Research progress in pathogenesis and traditional Chinese medicines treatment of ischemic stroke-related headache / 中国中药杂志

Headache is a common clinical complication of ischemic stroke. As a precursor of stroke, headache occurs repeatedly in the convalescent period of ischemic stroke, leading to secondary stroke and seriously hindering patients' rehabilitation. Currently, it is believed that the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke-related headache is associated with the abnormal release of vasoactive substances, high platelet aggregation, and stimulation of intracranial pain-sensitive structures. The active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines(TCM) with the effects of activating blood to resolve stasis and clearing heat to release exterior can protect brain tissue and relieve headache by reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines, alleviating antioxidant stress, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and so on. This paper introduces the research progress in the potential mechanism and TCM treatment of ischemic stroke-related headache, aiming to provide reference for further research and drug development of this complication.

Manejo de cefalea cervicogénica mediante bloqueo great occipital nerve (GON) ecoguiado en el área de urgencias. Reporte de un caso / Cervicogenic headache treated with great nerve occipital block

Cervicogenic headache can be confused with migraine headache, which conditions multiple admissions to emergency services, within the established treatments, the international headache society establishes the blockade of the greater occipital nerve (GON) with local anesthetics as necessary for the diagnosis of occipital neuralgia, with the introduction of ultrasound to perform invasive procedures, it has facilitated the performance of the technique, with excellent results, reducing stays in the emergency department and it is a technique that emergency physicians can perform.

La cefalea cervicogenica se puede confundir con cefalea migrañosa eso condiciona múltiples ingresos a los servicios de urgencias, dentro de los tratamientos establecidos, the internacional headache society establece el bloqueo del nervio occipital mayor (GON) con anestésico locales como necesario para el diagnóstico de neuralgia occipital, con la introducción del ultrasonido para realizar procedimientos invasivos ha facilitado la realización de la técnica, con excelentes resultados reduciendo las estancias en el servicio de urgencias y es una técnica que pueden realizar los médicos urgenciologos.

Corticoesteroides: su utilidad en el abordaje farmacológico de la crisis de migraña / Steroids: their role in migraine attack pharmacological management

RESUMEN: La migraña es una cefalea primaria frecuente y debilitante. Los pacientes con crisis de migraña agudas y severas usualmente deben consultar por servicios de guardia, y el tratamiento convencional para el ataque de migraña incluye diversos fármacos como antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, triptanes, ergotamina, antidopaminérgicos, entre otros. Los corticoesteroides han sido ampliamente prescriptos, tanto como monoterapia o como en tratamiento coadyuvante a otros fármacos abortivos, para la crisis de migraña en los servicios de emergencia. Diferentes estudios han sido llevados a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de estos para abortar la crisis aguda de migraña y para evitar su recurrencia. En la presente revisión, realizamos una evaluación crítica sobre la bibliografía publicada en relación a la utilidad de los corticoesteroides en al abordaje de la crisis de migraña. En conclusión, estos podrían ser considerados como una opción razonable como tratamiento coadyuvante en las crisis de migraña resistentes, recurrentes o prolongadas (status migrañoso).

ABSTRACT Migraine is a frequent and debilitating primary headache. People with acute severe migraine attack often present to the emergency department, and standard treatment for the migraine attack generally includes the use of several drugs such as are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, triptans, ergotamine, antidopaminergic agents, among others. Steroids have been widely prescribed, either as monotherapy or as add-on treatment, to manage migraine attacks in the emergency setting. Several clinical studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of corticosteroids in aborting acute migraine attacks and avoiding their recurrence. In this review, we make a critical appraisal of the published literature about corticosteroids treatment for the migraine attack. Overall, they could be considered as an adjunctive therapy for resistant, recurrent o prolonged (migraine status) migraine attacks.

