Evaluación de competencias sobre el cateterismo venoso central. Propuesta para la formación de médicos residentes / Evaluation of competences on central venous catheterization. A proposal for the training of medical graduate doctors

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar una propuesta de evaluación formativa para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales sobre el cateterismo venoso central hecho por médicos residentes en una institución universitaria. Materiales y Métodos Estudio de caso con enfoque alternativo apoyado en la teoría fundamentada. Mediante 17 entrevistas a docentes, especialistas, residentes y personal administrativo, se identificaron el contexto y las tensiones sobre términos educativos y actores del proceso. Se trianguló y categorizó la información para elaborar esta propuesta. Resultados La propuesta debe incluir una planificación de actividades por niveles y evaluación continua. La simulación, observación, demostraciones en vivo y supervisión permanente son prerrequisitos que garantizan la seguridad del paciente. Se debe formar a los estudiantes de posgrado en ultrasonido. El docente deberá ser experto en el procedimiento y tener formación pedagógica. La evaluación formativa debe incluir diagnóstico inicial, autoevaluación, recertificación e instrumentos como listas de chequeo, rúbricas y recursos web para registro de actividades. Conclusión El proceso educativo de enseñanza/aprendizaje/evaluación del cateterismo venoso central es complejo. Por tanto, la propuesta debe implementarse desde el currículo, buscando la idoneidad profesional, la seguridad del paciente y la participación conjunta de instituciones de salud y educación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To make a proposal for formative evaluation for the development of professional competences on central venous catheterization performed by residents in a university institution. Materials and Methods Case study with alternative approach supported by grounded theory. Through 17 interviews with teachers, specialists, residents, administrative personnel, context and tensions were identified about educational terms and actors of the process. The information was triangulated and categorized to elaborate the proposal. Results The proposal must include a planning of activities by levels and constant evaluation. Simulation, observation, en vivo demonstrations and continuous supervision are prerequisites that guarantee patient safety. Graduate students must be trained in ultrasound. The teacher must be an expert in the procedure and have pedagogical training. The formative evaluation should include initial diagnosis, self-assessment, recertification, and instruments such as checklists, rubrics and web resources for recording activities. Conclusion The educational process for teaching, evaluating, and learning the central venous catheterization is complex. Therefore, the proposal must be implemented from the curriculum, seeking professional suitability, patient safety and the joint participation of health and education institutions.(AU)

Adherencia médica a las indicaciones de procedimientos invasores en la unidad de pacientes críticos de un hospital universitario / Physician's adherence to medical indications for invasive procedures in the critical care unit of a university hospital

Introduction: Physicians' adherence to pre-established criteria for the indication and/or maintenance of invasive devices is a weak point in infection control programs. Fulfillment of the recommendations for preventing infections associated with invasive devices is essential to reduce their risk. Objective: To assess the adherence of physicians to the standardized criteria for indication of central venous catheter (CVC) and permanent urinary catheter (PUC) and to the application of supervision guidelines. Methods: During a period of 7 months, residents of the Critical Patient Unit monitored the adherence to criteria for indication of CVC and PUC recorded in patients' medical records. This information was compared with current regulations to assess compliance. Results: Between April and September 2009, 2078 supervision guidelines were applied. Invasive devices were identified in 47.7%. 10.4% of CVCs and 19.2% of PUCs did not meet criteria for installation and / or maintenance at the time of monitoring. Conclusions: Adherence of our medical staff to criteria for installation and /or maintenance of CVC and CUP should be improved. Monitoring can be efficiently performed by residents and could reduce infections associated with invasive procedures.

Introducción: La adherencia médica a los criterios de indicación y/o mantención de procedimientos invasores es un punto débil en los programas de control de infecciones. Cumplir las recomendaciones relacionadas a prevención de infecciones asociadas a procedimientos invasores es fundamental para reducir el riesgo de infección. Objetivos: Evaluar la adherencia de médicos residentes a criterios estandarizados de indicaciones médicas de catéter venoso central (CVC) y catéter urinario permanente (CUP) y a aplicar pautas de supervisión para evaluar su cumplimiento. Método: Durante un período de siete meses, residentes de la Unidad de Paciente Crítico (UPC), monitorizaron la adherencia a los criterios de indicación de CVC y CUP registrados en las fichas clínicas de los pacientes. La información registrada se cotejó con la normativa vigente. Resultados: Entre abril y octubre de 2009 se aplicaron 2.078 pautas de supervisión, de las cuales 47,7% identificaron invasión al momento de aplicarlas. Un 10,4 y 19,2% de los CVC y CUP, respectivamente, no cumplían con criterios de instalación y/o mantención al momento de la supervisión. Conclusiones: La adherencia de nuestros médicos de UPC a los criterios de instalación y/o mantención de CVC y CUP debe mejorarse. La supervisión puede ser realizada eficientemente por los mismos residentes y podría reducir las infecciones asociadas a procedimientos invasores.

