Determinantes sociales que influyen en el acceso en Chile al Plan GES, según CASEN 2017 / Social determinants of access to the explicit guarantees health program implemented in Chile

BACKGROUND: In Chile, an eventual implementation of a plan with universal health coverage is a challenge. The already implemented explicit health guarantees plan (GES) could be a benchmark. For this reason, it is important to obtain information about the results of its implementation. AIM: To identify the social determinants of health that influence the access to GES. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey performed in 2017 was used as a data source. The beneficiaries of 20 diseases covered by GES and inquired in the survey were considered for the present study. RESULTS: People with the higher probability of access to GES plan belong to the lowest income quintiles, are nationals, live in the central-southern metropolitan Santiago, have lower education, have a public health insurance program (FONASA) and are aged mostly over 60 years. The diseases with the highest probability of access to the program are primary arterial hypertension, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, moderate and severe bronchial asthma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The access probability to the GES program is in line with the epidemiological profile of the Chilean population, and with a greater social vulnerability.

Análise do Seguro Popular de Saúde mexicano: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Analysis of Mexican Popular Health Insurance: an integrative review of literature

RESUMO Esse artigo objetiva analisar a reforma do sistema de saúde mexicano, a partir da implantação do Seguro Popular de Saúde, destacando seu funcionamento, aspectos positivos e negativos. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases Lilacs e SciELO Regional no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2018. Foram incluídas publicações que atendiam a três questionamentos: história do sistema de saúde mexicano, seu funcionamento e pontos positivos e negativos do Seguro Popular de Saúde. A literatura aponta que o Seguro Popular surgiu após um processo de reformas neoliberais no sistema de saúde mexicano, consonante com a proposta de Cobertura Universal de Saúde, que visa reduzir o empobrecimento por gastos em saúde na população sem seguridade social. O Seguro Popular oferece menor variedade de diagnósticos e tratamentos do que a seguridade social, menor número de consultas, atendimentos de urgência e medicamentos. Seu maior impacto foi nas populações indígena e rural, mas 20% da população continua descoberta e o atendimento permanece desigual. A análise do Seguro Popular permite inferir possíveis impactos que teriam os planos de saúde acessíveis no cenário brasileiro, acarretando acesso a um elenco menor de procedimentos para a população atualmente coberta pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the reform of Mexican health system, from the implementation of Popular Health Insurance, highlighting its operation, positive and negative aspects. An integrative review of the literature was conducted using Lilacs and SciELO Regional databases from January 2011 to December 2018. Publications included addressed three main themes: history of Mexican health system, its functioning and positive and negative points of the Popular Health Insurance. The literature points out that Popular Health Insurance emerged after a process of neoliberal reforms in the Mexican health system, consonant with the Universal Health Coverage proposal, which aims to reduce impoverishment by health spending in the population without social security. Popular Health Insurance offers a smaller variety of diagnoses and treatments than social security, less number of consultations, urgent care and medications. Its greatest impact was on indigenous and rural populations, but 20% of the general population remains uncovered and care is unequal still. Popular Health Insurance analysis allows us to infer possible impacts that the affordable health plans would have on the Brazilian scenario, resulting in access to a smaller set of procedures for the population currently covered by the public health system in place (SUS).

Evaluación del espacio fiscal para salud en Bolivia / Evaluation of fiscal space for health in Bolivia / Avaliação do espaço fiscal para a saúde na Bolívia