A prospective randomized controlled study on the effects of compound analgesia in ultra-pulsed fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment of post-burn hypertrophic scars in children / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of compound analgesia on ultra-pulsed fractional carbon dioxide laser (UFCL) treatment of post-burn hypertrophic s in children. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. From April 2018 to March 2020, 169 pediatric patients with post-burn hypertrophic s admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University were randomly divided into general anesthesia alone group (39 cases, 19 males and 20 females, aged 35 (21, 48) months), general anesthesia+lidocaine group (41 cases, 23 males and 18 females, aged 42 (22, 68) months), general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group (41 cases, 25 males and 16 females, aged 38 (26, 52) months), and three-drug combination group with general anesthesia + lidocaine+ibuprofen suppository (48 cases, 25 males and 23 females, aged 42 (25, 60) months), and the pediatric patients in each group were treated with corresponding analgesic regimens when UFCL was used to treat s, and the pediatric patients were given comprehensive care throughout the treatment process. The pain degree of pediatric patients scar was evaluated by facial expression,legs,activity,cry,and consolability (FLACC) of children's pain behavior scale at 0 (immediately), 1, 2, and 4 h after awakening from the first anesthesia, respectively. At 4 h after awakening from the first anesthesia of postoperative pain assessment, the self-made analgesia satisfaction questionnaire was used to evaluate the satisfaction for the analgesic effect of the pediatric patients or their families, and the satisfaction rate was calculated. Within 2 h after the first operation, the occurrences of adverse reactions of the pediatric patients, such as nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, etc, were observed and recorded. Before the first treatment and 1 month after the last treatment, the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the pediatric patients scar, and the difference value between the two was calculated. Data were statistically analyzed with least significant difference test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability test. Results: At 0 h after awakening from the first anesthesia, the FLACC scores of pediatric patients in general anesthesia+lidocaine group, general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group and three-drug combination group were significantly lower than those in general anesthesia alone group (P<0.01). The FLACC scores of the pediatric patients in anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group and three-drug combination group were significantly lower than that in general anesthesia+lidocaine group (P<0.01), and the FLACC score of the pediatric patients in three-drug combination group was significantly lower than that in general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group (P<0.01). At 1 and 2 h after awakening from the first anesthesia, the FLACC scores of pediatric patients in general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group and three-drug combination group were both significantly lower than those in general anesthesia alone group and general anesthesia+lidocaine group (P<0.01), and the FLACC score of the pediatric patients in three-drug combination group was significantly lower than that in general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group (P<0.01). At 4 h after awakening from the first anesthesia, the FLACC scores of the pediatric patients in general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group and three-drug combination group were significantly lower than those in general anesthesia alone group and general anesthesia+lidocaine group (P<0.01). At 4 h after awakening from the first anesthesia, the satisfactions rate with the analgesic effect in the four groups of pediatric patients or their families were 79.49% (31/39), 85.37% (35/41), 87.80% (36/41), and 97.92% (47/48), respectively. The satisfaction rate of the pediatric patients in three-drug combination group was significantly higher than those in general anesthesia alone group, general anesthesia+lidocaine group, general anesthesia+ibuprofen suppository group. Within 2 h after the first operation, there was no significant difference in the overall comparison of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness of pediatric patients among the 4 groups (P>0.05). The VSS scores of pediatric patients before the first treatment, 1 month after the last treatment, and and the difference value between the two in the 4 groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusions: Three-drug combination for analgesia has a good effect in the treatment of hypertrophic scars after burn in pediatric patients with UFCL. Pediatric patients or their families are highly satisfied with the effect, and the treatment effect and incidence of adverse reactions are similar to other analgesic regimens, so it is recommended to be promoted in clinical practice.

Avaliação do manejo médico no atendimento de cefaleia na sala de urgência e emergência do Hospital Regional de Barbacena - MG / Evaluation of medical management in the treatment of headache in the urgency and emergency room of the Hospital Regional de Barbacena - MG

Introdução: O manejo da cefaleia nas salas de urgência e emergência deve ser baseada em uma anamnese detalhada para que o diagnóstico e tratamento sejam adequados, entretanto não é o que se encontra nos atendimentos. Objetivo: Avaliar o manejo do atendimento das cefaleias em uma sala de Urgência e Emergência. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal retrospectivo, realizado através da análise de dados de 1317 prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com queixa de cefaleia que procuraram o serviço de emergência do Hospital Regional de Barbacena durante o período de 01 de janeiro de 2017 a 30 de junho de 2019. Os diagnósticos relatados nos prontuários foram classificados de acordo com os critérios da Classificação Internacional das Cefaleias (ICHD-3). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatísticas, pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Considerou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas aquelas cujo valor p≤0,05. Resultados: Do total de prontuários, três foram excluídos, sendo analisados 1314. Entre os prontuários analisados, 73,21% apresentaram diagnósticos iniciais eram cefaleia, 16,67% migrânea e 10,12% cefaleia do tipo tensão. Já no diagnóstico final, cefaleia correspondeu a 59,67%, migrânea a 17,95% e cefaleia do tipo tensão a 8,52%. Em relação ao tratamento, foi receitado opioides para 43,99% dos pacientes e para o restante foram prescritos medicamentos não opioides. Conclusão: O trabalho sugeriu falha no manejo da cefaleia nas salas de urgência e emergência, provavelmente pela limitação do conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde acerca da dor de cabeça. O que acarretou no grande número de diagnósticos inespecíficos e inadequada abordagem terapêutica.