Accesos venosos centrales guiados por ultrasonido: ¿existe evidencia suficiente para justificar su uso de rutina? / Ultrasound guided central venous access: is there enough evidence to justify its routine use?

Tradicionalmente, el sitio de inserción de las vías venosas centrales se ha determinado mediante la palpación de referencias anatómicas con una relación conocida con la vena a canular. Existe evidencia que señala que esta técnica está asociada a complicaciones. El empleo de ultrasonido para guiar la cateterización de estructuras vasculares, ofrece ventajas teóricas y promete hacer de la instalación de accesos vasculares una técnica precisa y segura, reduciendo las complicaciones y disminuyendo el tiempo de inserción de los catéteres. En Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña, se han dado recomendaciones con respecto a la utilización del ultrasonido como técnica de rutina. La respuesta a estas recomendaciones, ha sido inconsistente. En el futuro, es probable que la técnica guiada por ultrasonido se conviertan en un estándar de cuidado en la práctica clínica, por lo que los médicos involucrados en estos procedimientos deben familiarizarse con esta técnica.

Traditionally, the site of initial needle insertion during central venous catheters placement is determined by using palpable anatomic structures with known relationships to desired vein as landmarks. Evidence has shown that landmark-guided percutaneous venous catheters insertion is associated with significants complications. The ultrasound guided central venous access technique has been shown to ensure safe and timely catheter placement and to reduce many of the potential complications associated with anatomic landmark methods. In the United Kingdom and the United States, ultrasound guidance for internal jugular central venous catheterisation is recommended. Response to these recommendations has polarised opinions and implementation has been inconsistent. In the future, probably the ultrasound guided technique will become a standard of care in the clinical practice, clinicians must readily incorporate the ultrasound in clinical practice and enhance venous access performance.

Impact of a new guideline for central venous catheter care on sepsis in total parenteral nutrition: experience in Ramathibodi Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the essential treatment for hospitalized patients in whom normal enteral nutrition is inadequate or not feasible. However, TPN-related sepsis is the most serious and fatal complication of the treatment and the catheter is the most common cause of infection. Therefore, the Nutrition Support team in Ramathibodi Hospital has developed a new guideline for central venous catheter care for TPN patients and has used it for at least a year. OBJECTIVE: Survey the current incidence of TPN-related sepsis in the hospital, the predisposing factors of the TPN-related sepsis, and the pathogenic organisms of the sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between July 1999 and February 2000, 52 TPN treatments (catheter count) in 40 surgical and medical patients were prospectively recruited. Microbiological studies were done in all cases of TPN-related sepsis. RESULTS: The incidence of TPN-related sepsis was 15% per catheter or 12.64/1000 catheter-days. Although no statistically significant predisposing factors were found for the sepsis, some factors such as postoperative TPN and short interval (< or = 2 days) for TPN line change (OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 0.33-30.34) showed a higher risk for TPN-related sepsis. The most common pathogenic organisms were Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Candida albicans, and gram-negative bacteria. The organisms were found from hemoculture in septic patients and were well correlated with those found in the catheter line. Thus, the significant pathogenic role of Coagulase-negative staphylococci emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique during catheterization. CONCLUSION: The Ramathibodi guideline rendered support for a good policy to improve and standardize the TPN treatment. Along with a practical guideline, the well-trained and highly responsible personnel would also be crucial to avoid the infectious complications.

Punção venosa central na prática clínica / Central venous puncture in clinical practice

A canulação do sistema venoso central é um procedimento cirúrgico que faz parte da clínica diária. A obtenção de um acesso central é essencial para a administração de drogas, líquidos e nutrição, além de servir para a monitoração rigorosa do momento hemodinâmico do paciente. Neste artigo, o autor revisa todas as etapas para o acesso venoso central: a preparação, as indicações, as contra-indicações, a utilidade clínica e as técnicas de punção.

Central venous catheterization is an essential tool for fluid and drug administration, monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and blood sampling in critically ill patients. Preparation, indications, contraindications and techniques for catheterization are reviwed.

Información que posee el paciente oncohematológico para el cuidado y mantenimiento de su cateter central periférico / Information oncohematologic patient had on the care and maintainance of their peripheric central catheter

En el siguiente trabajo se investigó acerca de la información que sobre el cuidado y mantenimiento de su catéter central periférico tenían los pacientes, de acuerdo a la información suministrada por el personal de enfermería, con vistas a promocionar el autocuidado

Sepsis relacionada a catéter en nutrición parenteral central / Catheter related sepsis and parenteral nutrition

The pathogenesis, clinical and microbiological definitions of catheter related sepsis (CRS) are summarized. Pirfalls for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CRS are included