Determinação de cobre e outros minerais em caprinos e ovinos criados no sertão do vale do rio São Francisco, Pernambuco / Determination of copper and other minerals in goats and sheep of the San Francisco river valley in Pernambuco, Brazil

Para a determinação dos teores de cobre e de seus antagonistas, foram utilizadas 160 amostras de soro e de fígados, de caprinos e ovinos enviados ao matadouro municipal de Petrolina. As amostras de fígado e soro foram correlacionadas para o mesmo animal, a fim de evitar erros na obtenção dos dados. No soro a atividade da ceruloplasmina foi determinada por método colorimétrico. Para a determinação dos minerais, as amostras foram diluídas de seis a vinte vezes com água Milli-Q. Para determinação das concentrações dos elementos minerais no fígado, as amostras foram digeridas até que se obtivesse uma solução que mantivesse os minerais da amostra inicial e que fosse totalmente liquida, sem a presença de partículas sólidas que pudessem obstruir os capilares de sucção do espectrômetro e assim impedir as leituras das amostras. As concentrações de cobre, molibdênio, ferro e zinco foram determinadas através de espectrometria óptica por emissão de plasma (ICP). Desta forma, foi conduzido o experimento objetivando determinar a ocorrência e distribuição da carência de cobre no território do sertão do vale do rio São Francisco em Pernambuco. Foi observado que não houve carência de cobre nesta região do estado de Pernambuco, quando se avaliou os níveis médios de cobre hepático,. Os níveis de zinco estavam dentro de um padrão de normalidade, enquanto que os níveis de ferro foram mais elevados em ovinos, e os níveis de molibdênio mais reduzidos em caprinos. Verificou-se também que a atividade de ceruloplasmina foi um indicador dos níveis séricos de cobre...

For the determination of copper concentration and its antagonists, 160 serum and liver samples were used, from goat and sheep sent to the municipal slaughterhouse of Petrolina. The samples were correlated with the same animal, in order to prevent errors in data collection. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was determined by colorimetric method. For determination of minerals, the samples were diluted six to twenty times with Milli-Q water. For determining concentrations of mineral elements in the liver, the samples were digested until achieving a solution that maintained the initial sample and minerals totally liquid, without the presence of solid particles which could clog the capillary suction of the spectrometer and prevent reading of samples. The concentrations of copper, molybdenum, iron and zinc were determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP). Thus, the experiment was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of copper deficiency in the San Francisco valley of Pernambuco. No copper deficiency was revealed in this region of the state of Pernambuco, when the mean levels of hepatic copper were evaluated. Zinc levels were within a normal range, whereas iron levels were higher in sheep, and lower levels of molybdenum in goats. It was also found that the activity of ceruloplasmin was an indicator of serum copper...

Experimental investigation of adsorption of copper from aqueous solution using vermiculite and clinoptilolite

Considering the point that the existence of heavy metals in the wastewater are so dangerous for the environment and it would have many bad consequences for all the creatures including human beings, we must try out the ways that make us capable of adsorbing these heavy metals. In order to accomplish this goal we should use a method called adsorbing. In this study the adsorption of copper ions in hydrated copper nitrate [Cu [NO[3]][2], 3H[2]O] aqueous solution on natural zeolite [Clinoptilolite] and vermiculite was studied in batch reactors. The effect of temperature [25, 50, 75 °C], solution pH [1.00-5.5] and concentration effect on the traditionally defined adsorption isotherm in the adsorbate range 100-325 mg/L for clinoptilolite and 100- 650 mg/L for vermiculite on the removal of copper was studied. The results showed that an increase in pH increases the adsorptivity of vermiculite. Pseudo second order model best described the reaction rate. Batch adsorption experiments conducted at room temperature [25 +/- 1 °C] showed that the adsorption pattern followed the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Optimum conditions for adsorption were determined at pH 5.5, and vermiculite and clinoptilolite at a dose of 3g. The concentration of metal ions was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer [AAS]. The results indicated that vermiculite and clinoptilolite are appropriate for adsorbing copper ions

Flocculation of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn during estuarine mixing [Caspian Sea]