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar desde los puntos de vista técnico y político la capacidad de Bolivia para generar espacio fiscal para salud que le permita sostener los avances y cumplir el compromiso de un gasto público en salud de 6% del producto interno bruto (PIB). Métodos Se realizó una revisión de la evidencia internacional sobre espacio fiscal y sus mediciones. El análisis técnico se desarrolló a través del uso de estadísticas e informes oficiales de múltiples fuentes secundarias nacionales e internacionales. El análisis político y social se llevó a cabo mediante 20 entrevistas a representantes de organismos e instituciones. Resultados Existe capacidad para crear espacio fiscal en salud para Bolivia. Las fuentes con mayor factibilidad técnica y política son tres: el crecimiento económico vinculado al compromiso de repriorización del gasto público en salud, mejoras de las fuentes internas de recaudación a través de la reducción de la informalidad y reducción de los gastos tributarios. Con menos factibilidad se sitúa el financiamiento externo y el aumento de las contribuciones a la Seguridad Social. Conclusiones Bolivia está en condiciones de alcanzar un gasto público en salud de 6% del PIB. El tiempo en que logre esta meta depende de mantener la priorización del gasto en el sector, con el consenso de la mayoría social y política y en un marco de crecimiento y estabilidad económica.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess from a technical and political point of view the capacity of Bolivia to generate fiscal space for health that allows it to sustain progress and fulfill the commitment of a public health expenditure of 6% of gross domestic product. Methods A review of the international evidence on fiscal space and its measurements was conducted. The technical analysis was developed through statistics and official reports from multiple national and international secondary sources. The political and social analysis was carried out through 20 interviews with representatives of organizations and institutions. Results There is capacity to create fiscal space in health for Bolivia. There are three sources with the greatest technical and political feasibility: economic growth linked to the commitment to reprioritize public spending on health; improvements in the internal sources of revenue through the reduction of informal work; and reduction of tax expenditures. External financing and an increase of Social Security contributions are less feasible. Conclusions Bolivia is able to achieve a public health spending of 6% of gross domestic product. The timing to achieve this goal depends on maintaining the prioritization of spending in the sector, with social and political consensus and within a framework of economic growth and stability.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar do ponto de vista técnico e político a capacidade da Bolívia para gerar espaço fiscal para a saúde que lhe permita sustentar o progresso e cumprir o compromisso de uma despesa de saúde pública de 6% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Métodos Foi feita uma revisão da evidência internacional sobre o espaço fiscal e suas medições. A análise técnica foi desenvolvida através do uso de estatísticas e relatórios oficiais de múltiplas fontes secundárias nacionais e internacionais. A análise política e social foi realizada através de 20 entrevistas com representantes de organizações e instituições. Resultados Existe capacidade para criar espaço fiscal em saúde para a Bolívia. As fontes com maior viabilidade técnica e política são três: crescimento econômico ligado ao compromisso de desajustar as despesas públicas em saúde, melhorias nas fontes internas de receita através da redução da informalidade e redução de despesas tributárias. Com menos viabilidade é o financiamento externo e o aumento das contribuições para a Segurança Social. Conclusões A Bolívia é capaz de alcançar gastos de saúde pública de 6% do PIB. O tempo que atinge esse objetivo depende da manutenção da priorização dos gastos no setor, com o consenso da maioria social e política, tudo em um quadro de crescimento econômico e estabilidade.

El universalismo en salud en Argentina entre 2003 y 2015: balances y desafíos desde una aproximación macroinstitucional / Health universalism in Argentina between 2003 and 2015: assessments and challenges based in a macro-institutional approach

RESUMEN Los debates en torno al universalismo en salud fueron ganando terreno en la región e ingresando a la agenda de las políticas con resultados desiguales. Aun en el contexto del federalismo, los cambios más profundos que se sucedieron en Argentina en la última década tuvieron lugar en la arena de la política nacional. A partir de los aportes teóricos del neoinstitucionalismo histórico y de los estudios de implementación, este trabajo se propone analizar el alcance de la política nacional en torno a la universalización en salud, en un nivel macroinstitucional. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, basado en fuentes secundarias y en la revisión de resultados de investigaciones sobre la implementación del Programa Remediar, el Plan Nacer y el Programa Sumar en relación con cuatro variables: acceso, cobertura, conjunto de beneficios y derechos que recoge la política. Dadas las características de la matriz institucional argentina, puede esperarse que la implementación en los escenarios subnacionales recorra espacios complejos y heterogéneos en los que los programas pueden adquirir nuevos significados con relación al horizonte de la universalidad que cada uno de ellos plantea.

ABSTRACT Debates about universalism in health have been gaining ground in Latin America and have entered the policy agenda with differing results. Notwithstanding the country's federalism, the most profound changes that took place in Argentina in the last decade occurred in the arena of national politics. Based on the theoretical contributions of historical neo-institutionalism and implementation studies, this paper aims to analyze, from a macro institutional approach, the scope of the national policy regarding health universalization. This descriptive study is based on secondary sources and the review of research results on the implementation of the programs Remediar, Sumar and Plan Nacer in relation to four variables: coverage, access, sets of benefits and rights included in the policy. Given the characteristics of the Argentine institutional matrix, program implementation in subnational scenarios can be expected to confront complex and heterogeneous terrain in which the programs acquire new meanings with respect to the goal of universality that each poses.

