Usefulness of Urine Cytology as a Routine Work-up in the Detection of Recurrence in Patients With Prior Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Practicality and Cost-Effectiveness

PURPOSE: To investigate the usefulness of urine cytology in the detection of tumor recurrence in terms of practicality and cost-effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 393 patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) from January 2010 to June 2013. All patients underwent cystoscopy, urine cytology, urinalysis, and computed tomography (CT) at 3 and 6 months after TURBT. In 62 cases, abnormal bladder lesions were identified on cystoscopy within 6 months. Suspicious lesions were confirmed pathologically by TURBT or biopsy. Patients were grouped by modalities: group I, urine cytology; group II, CT; group III, urinalysis; group IV, urine cytology plus CT; group V, urine cytology plus urinalysis; group VI, CT plus urinalysis; group VII, combination of all three modalities. Each group was compared by cost per cancer detected. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were confirmed to have tumor recurrence and 13 patients were confirmed to have inflammation by pathology. The overall tumor recurrence rate was 12.5% (49/393) and recurrent cases were revealed as NMIBC. Sensitivity in group I (24.5%) was lower than in group II (55.1%, p=0.001) and group III (57.1%, p<0.001). However, in group VII (77.6%), the sensitivity was statistically similar to that of group VI (75.5%, p=0.872). Under the Korean insurance system, total cost per cancer detected for group VII was almost double that of group VI (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Routine urine cytology may not be useful for follow-up of bladder cancer in terms of practicality and cost-effectiveness. Application of urine cytology needs to be adjusted according to each patient.

Citología de base líquida: revisión de la historia y los estudios al respecto / Liquid based-cytology: review of the history and the studies on the matter

George Nicolas Papanicolaou introdujo la citología diagnóstica de frotis vaginal en 1940, técnica de tamizaje de bajo costo y de aplicación masiva. Donde se implementó, ha permitido aumentar la detección del cáncer cérvico uterino en etapas precoces y de lesiones premalignas, reduciendo significativamente la mortalidad por esta causa. El frotis tecnificado, de alto costo, en teoría resuelve los cinco problemas de la convencional: 1) captura de la totalidad de la muestra, 2) fijación deficiente, 3) distribución aleatoria de células anómalas, 4) existencia de elementos perturbadores, 5) calidad del frotis. Estudios en grandes poblaciones no evidencian diferencias significativas en su capacidad diagnóstica comparados con la citología convencional que permitan sugerir su uso en el sistema público de salud.