Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em carnívoros silvestres do Estado do Pará ­ Brasil / Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild carnivorous animals the State of Pará ­ Brazil

O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em diferentes espécimes silvestres da ordem Carnívora de vida livre e de cativeiro procedentes de municípios do Estado do Pará. Coletou-se amostras fecais de 37 animais distintos (quatro de vida livre e 33 de cativeiro). Para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. foram utilizados métodos microscópicos (direto e Kinyoun) e imunológico (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). Do total de amostras, 24,32% (9/37) foram positivas, correspondendo a 5,4% (2/37) para Cryptosporidium spp. e 18,91% (7/37) para Giardia spp., respectivamente. Nenhum animal apresentou infecção concomitante para os agentes. Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., são protozoários zoonóticos que representam um emergente problema de saúde pública. Esses parasitos podem apresentar elevada frequência em regiões em que as condições de saneamento básico são precárias, promovendo surtos de diarreia em animais domésticos, silvestres e no homen. Mamíferos silvestres, como os carnívoros, são susceptíveis à contaminação por enteroparasitas presentes tanto no habitat natural como em cativeiro. Portanto, a pesquisa comprova a presença desses protozoários em carnívoros silvestres, tanto mantidos em criatórios como nos de vida livre no Estado do Pará, considerando-se que esses animais podem atuar como fontes de infecção para o homem, para outros animais e para o meio ambiente.

The presente survey has had the purpose to investigate the occurrance of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in free and under captivity carnivorous wild animals, from several counties in the State of Pará. Samples of feces from 37 distinct animals (four in their natural habitat and 33 raised in captivity). For the research of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. microscopic immunological, direct and Kinyoun methods were used (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). The samples gathered from wild animals have resulted in 24,32% of positive infecction on the rate of (9/37), being. 5,4% (2/37) positive to Cryptosporidiumspp. and 18,91% (7/37) positive to Giardia spp., what shows that no amimals had both infections at the same time. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., are zoonotic enteroparasites that have been taking place as an emmerging problem to public health. Theese species of protozoa may reach high levels of frequency in regions where the basic sanitation conditions are precarious, promoting outbraks of diarrhea to men, wild and domestic animals. Wild mammals, as the carnivorous, are susceptible to contamination by enteroparasites, being present at their natural habitat or captivity. So, the reserach strenghtens the real presence of these protozoas in wild carnivorous in both conditions of life, free or under captivity, in the State of Pará, making us consider the possibility that the cited animals may be natural reservoirs for infections, not only to men but to other animals and also to environment.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in dogs and raccoon dogs in Korea

Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in cattle, and dogs are its only known definitive host. Its seroprevalence among domestic urban and rural dogs and feral raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) in Korea was studied by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and by the neospora agglutination test (NAT), respectively. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 8.3% of urban dogs and in 21.6% of dogs at dairy farms. Antibody titers ranged from 1: 50 to 1: 400. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in six (23%) of 26 raccoon dogs. However, the potential role of raccoon dogs as a source of horizontal transmission of bovine neosporosis needs further investigation. The results of this study suggest that there is a close relationship between N. caninum infection among dairy farm dogs and cattle in Korea. This study reports for the first time upon the seroprevalence of N. caninum infection in raccoon dogs in Korea.

Infección por coccidios en carnívoros silvestres de cautiverio de Argentina / Coccidian infection in captive wild carnivores from Argentina

With the objective to determine the infection frequency by coccidia protozoa, 159 fecal samples from captive wiid camivores were analyzed. A 10.7 percent of the animal analyzed were positive to the infection. Whereas the family Procyonidae has a high percentage of positivity (35 percent), Canidae have lower infection ratio (23-33 percent) and Felidae only 0.3 percent). Family Musteldiae show negative findings

Frecuencia de infección por diphyllobothrium sp cestoda diphyllobothriidae en carnívoros silvestres de Argentina / Diphyllobothrium sp cestoda diphyllobothriidae infection frequency in Argentina wild carnivores

With the aims to determine the infection frequency by tapeworms of Diphyllobothrium genus 30 samples from captive wild carnivores were analyzed. A 30 percent of the animal analyzed was positive to the infection. Whereas the family Procionidae has a high percentage of positivity (60 percent). Canidae have lower infection ratio (20-25 percent). The accuracy for the diagnosis of Diphylobothrium was made by the morphology of scolex, proglottids and eggs. This is the first report of the parasite presence in Argentine wild carnivores

Descripción de la morfología externa de duboisiella proloba trematoda strigeida de didelphis albiventris en Argentina por microscopía electrónica de barrido / Description of the external morphology of duboisiella proloba trematoda strigeida from didephis albiventris in Argentina by scanning electronic microscope

The aim of this study was to report some external morphological features of duboisiella proloba Baer, 1938. The parasites were collected during necropsy from the small intestine of didelphis albiventri hunted in its native environment near Corrientes city, Argentina. Collected specimens of duboisiella proloba were observed by light microscopy in order to be classified. Later the parasites were put into a 3 percent glutaraldehyde solution, dehydrated, dried by critical point, assembled, metalized, observed and photographed with a SEM

Infeccion natural de Speothos venaticus (Carnivora: Canidae) por estadios adultos de Lagochilascaris sp / Natural infection of Speothos venaticus (Carnivora: Canidae) by adult stages of Lagochilascaris sp