Asignación financiera en el Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México: retos para la compra estratégica / Financial allocations in the System for Social Protection in Health in Mexico: challenges for strategic purchasing

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la coordinación financiera del Sistema de Protección Social en Salud (SPSS) y su capacidad para apoyar la compra estratégica de servicios. Material y métodos: Se analizaron informes oficiales y encuestas. Resultados: El SPSS cubre una cápita por afiliado de 2 765 pesos mexicanos, equivalente a 0.9% del PIB para 2013. La Secretaría de Salud asignó 35% del total; los gobiernos estatales 16.7%, y los beneficiarios 0.06%. La Comisión Nacional de Protección Social en Salud recibió 48.3% de estos recursos, de los cuales asignó 38% a los estados y pagó directamente a prestadores 7.4% del total. El aporte estatal está en déficit mientras que las contribuciones familiares tienden a no cobrarse. Conclusión: El SPSS no ha integrado fondos especializados en la compra estratégica capaz de transformar los presupuestos históricos. La autonomía de los prestadores es clave para que puedan contribuir a reducir el gasto de bolsillo mediante la oferta de servicios de calidad.

Abstract: Objective: The financial coordination of the System of Social Protection in Health (SPSS) was analyzed to assess its support to strategic purchasing. Materials and methods: Official reports and surveys were analyzed. Results: SPSS covers a capita of 2 765 Mexican pesos, equivalent to 0.9% of GDP. The Ministry of Health contributed 35% of the total, state governments 16.7% and beneficiaries 0.06%. The National Commission for Social Protection in Health received 48.3% of resources, allocating 38% to State Social Protection Schemes in Health and paying 7.4% of the total directly to providers.The state contribution is in deficit while family contributions tend not to be charged. Conclusion: SPSS has not built funds specialized in strategic purchasing, capable of transforming historical budgets.The autonomy of providers is key to reduce out-of-pocket spending through the supply of quality services.

Integrating social determinants of health in the universal health coverage monitoring framework / La integración de los determinantes sociales de la salud en el marco de la vigilancia de la cobertura universal de salud

Underpinning the global commitment to universal health coverage (UHC) is the fundamental role of health for well-being and sustainable development. UHC is proposed as an umbrella health goal in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda because it implies universal and equitable effective delivery of comprehensive health services by a strong health system, aligned with multiple sectors around the shared goal of better health. In this paper, we argue that social determinants of health (SDH) are central to both the equitable pursuit of healthy lives and the provision of health services for all and, therefore, should be expressly incorporated into the framework for monitoring UHC. This can be done by: (a) disaggregating UHC indicators by different measures of socioeconomic position to reflect the social gradient and the complexity of social stratification; and (b) connecting health indicators, both outcomes and coverage, with SDH and policies within and outside of the health sector. Not locating UHC in the context of action on SDH increases the risk of going down a narrow route that limits the right to health to coverage of services and financial protection.

El respaldo al compromiso mundial con la cobertura universal de salud representa la principal función de la salud en favor del bienestar y el desarrollo sostenible. La cobertura universal de salud se propone como una meta general de salud en el programa de desarrollo sostenible para después del 2015, pues conlleva una prestación eficaz, universal y equitativa de servicios de salud integrales por medio de un sistema de salud fuerte, en consonancia con múltiples sectores en torno a la meta compartida de una mejor salud. En el presente artículo, se sostiene que los determinantes sociales de la salud son centrales en la búsqueda equitativa de vidas saludables y también en la prestación de servicios de salud para todos y, por consiguiente, estos determinantes se deben incorporar explícitamente en el marco de la vigilancia de la cobertura universal de salud. Esto puede llevarse a cabo: a) desglosando los indicadores de la cobertura universal en función de las diferentes mediciones de la situación socioeconómica a fin de que reflejen el gradiente social y la complejidad de la estratificación social; y b) vinculando los indicadores de salud, tanto de resultados como de cobertura, con los determinantes sociales de la salud y con las políticas dentro y fuera del sector sanitario que influyen sobre la salud. Si no se sitúa la cobertura universal en el contexto de la acción sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud, aumenta el riesgo de interpretar el derecho a la salud como un derecho circunscrito a la cobertura de servicios y la protección económica.

