La dieta hiperproteica: su repercusión sobre albúmina sérica, líquido ascítico y estado nutricional en cirrosis / Hyperproteic diet: its impact on serum albumin, ascitic fluid and nutritional status in cirrhosis

Los pacientes con cirrosis hepática por cualquier etiología y muy especialmente alcohólica, presentan malnutrición proteico calórica, lo cual pudiera contribuir a la progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue correlacionar el efecto del consumo de una dieta hiperproteica sobre los niveles de albúmina sérica y los niveles de albúmina del líquido ascítico con la ingesta dietética previa y posterior a la intervención nutricional en pacientes con cirrosis hepática; así como su repercusión sobre el estado nutricional. En este estudio prospectivo, experimental, longitudinal se evaluaron 10 pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática, Child Pugh B, (8 hombres y 2 mujeres) (30 - 70 años). Se realizó evaluación antropométrica (IMC), bioquímica sérica y del líquido ascítico e indicadores dietéticos. El análisis se realizó mediante el programa SPSS 15 y Test de Wilcoxon (P=< 0,05). La albúmina sérica al inicio=3,6 + 1,3g/dl y 3,5 + 1,1gr/dl al final y la albúmina del líquido ascítico= 1,4 + 0,7g/dl antes y 2,5 + 0,8 g/dl después. En cuanto al estado nutricional al inicio 7 (70%)= normales, 1 (10 %) = desnutrición grado I y 2 (20%) obesidad. Al final: 6 pacientes (60%)= normales, 2 (20%) obesidad, 1 (10%) sobrepeso y 1 (10%) desnutrición grado I. La dieta hiperproteica contribuyó a aumentar los niveles de proteínas y albúmina del liquido ascítico, e igualmente influyó en el estado nutricional

The patients with cirrhosis for all etiology, have malnutrition and more risk of progression of the disease. The objective of this study was to correlate the effect of hyperproteic diet on levels of serum albumin and albumin levels in the ascitic fluid with dietary intake before and after nutritional intervention in patients with cirrhosis of the liver; as well as their impact on nutritional status. This prospective, experimental and longitudinal study assessed 10 patients with diagnosis of liver cirrhosis Child Pugh B, (8 men and 2 women) (30-70 years). Were practicated an anthropometric evaluation (BMI), serum biochemistry and the ascitic fluid and dietary indicators. The analysis was performed using the program SPSS 15 and Wilcoxon Test (P = < 0,05). Serum albumin at the beginning = 3. 6 + 1.3 g/dl and 3.5 + 1.1gr/dl albumin to the end of the liquid ascitic = 1.4 + 0. 7 g/dl before and 2.5 + 0.8 g/dl then. In terms of nutritional status at the beginning 7 (70%) = normal, 1 (10%) = malnutrition grade I and 2 (20%) obesity. At the end: 6 patients (60%) = normal, 2 (20%) obesity, overweight 1(10%) and 1 (10 per cent) malnutrition grade I. We concluded that hyperproteic diet contributed to increase protein and albumin levels from the ascitic fluid, and also influenced on the nutritional status

Perception and knowledge about dietary intake in patients with liver cirrhosis and its relationship with the level of education

To determine patients perception and knowledge regarding diet in cirrhosis and its relationship with the level of patients education. Cross-sectional observational study. This study was conducted at Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, the Aga Khan Health Services, Malir, Karachi and Hamdard University, Karachi, from January to December 2010. Consecutive adult patients with compensated cirrhosis were enrolled. Demographic data, level of education, type and reason of food restriction as well as the source of dietary information was asked. Baseline laboratory test were performed, and nutritional status was assessed by BMI normogram. Ninety patients, 58% male were enrolled. Mean age of the patient was 49 +/- 11 years. Overall 73% of the patients were restricting fat, meat, fish and eggs in their diet; 53% were in uneducated group and 47% were in educated group [CI, 0.24-1.62, p-0.34]. Twenty two patients [62.8%] in uneducated and 21 in educated group [68%] were restricting diet on the advice of their doctors, whereas 13 in uneducated group [37%] and 11 in educated group [32%] believed these dietary components to be harmful for the liver. Thirty two of uneducated patient [71.1%] and 28 of educated patients [62.2%] believed that vegetables, fruits and sugarcane had a beneficial effect on the liver. Main source of dietary information to the patients was the doctor. On sub-group analysis those who restricted diet irrespective of their educational level, had more patients with BMI less than 18.5 kg/m[2], [CI 0.01-0.94, p-0.001], haemoglobin less than 12 g/dl [CI 0- 0.03, p-0.001] and serum albumin less than 3 g/dl [CI 0.1- 03, p-0.001]. Both educated and uneducated classes of the patients have improper knowledge and perception of diet in cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis who restricted diet, had relatively low BMI, haemoglobin and albumin as compared to those who did not restrict. Main source of dietary information to cirrhotic patients were health care personnels