During estuarine mixing of fresh water with saline water and due to the flocculation process, a portion of dissolved metals come into particulate phase, and the dissolved load decreases. This process plays an important role in self-purification of heavy metals in rivers. In this study, flocculation of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn during mixing of Cheshme-Kileh River water with Caspian Sea water has been investigated. Salinity and electrical conductivity are the governing factors for the flocculation of Mn and Cu. Zn and Ni are governed by pH. Dissolved oxygen is a governing factor for the flocculation of Pb. Rapid flocculation occurs in the earlier stages of mixing. The final flocculation rates of metals are in the following order: Mn [68.79%] > Pb [45.45%] > Ni [26.32%] > Cu [23.08%] > Zn [21.21%]. In addition, electro-flocculation [EF] is investigated. The results reveal that EF had adverse effect on flocculation rates of heavy metals. General pattern of EF of metals is like the following: Mn [57.89%] > Pb [40.9%] > Cu [23.08% > Ni [22.37%] > Zn [15.15%]. Furthermore, the effect of decreasing pH level on flocculation of heavy metals is studied. Except for Mn, decreasing the pH increased the flocculation rates of heavy metals. Maximum flocculation of Ni, Cu, Pb, and Zn occur at pH about 7.5. Due to the flocculation of trace metals during the estuarine mixing about 51.6, 7.8, 5.5, 3.9, and 3.6 ton/year of Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cu, respectively, are removed from the river water

[Effect of rapid sand filter on copper and zinc metal removal in different presence of phosphate concentration]

Due to copper and zinc elements toxicity, a great attention to removal of those in order to reduce environmental pollution exist. This experiment was conducted to investigate the study of the effect of gravity single layer rapid sand filter on heavy metals [zinc and copper] removal efficiency in aquatic condition in different phosphate concentration. This study applied a gravity single layer rapid sand filter with silica sand media. Experiments conducted for all of the states of Copper and Zinc concentration in 25, 75, 125 and 175 ppm at different phosphate concentration present by varied discharge. Each state of Solutions pumped on top of the bed and discharge adjusted. Samples taken from effluent then acidified immediately with nitric acid. Metals concentration perused by atomic emission spectrometer with ICP source. Collected data analyzed by SPSS software. Founds from this study shown that maximum removal efficiency for copper and zinc was 98.89% and 78.60% respectively effect of discharge, metal concentration and phosphate concentration factors in removal efficiency of zinc and cooper, discharge and phosphate concentration bilateral effect on cooper removal efficiency, phosphate concentration and metal concentration bilateral on zinc removal efficiency, are significant in 1%. In addition, phosphate concentration and discharge bilateral effect, metal concentration and discharge bilateral effect are significant on zinc removal efficiency in 5%. Finally, bilateral effects of discharge and metal concentration also metal concentration and phosphate concentration have not significant effect on cooper removal efficiency. Gravity single layer of rapid sandy filter with silica sand media in order to cooper removal in low concentration can be used successfully. This method in high concentration of cooper and also different concentration of zinc had not successful result; but in this condition, may be use of a series of filter with more depth

Diversity of bacterial communities in acid mine drainage from the Shen-bu copper mine, Gansu province, China

This study presents bacterial population analyses of microbial communities inhabiting three sites of acid mine drainage (AMD) in the Shen-bu copper mine, Gansu Province, China. These sites were located next to acid-leached chalcopyrite slagheaps that had been abandoned since 1995. The pH values of these samples with high concentrations of metals ranged from 2.0 to 3.5. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) was used to characterize the bacterial population by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene of microorganisms. A total of 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the three samples and sequenced from 384 clones. Sequence data and phylogenetic analyses showed that two dominant clones (JYC-1B, JYC-1D) in sample JYC-1 represented 69.5 percent of the total clones affiliated with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (gamma-Proteobacteria), and the most dominant clones of JYC-2 and JYC-3 were affiliated with Caulobacter crescentus (alpha-Protebacteria). At the level of bacterial divisions, differences in the relative incidence of particular phylogenetic groups among the three samples and discrepancies in physicochemical characteristics suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics had an influence on phylogenetic diversity. Furthermore, the relationships between the discrepancies of physicochemical characteristics and the diversity of the bacteria communities in the three samples suggested that the biogeochemical properties, pH and concentration of soluble metal, could be key factors in controlling the structure of the bacterial population.