Reforma colombiana en salud: propuesta de ajuste en el esquema de aseguramiento y financiación / Colombian healthcare reform: a proposal for adjusting healthcare-related insurance and financing

La reforma al sistema de salud colombiano, incorporada hace más de quince años, ha sido objeto de múltiples análisis y en la actualidad parece estar afrontando una de sus más graves crisis, lo que ha llevado a que desde diferentes espacios sociales, profesionales y académicos se sugieran múltiples cambios, que van desde ajustes muy variados hasta la eliminación total del modelo. A partir de múltiples resultados de investigación, obtenidos en los últimos diez años, se presenta un balance de lo que puede haber sido central en la problemática actual y se propone que aunque el ajuste debe realizarse a partir de un gran consenso nacional, es razonable continuar con un modelo de aseguramiento siempre y cuando se recojan los aprendizajes alcanzados, con el fin de tomar las precauciones y medidas de control necesarias para impedir una nueva frustración en el propósito de alcanzar una salud más equitativa para todos.

Colombian healthcare system reform (incorporated over fifteen years ago) has been the frequent object of analysis and the system currently seems to be facing one of its most serious crises. This has led to large-scale change being suggested from many social, professional and academic spaces, ranging from varied adjustments to the healthcare-related insurance model's total elimination. Research over the last ten years has suggested a balance of what may have been central to the current problem and has suggested that, although adjustment must be made from a wide national consensus, it is reasonable to maintain a healthcare-related insurance model as long as this reflects the learning achieved to date. Precautions and the necessary control measures must be taken to impede a fresh wave of frustration regarding the aim of ensuring a healthcare system which would be more equitable for all.

Experiencia del Ministerio de Salud en la implementación de las brigadas de médicos especialistas en las zonas de Aseguramiento Universal en Perú, 2009-2010 / Implementation of medical specialists brigades in the areas of Universal Health coverage: the peruvian Ministry of Health experience, 2009-2010

Perú tiene alto grado de inequidad reflejado en la distribución de morbilidad-mortalidad, concordante con la inaccesibilidad a atención de salud y déficit de recursos humanos, especialmente en zonas alejadas de la capital. El Ministerio de Salud de Perú, reconociendo el derecho de toda la población a salud de calidad, inició el Aseguramiento Universal en Salud (AUS), en este marco, incrementó el acceso a atención especializada en zonas pilotos del AUS, mediante brigadas de médicos especialistas. Este artículo ofrece una aproximación a esta estrategia; presenta los procesos de gestión e implementación, hace un análisis cuantitativo con indicadores de producción/eficiencia, y brinda una mirada cualitativa desde la perspectiva de los brigadistas. Sus principales conclusiones inciden en la falta de gestión eficaz y eficiente, traducida en ausencia de: metas de producción, planes de trabajo, trabajo coparticipativo con actores locales, monitoreo y supervisión efectivos, reincidente escasez de recursos humanos y tecnológicos, y elevados costos.

Peru has a high degree of inequity reflected in the distribution of morbidity and mortality, consistent with the inaccessibility to health care and human resource gap, especially in remote areas of the capital. The Peruvian Ministry of Health, recognizing the right of all people to quality health care, initiated the Universal Health Insurance (AUS), and in this context, increased access to specialized care in pilot AUS areas by brigades of specialist doctors. This article offers an approach to this strategy presents the management and implementation processes, a quantitative analysis with indicators of output / efficiency, and provides a qualitative look from the perspective of the members of the brigades. Its main findings reflect the lack of effective and efficient management, translated in the absence of: production goals, work plans, working partnerships with local stakeholders, monitoring and effective supervision, recurrent shortages of human and technological resources, and high costs.

Healthcare reform in the USA, 2010: the rocky road ahead.