Terapia nutricional em crianças e adolescentes com cirrose: uma visão atual / Nutritional therapy in children and adolescents with cirrhosis: current status

A anorexia e o hipermetabolismo são aspectos clínicos importantes em crianças com cirrose. Embora muitas das complicações da cirrose sejam semelhantes àquelas encontradas em adultos, a etiologia e a história natural da progressão da doença e o tratamento clínico em pacientes pediátricos podem ser significativamente diferentes. As alterações metabólicas da doença hepática crônica agravada pela anorexia e desnutrição podem ter implicações negativas no crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Crianças com cirrose de evolução progressiva são frequentemente desnutridas e, no entanto, os métodos comumente empregados para avaliação nutricional têm uso limitado nestes pacientes. Mesmo que a importância do estado nutricional sobre o prognóstico destes pacientes seja clara, poucos estudos sobre a terapia nutricional nas hepatopatias da infância têm sido realizados. A avaliação nutricional em crianças com cirrose hepática deve incluir uma completa história clínica e dietética, medidas antropométricas e parâmetros laboratoriais. A recomendação nutricional na cirrose infantil pode variar de acordo com o estado nutricional, idade e quadro clínico. Como a doença hepática crônica em crianças pode impactar significativamente sobre o estado nutricional e consequentemente no crescimento e desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste artigo é revisar os aspectos clínicos e fisiopatológicos envolvidos no diagnóstico e manejo nutricional da cirrose hepática em pacientes pediátricos.

Anorexia and hypermetabolism are disorders of paramount importance in children with cirrhosis. Although many complications caused by cirrhosis in children are similar to those found in adults, the etiologic spectrum and natural history of this disease progression and its clinical management in pediatric patients may be significantly different. The metabolic changes caused by chronic liver disease aggravated by anorexia and malnutrition can affect child growth and development. Malnutrition is common in children with cirrhosis and the methods commonly used for their nutritional assessment are limited. Although the importance of the nutritional status on the prognosis of these patients is clear, there are few studies about nutritional therapy in children with cirrhosis. Nutritional assessment in children with liver cirrhosis should include full clinical and nutritional history, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory parameters. The nutritional recommendation for cirrhosis in children may vary depending on age and nutritional and clinical status. Because chronic liver disease in children may have a significant impact on nutritional status, growth, and development, the objective of this study is to review the clinical and pathophysiological aspects involved in the diagnosis and nutritional management of liver cirrhosis in children.

Nutrition management in chronic liver disease.

Liver has a central role in nutritional homeostasis and any liver disease leads to abnormalities in nutrient metabolism and subsequent malnutrition. All children with chronic liver disease (CLD) must undergo a periodic nutritional assessment--medical history, anthropometry esp. skinfold thickness and mid-arm circumference, and biochemical estimation of body nutrients. Nutritional rehabilitation is catered to the individual child but generally the caloric intake is increased to 130% of RDA by adding glucose polymers and/or MCT oil (coconut oil) with essential fatty acid supplementation (sunflower oil). The enteral route is preferred and occasionally nasogastric and/or nocturnal feeding are required to ensure an adequate intake. Proteins rich in branched chain amino acids are given in moderation (2-3 gm/kg/day) in compensated cirrhotics unless encephalopathy occurs when protein restriction may be necessary (1 gm/kg/day). Fat-soluble vitamins are supplemented in large quantities esp. in cholestasis along with other vitamins and minerals. Dietary therapy is the mainstay of management of some metabolic liver diseases and may be curative in disorders like galactosemia, fructosemia and glycogen storage disorders. Pre and postoperative nutritional support is an important factor in improving survival after liver transplantation.

Short-term effects of branched-chain amino acids on liver function tests in cirrhotic patients.

A randomized study was conducted in 29 ambulatory cirrhotic patients to determine the short-term effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on nutritional status, biochemical liver function tests and caffeine clearance. Each patient received a 4-week period of isonitrogenous and isocaloric regimens, either a standardized diet contained 40 g protein with supplementation of BCAA 150 g daily (group I) or only a standardized diet contained 80 g protein daily (group II). At the end of treatment, only group I showed significant improvements in transaminase levels as well as the caffeine clearance test compared with those of the pre-treatment levels. Nonetheless, significant improvements in nutritional parameters and additional liver function tests were not yet detected. We conclude that the short-term nutritional supplementation of BCAA is well tolerated and leads to improvement in hepatic metabolic capacity assessed by the caffeine clearance test.