Un ejemplar adulto macho de Speothos venaticus Lund, 1842 fue muerto accidentalmente en una via de penetracion rural, situada en la region Noroeste del Estado Bolivar, Venezuela, en el Municipio donde desde hace 16 años vive una paciente con lagochilascariasis. El animal conservado durante un mes por congelacion y desprovisto de su piel y cabeza fue autopsiado, hallandose en la traquea dos especimenes adultos hembras y gravidos de Lagochilascaris sp., los cuales presentaban algumas caracteristicas morfologicas de sus partes blandas diferentes a Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909; entretanto, distintivos estables como son la forma de los interlabios, la localizacion de la vulva y particularmente el tamano y numero de las depresiones la cascara de los huevos, inclinan a pensar que se trata de aquel parasito, a pesar de no haberse hallado vermes machos que permitiesen el estudio de las espiculas y su ducto eyaculador. Fueron localizadas en cortes histologicos de laringe y traquea profundamente situadas, secciones de formas degeneradas con caracteristicas atribuibles a Lagochilascaris sp.

A study of small mammals in the Ciloto field station area, West Java, Indonesia, with special reference to vectors of plague and scrub typhus.

From June 1977 to June 1978 a study of smal mammals was carried out in the Ciloto field station area, West Java, Indonesia by the WHO Vector Biology and Control Research Unit-II. The objectives of the investigations were to determine the diversity and density of rodent species, to find potential plague and scrub typhus vectors and to study their host-parasite relationships. In the 13 month period a total of 6 species of murids were identified; two species of campestral rats (R. tiomanicus and R. argentiventer), one species of peri-domestic (R. exulans), one species of domestic (R.r. diardii), and two species of forest rats (R. bartelsii and R. bukit). In addition, three species of insectivores (Suncus murinus, Hylomys suillus and Crocidura monticola), and one species of carnivore were found. Of the three habitats studies (mixed, ricefield and lalang), 10 species of small mammals were found in the mixed while four species of commensal murids were found in both the ricefield and the lalang. Of the four commensal murid species R. exulans had the highest density. R. tiomanicus was common but not abundant, and least common was R. argentiventer. R.r. diardii was occasionally found in the field. The mean litter size of gravid R. tiomanicus was 7.1, R. exulans 4.3, R. argentiventer 7.5 and R.r. diardii 9. Male R. tiomanicus, R. argentiventer and R.r. diardii with spermatozoa present in animals over 55 gm. Animals of less than 50 gm had no sperm. In R. exulans spermatozoa were present in specimens weighing 24-66 gm. No sperm were detected in those below 20 gm. The flea index of Xenopsylla cheopis and Stivalius cognatus as determined for R. tiomanicus was 0.3 and 2.3;l for R.r. diardii 2.2 and 1.7; for R. exulans 0.3 and 0.5; and for R. argentiventer 0.4 and 1.7 respectively. S. cognatus had a significantly higher density than X. cheopis among the campestral and peridomestic rats, but the density of X. cheopis was significantly in the domestic rat. Overall infestation rates were equally high in both mixed and lalang habitats, but low in the ricefield. Flea indices were highest in the mixed habitat, lower in lalang, and lowest in ricefield. The putative vector of scrub typhus (Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense) was quite prevalent on campestral rats, less so on domestic ones and least on peridomestic. Overall infestation rates were equally high in both mixed and lalang habitats and low in the ricefield. Chiggers load per animal was significantly higher in the mixed habitat, lower in lalang and lowest in the ricefield.

Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae) from a civet cat, Prionodon linsang Hardwick, with reference to its dietary habits.

The recovery of six adult Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1936 from a civet cat, Prionodon linsang Hardwick, constitutes the second reported record of this parasite and the first authenticated case of adult worms found in a wild animal from Malaysia. The food habits of the infected P. linsang as an important link in the transmission of G. spinigerum in the intermediate and definitive hosts together with the probable distribution of this parasite are discussed.

Reservorios del Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi Chagas - 1909 / Reservoirs of the Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi Chagas - 1909

Numerosas investigaciones verificaron la presencia de Trypanosoma cruzi en una gran variedad de animales domésticos, peridomésticos y silvestres, los que actúan como reservorios de ese parásito. En los últimos decenios, particularmente en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panamá y Venezuela, se demostró la importancia de la enzootia silvestre y su potencial peligro en zonas silvestres como en aquellas en que se estableció el ciclo domiciliario: los ciclos silvestres y domiciliario se encuentran vinculados por el movimiento de animales doméstico y silvestres infectados, entre los foco naturales y los ecotopos artificiales, asegurando que queden infectados los domicilios que ofrecen el ambiente adecuado para los vectores. Se identificaron varias especies de mamíferos como reservorios de la tripanosomiasis americana: marsupiales, edentados, quirópteros (murciélagos), carnívoros silvestres, conejos, roedores, primates, mamíferos domésticos (perros, gatos y cobayas) y mamiferos sinantrópicos (ratas y ratones domiciliados). La transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi entre estas especies puede ocurrir tanto por la deposición de las heces de triatominos en la piel lastimada y en las mucosas, como por vía oral (como cuando un marsupial o un carnívoro silvestre se alimenta de murciélagos o roedores infectados, o cuando huéspedes potenciales como los monos, comen a los vectores infectados). Se menciona que la importancia relativa del huésped no está medida por su tasa de infección sino que la especie más importante es la que puede mantener el parásito indefinidamente. El tamaño del huésped, la cantidad de días en que éste esté circulando parásitos en su sangre y los hábitos de reposo de las especies también tienen importancia relevante