Introduction: Detailed clinical evaluation should be the basis for the proper management of headaches in emergency rooms, in order to allow adequate diagnosis and treatment. However, this is not usually observed on clinical rounds. Objective: To evaluate the management of headache consultations in an emergency rooms. Methods: This is a cross-section study was performed analyzing data from 1,317 electronic medical records of patients with headache complaints who sought treatment at the Barbacena City Regional Hospital's between January 1, 2017, and June 20, 2019. Medical records were classified according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The data collected were statistically analyzed using chi-square tests. The study considered a p-value≤0.05 to define statistically significant differences. Results: Three medical records were excluded and 1,314 were analyzed. Among the medical records analyzed, 73.21% of initial diagnoses were classified as headache, 16.67% as migraine, and 10.12% as tension-type headache. Headache corresponded to 59.76% of final diagnoses, migraine to 17.95%, and tension-type headache to 8.52%. Regarding the treatment, 43.99% of patients were prescribed opioids for the remaining were prescribed nonopioid medications. Conclusion: The study suggests that the management of headaches is inadequate in emergency rooms, probably due to limited knowledge of health professionals about headache. This resulted in a large number of nonspecific diagnoses and inadequate therapeutic approaches.

Periorbital ecchymosis and subconjunctival hemorrhage due to leech therapy for headache / Equimose periorbital e hemorragia subconjuntival devido à terapia com sanguessugas para dor de cabeça

ABSTRACT A 62-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with the complaints of periorbital ecchymosis and subconjunctival hemorrhage that are visible, especially on the right eye. We noted that her complaints began the day after she underwent leech therapy on the glabella area for headache. On the glabella, 2 leech bites were observed close to the right side. Examination revealed ecchymosis on the bilateral eyelids and subconjunctival hemorrhage on the inferolateral and medial limbus on the right eye. No treatment was initiated, rather control measures were recommended. The follow-up after 1 month revealed that the patient's complaints had disappeared.(AU)

RESUMO Uma paciente de 62 anos procurou nosso ambulatório com queixas de equimose periorbital e hemorragia subconjuntival, visíveis principalmente no olho direito. Descobrimos que suas queixas começaram no dia seguinte a um tratamento para dor de cabeça com sanguessugas na área da glabela. Na glabela, 2 mordidas de sanguessuga foram encontradas próximas ao lado direito. Durante os exames da paciente, foram detectadas equimoses nas pálpebras bilaterais e hemorragia subconjuntival no limbo ínfero lateral e medial do olho direito. Nenhum tratamento foi iniciado, sendo recomendado apenas controle. No acompanhamento, observou-se que as queixas da paciente desapareceram em cerca de um mês.(AU)

Migraine in 746 patients with multiple sclerosis / Enxaqueca em 746 pacientes com esclerose múltipla

ABSTRACT Migraine adds to the burden of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). The ID-migraine is a useful tool for screening migraine, and the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire can evaluate disease burden. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence and burden of migraine in patients with MS. Methods: Patients diagnosed with MS attending specialized MS units were invited to answer an online survey if they also experienced headache. Results: The study included 746 complete responses from patients with MS and headache. There were 625 women and 121 men, and 69% of all the patients were aged between 20 and 40 years. Migraine was identified in 404 patients (54.1%) and a moderate-to-high burden of disease was observed in 68.3% of the patients. Conclusion: Migraine is a frequent and disabling type of primary headache reported by patients with MS.

