Determinants of female genital mutilation practices in East Gojjam zone, western Amhara, Ethiopia

Background: Female genital mutilation is one of the harmful traditional practices among women and girls. More than 130 million girls and women live today who have undergone female genital mutilation. In Ethiopia, a high prevalence (74.3% national and 68.5% in Amhara region) has been reported. This study was aimed to identify determinant factors of female genital mutilation practices in East Gojjam Zone, Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 730 women aged 15-49 years and having children < 5 years old in September, 2014. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe study objectives, and bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify determinant factors to female genital mutilation.Results: 718 women and 805 daughters participated in the study. FGM prevalence was 689 (96%) and 403 (49%) among women and daughters< 5 years of age, respectively. Type1 and type 2 FGMs were common and daughters <1 years of age exhibited 91% female genital mutilation. Daughters' age, parent education level, residence, women circumcision history, culture, health education, frequent health extension workers follow up and participation in anti FGM interventions were risk factors to female genital mutilation practice.Conclusions: Female genital mutilation practices continues to be a major problem to women and daughter <5 years of age in the study area. A number of factors were associated with FGM practices including daughters' age, parent education level, residence, health education, culture, mothers circumcision history, frequent health extensions workers follow up and participation in anti FGM interventions were determinants to higher FGM practices

Reflections on female circumcision discourse in Hargeysa, Somaliland: purified or mutilated?

In communities where female circumcision is carried out, increasingly large segments of the population have been exposed to strong arguments against the practice. This study aimed to explore diverse discourses on female circumcision and the relationship between discourses and practice among informants who have been exposed both to local and global discourses on female circumcision. A qualitative study was carried out in 2009/10 in Hargeysa, Somaliland, employing interviews and informal discussion. The main categories of informants were nurses, nursing students, returned exile Somalis and development workers. The study findings suggest that substantial change has taken place about perceptions and practice related to female circumcision; the topic is today openly discussed, albeit more in the public than in the private arena. An important transformation moreover seems to be taking place primarily from the severe forms (pharaoni) to the less extensive forms (Sunna). (Afr J Reprod Health 2014; 18[2]: 22-35)

Quiste de inclusión epidérmico vulvar como complicación tardía de circuncisión ritual / Vulvar epidermoid inclusion cyst as a late complication of ritual circumcision

Presentamos un caso de quiste de inclusión epidérmico, como complicación tardía, en una mujer africana con antecedente de mutilación genital tipo II o clitoridectomía total, durante su infancia.

We report a case of epidermal inclusion cyst as a late complication in an African woman with history of ritual genital mutilation type II or total excision during childhood.

Prevalence and risk factors for female sexual dysfunction in Egyptian married rural women in child bearing period

Sexuality is an important part of health, quality of life and general wellbeing [1]. Sexual dysfunction is characterized by disturbance in sexual desire and psycho physiological changes associated with the sexual response cycle in men and women [2]. Female Sexual dysfunction [FSD] is defined as a disorder of sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, or sexual pain that results in significant personal distress. That might have an impact on the quality of life, interpersonal relationships and self-esteem. Several human studies have documented that, FSD is a progressive, related to hormone-sensitive condition [3]. A woman's sexuality is a complex interplay of physical and emotional response that affects the way she thinks and feels about herself. When a woman has a sexual problem, it can impact many aspects of her life, including her personal relationships. In additional to, causes of sexual dysfunctions can be psychological, physical or related to interpersonal relationships or sociocultural influences [4]. To estimate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among married rural women in child bearing period. Also to explore possible risk factors that may precipitate to female sexual dysfunction with in marital life. A cross sectional clinic-/hospital based survey. Study was performed in out patient clinics of obstatric and gynacological department of university hospital at Menoufiya Governorate. The subjects of study were 290 married rural women in child bearing age, those were selected from attedences who lived in surrounding villages to the hospital, The study was taken period of time from Jun 2007 to Jun 2008. The researchers utilized structured interviewing questionnaire sheet it was contained the following categories: sociodemographic characteristics, medical, obstetric and gynecological history as well as sexual relation/activity and contraceptive methods which were used. All sample were counseled confidentionially about their dysfunction and their clinically examined Complete assessment was carried out to exclude pathological causes of dysfunction. Subject were diagnosed as FSD by researcher physician. Majority of the sample had sexual dysfunction [86.3%]. Also, third of studied sample were relatives, and beside that relatively all studied sample were circumcised from 8-10 years. FSD is a highly prevalent problem within the scope of this study. The culture, beliefs and educational level of women had a major effect on occurrence of sexual dysfunction

Some ethical considerations regarding medicalization of female genital mutilation/Cutting. (Female Circumcision. Algunas consideraciones éticas acerca de la medicalización de la mutilación/corte genital femenina (Circuncisión Femenina)

De acuerdo a las condiciones sociales la actitud ética del individuo puede ser matizada por la actitud de la sociedad. Por lo tanto no es sorprendente encontrar, que algo que es ético en una sociedad no lo sea para otra sociedad. La mutilación genital femenina, es un ejemplo de esto, ésta mutilación es vista en algunas sociedades como lo debido y algo bueno para toda la comunidad en general y para las niñas en particular; mientras que en otras sociedades, esto es visto como mutilación y violación de los derechos humanos. Esta práctica, es un aspecto complejo que ata los roles tradicionales de género, la superstición, los conceptos locales en cuanto a sexualidad, salud, así como otras relaciones sociales. En el mundo se tiene un estimado de 130 millones de niñas y mujeres que han sido sometidas a la mutilación genital femenina (FGC). El presente artículo examina la medicalización de ésta práctica, desde un punto de vista ético. Este documento discute el tópico en los siguientes temas : definición de la práctica, justifi cación de la misma, sus complicaciones y fi nalmente las refl exiones éticas. Este artículo argumenta que las leyes que prohíben esta práctica no funcionarían sin un amplio cambio sociocultural; cualquier esfuerzo para erradicar dicha práctica no será exitoso.

Les séquelles de la circoncision et de l'excision traditionnelles

De 1985 a 1993; 22 enfants ages de 3 mois a 11 ans ont ete vus a notre consultation pour des sequelles de la circoncision et de l'excision traditionnelles. Parmi ces 22 enfants; on comptait 6 filles dont 4 avaient une stenose partielle du vagin et de l'uretre; une avait une stenose complete du vagin; et la derniere avait une cicatrice hypertrophique du clitoris : chez les 16 garcons; il y avait 3 cas de phimosis cicatriciels; 4 cas de fistules uretrales; 4 cas d'hypospadias iatrogenes; 3 cas d'amputations du gland; un cas d'amputation partielle du scrotum et un cas de granulome du sillon balanopreputial. Cinq filles et 11 garcons ont ete traites avec des resultats fonctionnels satisfaisants

Congenital hematometrocolpos in a circumcised girl. an anomaly superimposed by cultural mutilating practices

A rare case associated with congenital hematometrocolpos in a circumcised 13 years old Somalian girl is presented. Emphasis on proper history is highlighted. Mutilation caused by bad cultural practice of female circumcision which is although not a problem in Pakistan, is brought into notice for those who may be unaware of perineal appearance of a circumcised female and stitched over vagina