Custo-benefício do serviço de telecardiologia no Estado de Minas Gerais: projeto Minas Telecardio / Cost-benefit of the telecardiology service in the state of Minas Gerais: Minas Telecardio Project

FUNDAMENTO: A telecardiologia é instrumento que pode auxiliar na atenção cardiovascular, principalmente em municípios localizados em áreas remotas. Entretanto, as avaliações econômicas sobre o assunto são escassas e com resultados controversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o custo-benefício da implantação do serviço de telecardiologia em municípios remotos, de pequeno porte, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODOS: O estudo utilizou a base de dados do Projeto Minas Telecardio (MTC), desenvolvido de junho/2006 a novembro/2008, em 82 municípios do interior do estado. Cada município recebeu um microcomputador com eletrocardiógrafo digital, com possibilidade de envio dos traçados e comunicação com plantão de cardiologia em pólo universitário. A análise custo-benefício foi realizada comparando o custo de realização de um ECG no projeto MTC ao custo de realizar este exame por encaminhamento em outra localidade. RESULTADOS: O custo médio de um ECG no projeto MTC foi de R$ 28,92, decomposto em R$ 8,08 referente ao custo de implantação e R$ 20,84 ao de manutenção do programa. A simulação do custo do ECG com encaminhamento variou de R$ 30,91 a R$ 54,58, sendo a relação custo-benefício sempre favorável ao programa MTC, independente da forma de cálculo da distância de encaminhamento. Nas simulações, foram consideradas as abordagens do financiador e da sociedade. A análise de sensibilidade com variação dos parâmetros de calibração confirmou esses resultados. CONCLUSÃO: A implantação de sistema de telecardiologia como apoio a atenção primária em cidades brasileiras de pequeno porte é factível e economicamente benéfica, podendo ser transformada em programa regular do sistema público de saúde.

BACKGROUND: Telecardiology is a tool that can aid in cardiovascular care, mainly in towns located in remote areas. However, economic assessments on this subject are scarce and have yielded controversial results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-benefit of implementing a Telecardiology service in remote, small towns in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The study used the database from the Minas Telecardio (MTC) Project, developed from June 2006 to November 2008, in 82 towns in the countryside of the state. Each municipality received a microcomputer with a digital electrocardiograph, with the possibility of transmitting ECG tracings and communicating with the on-duty cardiologist at the University hospital. The cost-benefit analysis was carried out by comparing the cost of performing an ECG in the project versus the cost of performing it by patient referral to another city. RESULTS: The average cost of an ECG in the MTC project was R$ 28.92, decomposed into R$ 8.08 for the cost of implementation and R$ 20.84 for maintenance. The cost simulation of the ECG with referral ranged from R$ 30.91 to R$ 54.58, with the cost-benefit ratio being always favorable to the MTC program, regardless of the type of calculation used for referral distance. The simulations considered the financial sponsor's and society's points-of-view. The sensitivity analysis with variation of calibration parameters confirmed these results. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a Telecardiology system as support to primary care in small Brazilian towns is feasible and economically beneficial, and can be used as a regular program within the Brazilian public health system.

Transition stages from a traditional city to an industrial city [social and cultural environment of Tehran]

Some of Iran's cities, especially Tehran that is the capital city of Iran, have faced sudden changes of industrialization due to political, economic, and ecological considerations. There is no doubt that it is not possible to conduct a thorough investigation of the cultural structures of these cities by theoretical models, and they shall be evaluated in comparative and combinational terms. Because of the consideration mentioned above, different ethnicities and groups from different cultural backgrounds have been attracted to these cities, and subcultures are highly influential in socialization, acculturation, solidarity, and integration of the individuals in the society. Although one of the problems of the industrial cities all over the world, including Tehran, is migration [from towns and villages], inflexible solutions and approaches to the migration problem are not logical. In addition, recourse to the weakness of the villages and attractions of the capital can not solve the problem [as shown by the author's experience]. Therefore, it seems that creating occupational opportunities in villages and towns is one of the practical and useful ways for the survival of small towns and reduction of the migration to big cities, including Tehran