (χ2 = N.S.), in multidrug resistant bacterial co infection (57.14%), RR = 2, (χ2 = NS) also thrombotic endocarditis (88.9%) RR= 4.74 (χ2 p = 0.004). Conclusion: Multidrug resistant bacteria co infection with Candida sp IE, LHFS, and/or surgical treatment of endocardic vegetation, might be considered as bad prognostic factors.

Fatores de risco associados à colonização por Candida spp em neonatos internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal brasileira / Risk factors associated with colonization by Candida spp in neonates hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Brazil

Os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar a participação de Candida albicans e não-albicans como agente de colonização e sepse, bem como os fatores de risco associados aos neonatos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foi realizada vigilância epidemiológica pelo sistema National Healthcare Safety Network no período entre agosto de 2007 e abril de 2008. A taxa de incidência de sepse com critério microbiológico foi de 6,7/1.000 paciente/dia, constatando-se apenas um caso de candidemia. Aproximadamente, 19 por cento dos neonatos estavam colonizados por Candida, identificadas como Candida albicans (50 por cento) e Candida não-albicans (50 por cento). Os fatores de risco significantes para colonização por Candida spp foram a idade gestacional entre 26 e 30 semanas, o uso prévio de antibiótico e o cateter vascular central umbilical. A mortalidade total foi de 11,8 por cento nos neonatos internados durante o período de estudo com sepse, porém o recém-nascido com candidemia não evoluiu para óbito.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the participation of Candida albicans and non-albicans as colonization and sepsis agents, along with the risk factors associated with the neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of the clinical hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia. Epidemiological surveillance was implemented through the National Healthcare Safety Network between August 2007 and April 2008. The incidence rate for sepsis with microbiological criteria was 6.7/1,000 patients/day, which was shown as only one case of candidemia. Approximately 19 percent of the neonates were colonized by Candida, which was identified as Candida albicans (50 percent) and Candida not-albicans (50 percent). The significant risk factors for Candida spp colonization were gestational age of between 26 and 30 weeks, previous antibiotic use and umbilical central vascular catheter. The overall mortality among the neonates hospitalized with sepsis over the study period was 11.8 percent. However, the neonate with candidemia did not die.

Candida bloodstream infection: data from a teaching hospital in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Infecção na corrente sangüínea por Candida spp. dados de um hospital universitário em Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

The incidence of Candida bloodstream infection has increased over the past years. In the Center-West region of Brazil, data on candidemia are scarce. This paper reports a retrospective analysis of 96 cases of Candida bloodstream infection at a Brazilian tertiary-care teaching hospital in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, from January 1998 to December 2006. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from medical records and from the hospital's laboratory database. Patients' ages ranged from three days to 92 years, with 53 (55.2 percent) adults and 43 (44.8 percent) children. Of the latter, 25 (58.1 percent) were newborns. The risk conditions most often found were: long period of hospitalization, utilization of venous central catheter, and previous use of antibiotics. Fifty-eight (60.4 percent) patients died during the hospitalization period and eight (13.7 percent) of them died 30 days after the diagnosis of candidemia. Candida albicans (45.8 percent) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. parapsilosis (34.4 percent), C. tropicalis (14.6 percent) and C. glabrata (5.2 percent). This is the first report of Candida bloodstream infection in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and it highlights the importance of considering the possibility of invasive Candida infection in patients exposed to risk factors, particularly among neonates and the elderly.