RESUMO Enxaqueca piora o sofrimento do paciente que tem esclerose múltipla (EM). ID-migraine é uma ferramenta útil para seleção de pacientes com enxaqueca e Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) é um questionário que avalia o impacto da doença. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença e impacto de enxaqueca em pacientes com EM. Métodos: Pacientes diagnosticados com EM e tratados em clínicas especializadas foram convidados a responder um questionário online se também apresentassem cefaleia. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 746 participantes com cefaleia e EM que preencheram completamente as respostas. Foram 625 mulheres e 121 homens, sendo 69% dos pacientes com idade entre 20 e 40 anos. Enxaqueca foi identificada em 404 pacientes (54,1%) e moderado a grave impacto da doença foi observado em 68,3% dos casos. Conclusão: Enxaqueca é uma cefaleia primária frequente e incapacitante relatada por pacientes com EM.

Trombosis de senos venosos intracraneales: una complicación infrecuente y grave de la colitis ulcerosa. Primera comunicación de un caso en Uruguay / Intracranial sinus venous thrombosis in ulcerative colitis: Report of one case

Intracranial sinus venous thrombosis (ICSVT) is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis that affects from 1.7 to 7.5% of patients. We report a 22 year-old male with ulcerative colitis in treatment with mesalazine and prednisone presenting with headache and speech disturbances. A magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a left temporal hemorrhagic infarct with thrombosis of the ispilateral superficial vein and sigmoid venous sinus. No cause of thrombophilia was detected. Anticoagulation with heparin was started which was changed to oral anticoagulation with warfarin. The patient was discharged ten days after admission.

Placebo and nocebo effects in the neurological practice / Efeitos placebo e nocebo na prática neurológica

Knowledge of placebo and nocebo effects is essential to identify their influence on the results in clinical practice and clinical trials, and thereby properly interpret their results. It is known that the gold standard of clinical trials research is the double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study. The objective of this review is to distinguish specific from non-specific effects, so that the presence of positive effects in the group that received placebo (placebo effect) and the presence of adverse effects in the group receiving placebo (nocebo effect) lead to confounding in interpreting the results. Placebo and nocebo effects have been considered in neurological diseases such as depression, pain, headache, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy. As placebo and nocebo effects are also present in clinical practice, the purpose of this review is to draw attention to their influence on neurological practice, calling attention to the development of measures that can minimize them.

O conhecimento dos efeitos placebo e nocebo é essencial para identificar a sua influência sobre os resultados na prática clínica e ensaios clínicos, e, assim, interpretar corretamente seus resultados. Sabe-se que o padrão-ouro dos estudos clínicos de pesquisa é o ensaio clínico randomizado, placebo-controlado, duplo-cego. O objetivo da revisão é distinguir os efeitos específicos e não específicos, de modo que a presença de efeitos positivos no grupo que recebeu placebo (efeito placebo) e a presença de efeitos adversos no grupo que recebeu placebo (efeito nocebo) levam à confusão na interpretação dos resultados. Placebo e nocebo são descritos em doenças neurológicas como a depressão, dor, cefaleia, esclerose múltipla, epilepsia. Como os efeitos placebo e nocebo também se projetam na prática clínica, o objetivo desta revisão é o de destacar sua influência na prática neurológica, chamando a atenção para o desenvolvimento de medidas que possam minimizá-los.

Cefaleias: manejo clínico / Headache: clinical management

Este artigo aborda o tratamento medicamentoso dos subtipos clínicos mais prevalentes de cefaleia, considerando tanto o tratamento da crise aguda quanto o profilático, com indicação de dose usual, dose máxima e efeitos adversos mais importantes.

This article discusses about the drug treatment of the most prevalent subtypes of headache, considering as much as the acute pain treatment as the profilatic one, with the usual dose indication, maximum dose and the most important side effects.