Historic legislation for healthcare reform in the United States was enacted in March 2010. Reforms in medical practice, payment for services, and access to care and insurance will be introduced by complex processes over time through 2019. The overriding goals of healthcare reform are cost containment and guaranteeing access to all Americans. The contentious political struggle that preceded the legislation is emblematic of the continuous struggle in American society to define who is worthy of services. Understanding the value framework for social and welfare provisions in American society is crucial to making sense of the piecemeal policymaking characteristic of the development of healthcare over the past 50 years. Here some highlights of the reform and the complex organisation of American healthcare are discussed.

Memoria anual del Seguro Integral de Salud / Annual Report of the Integral Health Insurance

En este contexto, la presente memoria anual institucional del periodo Enero - Diciembre 2010, parte de un marco estratégico en el que analizan los diferentes instrumentos, recopila la información relevante desarrollada por el Seguro Integral de Salud — SIS, cuya gestión se realizó en el marco de las políticas sociales que el Estado peruano impulsa con el fin de superar la pobreza y extrema pobreza en la población más vulnerable, garantizándoles el derecho ciudadano de acceso a los servicios de salud

Práticas de planejamento e implementação de políticas no âmbito municipal / Municipal health policy planning and implementation

O exercício de práticas de planejamento para implementar políticas de saúde pode ocorrer em experiências municipais exemplares quanto à ampliação do acesso da população aos serviços de saúde. O estudo buscou analisar os limites e as possibilidades das práticas de planejamento na implementação de políticas em uma secretaria municipal de saúde. O estabelecimento de um conceito de práticas de planejamento e a articulação teórica entre o triângulo de governo e o postulado de coerência sustentaram a análise dos dados empíricos. A realização de práticas não estruturadas de planejamento, de natureza estratégica, pela equipe dirigente, permitiu a ampliação significativa da oferta de serviços à população, mas não teve amplitude para superar os limites que o modelo de financiamento das ações de saúde, sob forte indução federal, impunham à governabilidade dessa organização. O projeto foi o vértice mais robusto do triângulo de governo e levou ao desenvolvimento de certa perícia da equipe dirigente, assegurando-lhe relativa governabilidade sobre o projeto de saúde. Os propósitos de crescimento da oferta dos serviços de saúde foram condicionados pela fragilidade do método e pela incipiência institucional da organização.

Municipal health policy planning can include exemplary practices for expanding the population's access to health services. The current study seeks to analyze the limits and possibilities of planning practices for policy implementation by a municipal health department. The empirical data were analyzed based on a concept of planning practices and the theoretical link between the three spheres of government and the postulate of coherence. The use of unstructured strategic planning practices by the management team allowed a significant expansion in the supply of services to the population, but lacked the scope to overcome the limits imposed on the organization's governability by the health services funding model, characterized by strong induction from the federal level. The project was the most robust vertex in the government triangle and led to the development of initial expertise by the municipal management team, thereby ensuring a certain level of governability over the health project. The goals of increasing the supply of health services were constrained by the method's weakness and the organization's institutional insipience.

Revenue-raising potential for universal health coverage in Benin, Mali, Mozambique and Togo

Increasing overall fiscal space is important for the health sector due to the centrality of public financing to make progress towards universal health coverage. One strategy is to mobilize additional government revenues through new taxes or increased tax rates on goods and services. We illustrate how countries can assess the feasibility and quantitative potential of different revenue-raising mechanisms. We review and synthesize the processes and results from country assessments in Benin, Mali, Mozambique and Togo. The studies analysed new taxes or increased taxes on airplane tickets, phone calls, alcoholic drinks, tourism services, financial transactions, lottery tickets, vehicles and the extractive industries. Study teams in each country assessed the feasibility of new revenue-raising mechanisms using six qualitative criteria. The quantitative potential of these mechanisms was estimated by defining different scenarios and setting assumptions. Consultations with stakeholders at the start of the process served to select the revenue-raising mechanisms to study and later to discuss findings and options. Exploring feasibility was essential, as this helped rule out options that appeared promising from the quantitative assessment. Stakeholders rated stability and sustainability positive for most mechanisms, but political feasibility was a key issue throughout. The estimated additional revenues through new revenue-raising mechanisms ranged from 0.47­1.62% as a share of general government expenditure in the four countries. Overall, the revenue raised through these mechanisms was small. Countries are advised to consider multiple strategies to expand fiscal space for health