A incidência de infecções na corrente sangüínea causada por Candida spp. tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, os dados sobre candidemia são escassos. Realizamos uma análise retrospectiva de casos de infecção na corrente sangüínea por Candida em um hospital terciário de ensino de Mato Grosso do Sul. Noventa e seis episódios diagnosticados de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2006 foram incluídos no estudo. Os dados demográficos e clínicos foram obtidos de prontuários; os dados laboratoriais provieram de registros do laboratório hospitalar. Dos pacientes, 43 (44,8 por cento) eram crianças e 53 (55,2 por cento) adultos, com idades variando de três dias a 92 anos. Das crianças, 25 (58,1 por cento) eram recém-nascidas. As condições de risco mais encontradas foram: prolongado tempo de internação, uso de cateter venoso central e uso prévio de antibióticos. Cinqüenta e oito (60,4 por cento) pacientes foram a óbito durante a hospitalização e oito (13,7 por cento) deles foram a óbito 30 dias após o diagnóstico de candidemia. Candida albicans (45,8 por cento) foi a espécie mais prevalente seguida por C. parapsilosis (34,4 por cento), C. tropicalis (14,6 por cento) e C. glabrata (5,2 por cento). Esta é a primeira descrição de infecção na corrente sangüínea por espécies de Candida em Mato Grosso do Sul, confirmando a importância da suspeita clínica de infecções invasivas por tais microrganismos na evolução de pacientes expostos a fatores de risco, principalmente no caso de idosos e neonatos.

Candidemia in a burn intensive care unit, a six-year analysis

To determine the current candidemia frequency trends in Burn Intensive Care Unit [BICU], to assess the dominant species causing infection and the mortality rates among burn patients. The populationstudied [six-year retrospective study from January 2000 to January 2006] comprised all the patients with microbiological evidence of septicaemia admitted to the BICU at the Burn and Plastic Surgery Hospital [BPSH], Tripoli, Libya. Candida species isolated from blood culture were identified using API-20 C AUX system. Among 691 admitted to BICU, there were 24 [6.3%] episodes of candidemia identified from 380 positive blood cultures. There was a difference in the yearly episodes observed during this period with higher numbers of cases in the years 2000 and 2002. Candida ranked the fourth most common isolate exceeded only by Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. Five patients [20.8%] had only Candida species, while the majority [79.2%] had a multiple episodes caused by one or two bacterial species followed by Candida. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species accounting for 58% of all isolates. Non-albicans Candida species accounted for 42% of all episodes of candidemia and were mostly represented by C. parasilosis 5 [20.8%], C. glabrata 4 [16.6%[and C. tropicalis 2 [8.3%] Despite that all patients received fluconazole, the overall mortality rate 14/24 [58%] was significantly high [P <0.05] compared with 85/187 [45%] patients who had septicemia but from whom Candida species were not isolated. Blood stream infections [BSls] caused by Candida species were the 4[th] most common isolate exceeded only by Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. We suggest that surveillance for antifungal sensitivities should be conducted for successful treatment

Prevalence, susceptibility profile for fluconazole and risk factors for candidemia in a tertiary care hospital in southern Brazil

Bloodstream infections caused by yeast, Candida spp, are quite important clinically and epidemiologically due to a high mortality rate and an increasing number of non-albicans species with a more resistant (differentiated susceptibility) profile. We examined species prevalence and susceptibility profile for fluconazole and the risk for nosocomial infections by Candida spp at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, a general tertiary care hospital in southern Brazilian, through a retrospective study, beginning with positive cultures of hospitalized patients. The distribution by species in 131 documented episodes was as follows: Candida albicans (45 percent), C. parapsilosis (24.4 percent), C. tropicalis (15.3 percent), C. glabrata (6.9 percent), C. krusei (4.6 percent) and 3.8 percent other species (C. pelicullosa, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae and C. kefyr). The vast majority of samples (121- 92.4 percent) were susceptible to fluconazole; the resistant or dose-dependent sensitive samples included only C. krusei and C. glabrata. Blood diseases (leukemia, lymphoma), or neoplasias (solid tumors), were found in 35.0 percent of the candidemia episodes. We noted the previous use of antibiotics in 128 (97.7 percent) patients, with 79.7 percent using three or more antibiotics before the candidemia episode. Other risk factors included a central venous catheter in 94 (71.8 percent) and abdominal surgery in 32 (24.4 percent) patients. The overall mortality rate was 51.9 percent, which varied according to the underlying disease. We found that C. albicans was the most prevalent species, although the non-albicans species predominated. However, in vitro resistance to fluconazole was detected only among the species (C. glabrata and C. krusei) that tend to be resistant to the azolic compounds. Previous use of antibiotic and the use of a central venous catheter were the main risk factors among patients with candidemia.