Tratamento da hemicrania contínua: série de casos e revisão da literatura / Treatment of hemicrania continua: case series and literature review / Tratamiento de la hemicránea continua: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Hemicrania Contínua (HC) é uma cefaleia primária, incapacitante, caracterizada por dor contínua, unilateral e responsiva à indometacina. Existem sintomas comuns às cefaleias trigêmino-autonômicas e à migrânea, que dificultam o diagnóstico. A presente revisão busca descrever a HC em uma série de casos e analisar as melhores evidências disponíveis sobre alternativas terapêuticas. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática dos prontuários e dos diários de dor de 1.600 pacientes, atendidos entre janeiro de 1992 e janeiro de 2011 em um ambulatório de cefaleia. RESULTADOS: Dez pacientes com possível diagnóstico de Hemicrania Contínua foram selecionados; sete receberam diagnóstico de HC segundo a II Classificação Internacional das Cefaleias. Nenhum paciente havia recebido o diagnóstico correto antes de ser atendido no ambulatório e o tempo médio para o mesmo foi de 12 anos. A amitriptilina foi eficaz no tratamento profilático de 66,6 por cento dos casos, a gabapentina em 20 por cento e o topiramato em 10 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: A HC deve ser considerada entre as hipóteses diagnósticas de pacientes com cefaleia contínua, sem alterações ao exame neurológico e exames subsidiários, independentemente da idade do surgimento. O tratamento usual, 100 mg a 150 mg diários de indometacina, possui riscos relevantes associados ao uso a curto e longo prazos e pode não ser boa escolha para uso contínuo. Estudos recentes apontam possíveis alternativas: gabapentina, topiramato, inibidores da ciclooxigenase-2, piroxican betaciclodextrina, amitriptilina e melatonina. Outras drogas foram descritas como eficazes em relatos isolados, mas a maioria foi considerada ineficaz em outros casos de HC.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hemicrania Continua (HC) is a primary, disabling headache characterized by a continuous unilateral pain and responsive to indomethacin. There are symptoms common to the trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias and migraine that complicate the diagnosis. This review aims to describe HC in a case series and review the best available evidence on alternative therapies. METHOD: A systematic review of medical records and diaries of pain of 1,600 patients treated between January 1992 and January 2011 in a headache outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Ten patients with a possible diagnosis of hemicrania continua were selected; seven were diagnosed with HC according to the II International Classification of Headache Disorders. None of the patients had received the correct diagnosis before being treated at the outpatient clinic and the average time for treatment was 12 years. Prophylactic treatment was effective in 66.6 percent of cases with amitriptyline, 20 percent with gabapentin and 10 percent with topiramate. CONCLUSIONS: HC should be considered among the diagnostic hypotheses of patients with continuous headache, with no change in neurological examination and additional tests, regardless the age of onset. The standard treatment with indomethacin (100-150 mg.day-1) has significant risks associated with both short and long term use and may not be a good choice for continuous use. Recent studies point out possible alternatives: gabapentin, topiramate, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, piroxicam, beta-cyclodextrin, amitriptyline, melatonin. Other drugs were described in different reports as efficient, but most of them were considered inefficient in other HC cases.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La Hemicránea Continua (HC) es una cefalea primaria, invalidante, caracterizada por un dolor continuo, unilateral y que responde a la indometacina. Existen síntomas comunes a las cefaleas trigémino-autonómicas y a la migraña, que dificultan el diagnóstico. La presente revisión pretende describir la HC en una serie de casos, y analizar las mejores evidencias disponibles sobre las alternativas terapéuticas. MÉTODO: Revisión sistemática de las historias clínicas y de los reportes diarios de dolor de 1.600 pacientes, atendidos entre enero de 1992 y enero de 2011, en un ambulatorio de cefalea. RESULTADOS: Diez pacientes con un posible diagnóstico de Hemicránea Continua fueron seleccionados; siete recibieron diagnóstico de HC según la II Clasificación Internacional de las Cefaleas. Ningún paciente había recibido el diagnóstico correcto antes de ser atendido en el ambulatorio y el tiempo promedio para el mismo fue de 12 años. La amitriptilina fue eficaz en el tratamiento profiláctico de 66,6 por ciento de los casos, la gabapentina en 20 por ciento y el topiramato en un 10 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: La HC debe ser considerada entre las hipótesis diagnósticas de pacientes con cefalea continua, sin alteraciones al examen neurológico y exámenes posteriores, independientemente de la edad de su surgimiento. El tratamiento usual, 100 mg a 150 mg diarios de indometacina, conlleva a riesgos relevantes asociados con el uso a corto y largo plazo, y puede que no sea una buena elección para el uso continuo. Estudios recientes indican como posibles alternativas: gabapentina, topiramato, inhibidores de la ciclooxigenasa-2, piroxican betaciclodextrina, amitriptilina y melatonina. Otros fármacos fueron descritos como eficaces en relatos aislados, pero la mayoría fue considerada ineficaz en otros casos de HC.