A comparative study of Cu (II) biosorption on Ca-alginate and immobilized live and inactivated Cladosporium sp.

Spores of Cladosporium sp. were immobilized into Ca-alginate beads via entrapment. The alginate beads and both entrapped live and inactivated spores of Cladosporium sp. were used for comparison of biosorptive capacity from aqueous solutions. The factors affecting the adsorption ability on Cu (II), such as the contact time, initial pH, temperature were investigated. The results showed that the Ca-alginate beads containing live spores of Cladosporium sp. had the maximum biosorptive capacity. The biosorption equilibrium was established in about 3 h. The maximum biosorption of Cu (II) on Ca-alginate entrapping spores and no spores were obtained between pH 4.0 and 3.5. Temperature over the range of 15-45 degrees C had no significant effect on the biosorption capacity. The biosorptive capacity increased with initial concentrations in the concentration range of 30-800mg/l. The equilibrium was well described by Langmuir biosorption isotherms. The Ca-alginate beads could be regenerated using 0.1M HCl, The biosorbents were reused in three biosorption-desorption cycles with negligible decrease in biosorptive capacity.

Changes in transition metal contents in rat brain regions after in vivo quinolinate intrastriatal administration

Total copper and manganese contents were measured in five rat brain regions 7 days after a unilateral striatal injection of quinolinic acid (QUIN, 240 nmol/1µl), an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist. Concentrations of both transition metals were evaluated in tissue of brain cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, midbrain and cerebellum of saline- and QUIN-treated rats using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Increases in copper content were observad after QUIN striatal injection in cerebellum, hippocampus, midbrain and corpus striatum (37, 55, 71 and 152 percent as compared against control values, respectively) but not in brain cortex. Manganese levels were found enhanced only in corpus striatum of QUIN-treated rats by 35 percent vs. control values, but not in all other brain regions analyzed. QUIN-induced increases in regional copper content were partially prevented in hippocampus, midbrain and striatum (17, 57, and 23 percent vs. control, respectively) by pretreatment of rats with an NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine (MK-801, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), administered 60 min before QUIN microinjection. The same protective effect of fizocilpine was observed against QUIN-induced enhancement of striatal manganese content (-0.45 percent vs. control). These findings resemble those changes observed in postmortem Huntington's disease brain and suggest that alterations in regional content of copper, but not in manganese, may be a consequence of the spreading of QUIN-induced neurotoxic events into the striatal tissue to the neighboring regions of the brain, by action of QUIN on NMDA receptors

Variaciones del cobre en pelo antes y después del cese de la ingestión de contraceptivos orales / Variations of hair copper before and after termination of oral contraceptive intake

Con el uso del pelo como muestra biológica, se estudió el cobre en determinadas etapas después del inicio de la ingestión de anticonceptivos orales y después del cese. Las muestras se procesaron mediante digestión seca y se leyeron en absorción atómica. Se comprobó cómo a partir del tercer mes de ingerir las tabletas las concentraciones del cobre en pelo se hacen significativamente altas y continúan ascendiendo paulatinamente, hasta llegar a concentraciones máximas a los 24 meses de aplicado este tratamiento. Cuando se interrumpe la ingestión de las tabletas anticonceptivas se comprueba cómo bajan los niveles de cobre en pelo lentamente y toman valores basales a los 6 meses, aproximadamente, del cese de la ingestión de las tabletas

Serum copper in patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis

The body contains about 100 mg copper widely distributed in various organs with the highest concentration in the liver, brain and kidney. More than 95% of serum copper is bound to protein ceruloplasmin and the rest is bound to plasma albumin. In the liver, copper absorption and excretion, synthesis, and release of ceruloplasmin take place. It was found in this work that the peripheral serum copper concentration in schistosomal cases were significantly higher than that of controls