Resposta do metabolismo protéico global (15 N-Glicina) de pacientes cirróticos desnutridos com diferentes graus de disfunçäo hepatocelular às ofertas dietéticas crescentes de proteína e/ou energia / Protein metabolism response to low-high protein/energy intake in mild-severe cirrhotic patients

Com o objetivo de investigar a presença de hipercatabolismo protéico no agravamento da cirrose hepática e a resposta aguda desses pacientes ao jejum (DO) e às dietas normo (D1 e D2) e hiperprotéicas (D3 e D4)/normo (D1 e D3) e hiperenergéticas (D2 e D4) foram estudados 15 indivíduos adultos (43ñ7 anos), do sexo masculino, sendo 4 sadios (G1) e 11 portadores de cirrose hepática, classificados de acordo com o grau de insuficiência hepatocelular em Child A (G2, n=5) e Child B + C (G3, n=6). No início do estudo os 3 grupos apresentavam-se homogêneos quanto aos exames laboratoriais gerais: leucócitos, glicose, uréia, creatinina, colesterol e triglicerídeos. A gravidade da doença hepática guardou relaçäo com a elevaçäo dos níveis de bilirrubina e yGT e com a reduçäo dos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina e linfócitos. Nutricionalmente, os grupos apresentaram semelhança na ingestäo protéico-energética (por unidade de peso), proteinemia total e transferrina. Os valores dos pacientes foram menores que os dos controles para os estoques protéico-lipídicos (antropometria), proteína ligadora do retinol e transtiretina. O grupo G3 foi diferenciado de outros dois grupos pela hipoalbuminemia enquanto a transtiretina discriminou os 3 grupos (G1 > G2 > G3). Evidenciada a presença de deficiência protéica (somática e visceral) e energética (DPE) em todos os pacientes, a associaçäo de indicadores (antropométricos + laboratoriais) classificou-os, em sua maioria, como portadores de DPE grave (54,5 por cento) ou moderada (27,3 por cento). Sob dietas hipo-normo/protéico energéticas os pacientes apresentaram menor excreçäo urinária de creatinina (indicativo de menor massa muscular) e de nitrogênio total que os controles. Näo houve diferenciaçäo no fluxo, síntese e no catabolismo protéico, o que descaracteriza o estado de hipermetabolismo catabólico no G2. Entretanto, esse quadro passou a existir em G3, quando os dados cinéticos foram corrigidos para a massa magra corporal. O aumento da ingestäo protéica (D3) e näo o da energética (D2) melhorou a retençäo nitrogenada dos pacientes G2. Como a menor retençäo nitrogenada de G3 foi associada aos seus maiores valores de fluxo, síntese e catabolismo protéicos conclui-se pelo hipermetabolismo catabólico nas formas mais graves de cirrose hepática...

Resposta metabólica de pacientes cirróticos (Child A) ao aumento da ingestäo protéica e/ou calórica: estudo do balanço nitrogenado / Metabolic response of cirrhotic patients (Child A) to the increase of protein and/or caloric intake: nitrogen balance study

A assimilaçäo da proteína dietética por pacientes cirróticos apresentando desnutriçäo protéico-calórica, avaliada por indicadores antropométricos (pregas cutâneas e musculatura braquial) e bioquímicos (proteína ligadora do retinol e pré-albumina) foi investigada em cinco indivíduos adultos, do sexo masculino, apresentando cirrose hepática (com diagnótico histológico) em grau leve (Child Turcotte-Pugh: Grau A). Durante os 9 dias de estudo dietético, os pacientes receberam via oral, dietas regionais completas, contendo diferentes proporçöes de proteínas/calorias/Kg/dia, identificadas como hipoprotéica-hipocalórica (DO) = 0,42/20,9; normoprotéica (DI) = 0,91/37,5; normoprotéica-hipercalórica (D2) = 0,99/47,9 e hiperprotéica-normocalórica (D3) = 1,60/40,5. Os respectivos valores para o balanço nitrogenado (X ñ s) foram (g/dia): DO = 2,46; DI = 0,66 ñ 1,99; D2 = 1,14 ñ 2,54 e D3 = 5,12 ñ 2,48. A excreçäo uréica correspondente foi de (g/Kg/di): DO = 0,22 ñ 0,10; D1 = 0,24 ñ 0,10; D2 = 0,20 ñ 0,06 e D3 = 0,31 ñ 0,12. A melhoria observada no balanço nitrogenado sugere que pacientes, neste grau clínico de cirrose, apresentam melhor resposta ao incremento protéico do que energético, na dieta, tendo boa tolerância aos níveis normais e, até mesmo, elevados de proteína dietética