Comorbidities associated with epilepsy and headaches / Comorbidades associadas às epilepsias e cefaleias

Comorbidities are often associated with chronic neurological diseases, such as headache and epilepsy. OBJECTIVES: To identify comorbidities associated with epilepsy and headaches, and to determine possible drug interactions. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire with information about type of epilepsy/headache, medical history, and medication was administered to 80 adult subjects (40 with epilepsy and 40 with chronic headache). RESULTS: Patients with epilepsy had an average of two comorbidities and those with headache of three. For both groups, hypertension was the most prevalent. On average, patients with epilepsy were taking two antiepileptic medications and those with headache were taking only one prophylactic medication. Regarding concomitant medications, patients with epilepsy were in use, on average, of one drug and patients with headache of two. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and headaches, have a high number of comorbidities and they use many medications. This may contribute to poor adherence and interactions between different medications.

As comorbidades geralmente estão associadas a doenças neurológicas crônicas, tais como cefaleia e epilepsia. OBJETIVOS: Identificar comorbidades associadas à epilepsia e cefaleia e determinar as possíveis interações de drogas. MÉTODOS: Questionário padronizado com informações sobre o tipo de epilepsia/cefaleia, os antecedentes médicos e as medicações foi aplicado a 80 indivíduos adultos (40 com epilepsia e 40 com cefaleia crônica). RESULTADOS: Pacientes com epilepsia e cefaleia apresentaram uma média de duas e três comorbidades, respectivamente, sendo, para ambos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica a mais prevalente. Em média, os pacientes com epilepsia estavam em uso de duas medicações antiepilépticas; aqueles com cefaleia, uma medicação profilática. Em relação às medicações concomitantes, os pacientes com epilepsia estavam em uso, em média, de uma droga e os pacientes com cefaleia de duas. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com doenças neurológicas crônicas, como epilepsia e cefaleia, apresentam elevado número de comorbidades e utilizam grande número de medicações. Isso pode contribuir para diminuir a aderência ao tratamento e facilitar interações entre diversas medicações.

Scar neuromas as triggers for headache after craniotomy: clinical evidence / Neuromas de cicatriz como gatilhos para cefaleia pós-craniotomia: evidência clínica

We present four cases of headache with variable intensity, located in close proximity to a craniotomy incision which was performed for non-traumatic reasons. Since manual palpation of the scar often triggers pain, and infiltration with local anesthetics reduce or abolish the pain in some patients, we suggest that neuromas or nerve entrapment in the scars, as a result of the surgery, are responsible for headaches. Although local infiltrations or nerve blocks are often used for diagnostic reasons, herein we consider that they are also of therapeutic value. We review the current known pathophysiology of post-craniotomy headaches and present a hypothesis suggesting a greater recognition of the potential contribution of neuroma formation in areas of scars tissue to contribute to this kind of headache.

Apresentamos quatro casos de cefaleia de variada intensidade, localizada junto à incisão de craniotomia, realizada por causas não traumáticas. Como a palpação manual da cicatriz desencadeava a dor e a infiltração local com anestésicos a reduzia ou abolia, apresentamos uma hipótese sugerindo a formação de neuromas de cicatriz na etiologia da dor. Sugerimos bloqueios anestésicos como ferramenta diagnóstica e terapêutica. Revisamos a fisiopatologia da cefaleia pós-craniotomia e apresentamos uma hipótese sugerindo a potencial contribuição da formação de neuromas de cicatriz na etiologia deste tipo de dor.

Prevalence and management of headache in a selected area of Southern Santa Catarina / Prevalência e manejo de cefaléias em um município do sul de Santa Catarina

Headache is a worldwide health problem which affects quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and management of headache and examine its impact. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 240 participants was performed to collect data related to (a) headache occurrence, (b) its impact through the "Migraine Disability Assessment Test" (Midas), and (c) headache management. RESULTS: Last year prevalence (2008) was 64.6 percent. There was a low Midas score in 80.6 percent of cases. With regard to headache management, 86.4 percent of respondents said that they use medicines, mainly analgesics (73.9 percent). Prescribed medicines were used in 31.0 percent of cases, although 72.4 percent of those were old prescriptions. Headache was associated with gender (p=0.0002), occupation (p=0.0109) and mean age (p=0.0083), while the Midas score was associated with pain intensity (p=0.0069) and the use of drugs only during headache crisis (p=0.0464). CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of headaches and a low level of disability among the population studied, being the management based on self-medication.

