RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the main predictors of death in multidrug-resistant (MDRTB) patients from Brazil. Design Retrospective cohort study, a survival analysis of patients treated between 2005 and 2012. Results Of 3802 individuals included in study, 64.7% were men, mean age was 39 (1-93) years, and 70.3% had bilateral pulmonary disease. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was 8.3%. There were 479 (12.6%) deaths. Median survival time was 1452 days (4 years). Factors associated with increased risk of death were age greater than or equal to 60 years (hazard rate [HR] = 1.6, confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-2.2), HIV co-infection (HR = 1.46; CI = 1.05-1.96), XDR resistance pattern (HR = 1.74, CI = 1.05-2.9), beginning of treatment after failure (HR = 1.72, CI = 1.27-2.32), drug abuse (HR = 1.64, CI = 1.22-2.2), resistance to ethambutol (HR = 1.30, CI = 1.06-1.6) or streptomycin (HR = 1.24, CI = 1.01-1.51). Mainly protective factors were presence of only pulmonary disease (HR = 0.57, CI = 0.35-0.92), moxifloxacin use (HR = 0.44, CI = 0.25-0.80), and levofloxacin use (HR = 0.75; CI = 0.60-0.94). Conclusion A more comprehensive approach is needed to manage MDRTB, addressing early diagnostic, improving adhesion, and comorbidities, mainly HIV infection and drug abuse. The latest generation quinolones have an important effect in improving survival in MDRTB.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/mortalidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Ofloxacino/uso terapêutico , Análise de Sobrevida , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos de Coortes , Causas de Morte , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologia , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Escolaridade , Coinfecção/etiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Swine influenza is respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that causes regular outbreak in pigs. Human to human transmission occurs. Some people develop severe respiratory symptoms and need ventilator. Patients can get secondary bacterial infections in form of pneumonia if viral infections persist. Death of swine flu occurs due to secondary bacterial infections leading to bacterial pneumonias. Method : 369 patients having acute respiratory illness suspected to be suffering from swine flu were included. Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on sputum samples or tracheal aspirates of 134 patients admitted in Hospital due to pneumonia. 90 of these patients were positive for swine flu by RT-PCR. Result : Among 90 patients 55 patients’ shows bacterial growth and 35 patients did not show any growth. Maximum patients 17 shows Klebseilla pneumoniae,17 show Staphylococcus aureus ,10 show Escherichia coli,8 show Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 patients show Streptococccus pneumoniae. Even after treatment, death of 36 patients occurred. Among these 36 patients, 19 had both, bacterial as well as swine flu infection and 17 patients had only swine flu infection. Conclusion : Secondary bacterial infections in swine flu patients were multiresistant to antibiotics were noted. Pneumonia caused by co-infection contributes to a severe rapidly progressive illness.