Candidiase sistemica neonatal: rastreamento rotineiro em UTI neonatal e seu efeito sobre a mortalidade associada / Neonatal systemic candidiasis: routine screening and the impact over mortality in a NICU

O diagnostico e o tratamento precoce sao fatores determinantes da mortalidade associada a candidiase sistemica, particularmente no periodo neonatal. Este estudo relata os resultados obtidos na UTI do bercario anexo a maternidade do HC-FMUSP, apos instituicao de triagem para candidiase - com base em coletas urinarias semanais, com realizacao de micologico direto e cultura - em RN de risco. Os dados obtidos foram tambem comparados aos de estudo realizado anteriormente ao inicio do rastreamento, acompanhado de revisao da literatura. Observou-se uma tendencia a reducao da mortalidade neonatal associada a candidiase sistemica. Com base nesses resultados, os autores recomendam a realizacao de rastreamento para deteccao precoce de quadros fungicos em unidades neonatais de alto risco

Mortality associated with systemic candidiasis in children

The purpose of this study was to determine factor asociated with an increased risk of mortality due to systemic Candida infections in children hospitalized at our tertiary care facility. A total of 71 cases of Candida bloodstream infections were identified over a 2-year period. The attack rate was 47 cases of candidemia per 10,000 discharges and the case fatality rate was 46.5 percent. Sixty-one cases occurred in infants under 2 years; 27 were newborns (38 percent). Using logistic regression analysis, we evaluated the independent effects of potential risk factors for death due to candidemia. Three factors were associated with the subsequent risk for death due to systemic candida infection: malnutrition (OR=4.3; 95 percent CI 1.2-14.8), prior surgery (OR=3.8; 95 percent CI 1.2-13.2), and the number of days between the first positive candida blood culture and the onset of antifungal treatment (OR= 1.12; 95 percent CI 1.6-1.25). Newborns showed an almost three times greater risk of death due to candidemias as compared to other age groups, but this association was only marginally significant (OR= 2.8; 95 percent CI 0.9 - 9.3). There was no difference in the rate of candidemia between the 2 years of the study; however, the observed mortality declined significantly from 65 percent in year one to 20 percent in year two (p=0.02). The major finding of this study was to observe that for every day treatment was delayed the risk of death increased significantly. Thus, this study provides support for empirical antifungal therapy early in the course of suspected systemic candidiasis i order to improve survival among children

Candidiasis sistémica intrauterina y choque séptico en un neonato / Congenital intrauterine candida infection and septic shock in a newborn. A case report

Introducción. La infección sistémica intrauterina en el recién nacido debio a Candida albicans, se presenta con muy poca frecuencia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Debido a la gran diversidad de procedimientos a que son sometidos en forma invasiva, los neonatos presentan con una frecuencia mayor un cuadro clínico sugestivo de sepsis por C. Albicans aproximadamente después de la segunda semana de vida. Caso clínico. Se trata de recién nacido femenino pretérmino, de 29 semanas de edad gestacional, con peso al nacer de 950 g. Obtenido por parto eutócico, se describe en la historia perinatal con antecedente materno de control de la natalidad con dispositivo intrauterino y vulvovaginitis inespecífica. La recién nacida presentó cuadro clínico de sepsis con choque séptico inicial en fase temprana a las 19 horas de vida que la llevaron a su defunción, reportándose 48 horas después cultivos positivos: hemocultivo, cultivo de jugo gástrico, secreción bronquial y cotiledón placentario para C. albicans. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico de candidiasis sistémica intrauterina, en el período neonatal, sigue siendo tarea difícil a pesar de los adelantos recientes en métodos diagnósticos empleados