As cefaléias constituem um problema de saúde mundial que afeta a qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de cefaléias, conhecendo seu impacto e manejo adotado. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 240 participantes, coletando-se dados relacionados à ocorrência de cefaléia; impacto através do Migraine Disability Assessment Test (Midas); e manejo. RESULTADOS: A prevalência no último ano (2008) foi 64,6 por cento. O escore do Midas foi pequeno em 80,6 por cento dos casos. Em relação ao manejo, 86,4 por cento dos entrevistados utilizavam medicamentos, principalmente, analgésicos (73,9 por cento). Em 31,0 por cento das situações o medicamento foi prescrito, sendo que destas, 72,4 por cento eram prescrições antigas. A cefaléia associou-se com gênero (p=0,0002), situação profissional (p=0,0109) e média de idade (p=0,0083) e o Midas com intensidade da dor (p=0,0069) e uso de medicamentos apenas na crise (p=0,0464). CONCLUSÃO: Houve alta prevalência de cefaléias e baixo grau de inaptidão na população estudada, sendo o manejo baseado na automedicação.

Mefenamic acid-induced bilateral transient myopia, secondary angle closure glaucoma and choroidal detachment.

Drug-induced secondary angle closure is quite common and in the majority of cases simply stopping the medication leads to rapid reversal of the condition and resolution of glaucoma. We describe here a patient who presented with secondary angle closure glaucoma and myopia following mefenamic acid ingestion which was managed successfully by stopping the medication, symptomatic treatment and reassurance.

Prevalence and impact of headache and migraine among Brazilian Tupiniquim natives / Prevalência e impacto da cefaléia e da migrânea em uma população de índios Tupiniquins

This is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of headache and migraine among Tupiniquim Brazilian natives. A high prevalence of headache was found and the most prevalent headache was migraine. Women were more commonly affected than men. A high impact of headache was found, especially among migraineurs. Half of the headache sufferers were under medical assistance for headache given by the government Family Health Program (PSF). Most of them declared to use common analgesics. None of them was taking prophylactic therapy for this medical problem.

Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar prevalência de cefaléias entre índios tuiniquins do Brasil. A prevalência de cefaléia encontrada nesta população foi alta, sendo que a migrânea foi a mais frequente. Encontrou-se maior prevalência de cefaléias entre as mulheres do que entre os homens. O impacto da cefaléia foi considerável, sendo maior entre os portadores de migrânea do que nas cefaléias não migranosas. Cinquenta por cento dos indivíduos com cefaléia recebiam atendimento médico devido a este problema, através do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF). O tratamento empregado consistia apenas em analgésicos comuns para alívio das crises. Nenhum indivíduo estava em uso de tratamento profilático.

Enxaqueca na infância e adolescência: atualização no diagnóstico e tratamento / Migraine in childhood and adolescence: a review of its diagnosis and treatment

A cefaleia é um dos sintomas mais frequentes da espécie humana e na infância uma das principais queixas na clínica pediátrica e neuropediátrica. A enxaqueca é a causa mais frequente de cefaleia crônica na infância e adolescência e apresenta, nessa faixa etária, numerosas peculiaridades diagnósticas e terapêuticas. O autor analisa tais peculiaridades e apresenta um roteiro para o diagnóstico e tratamento agudo e profilático desta cefaleia através de evidências científicas extraídas da literatura atual.

Neurobrucellosis: report of a case with CVA manifestation

Although neurological symptoms in brucellosis are frequent, central nervous system [CNS] involvement is uncommon. A 42-year-old man was admitted with an episode of faint without loss of consciousness, right hemi paresis, diplopia and headache lasting for four days. The neurological examination revealed left hemi paresis. Limitation of gazing in left eye in lateral view was seen [partial paresis of 6[th] cranial nerve]. The results of laboratory examinations show positive Wright and Coombs Wright in blood and C.S.F. In the brain CT scan hydrocephaly and in magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] some brain atrophy, few high signal foci in the deep with mater had been detected. Treatment included concurrent administration of three drugs: doxycycline, rifampicin and co-trimoxazole. This patient fully recovered. We suggest that Neurobrucellosis [NB] should always be sought in young patients with ischemic stroke, especially if they do not have any additional risk factors for stroke and live in an endemic area for brucellosis, even if they do not have other systemic signs of brucellosis