Portal Vein Thrombosis with Sepsis Caused by Inflammation at Colonic Stent Insertion Site / 대한소화기학회지

Portal vein thrombosis is an uncommon but an important cause of portal hypertension. The most common etiological factors of portal vein thrombosis are liver cirrhosis and malignancy. Albeit rare, portal vein thrombosis can also occur in the presence of local infection and inflammation such as pancreatitis or cholecystitis. A 52-year-old male was admitted because of general weakness and poor oral intake. He had an operation for colon cancer 18 months ago. However, colonic stent had to be inserted afterwards because stricture developed at anastomosis site. Computed tomography taken at admission revealed portal vein thrombosis and inflammation at colonic stent insertion site. Blood culture was positive for Escherichia coli. After antibiotic therapy, portal vein thrombosis resolved. Herein, we report a case of portal vein thrombosis with sepsis caused by inflammation at colonic stent insertion site which was successfully treated with antibiotics.

Obesity and Gallbladder Diseases / 대한소화기학회지

Obesity is an important health problem in the world and related to many critical diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Obesity leads to fat infiltration of multiple organs and infiltrated adipose tissue produces many cytokines resulting in the dysfunction of organs such as the gallbladder. In the biliary diseases, obesity and overweight have been known as a major risk factor for gallstones. According to current studies, obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and metabolic syndrome are related to various gallbladder diseases including gallbladder stones, cholecystitis, gallbladder polyps, and gallbladder cancers. We reviewed further literature on the obesity and gallbladder diseases, in aspects of epidemiology, mechanism, pathology and prevention.

Agenesis of Gall Bladder: Its Emryological Basis and Clinical Significance.

Congenital absence of the gall bladder is a rare anomaly which may occur alone or with other malformations with incidence ranging from 0.01-0.05%. Awareness of this entity by clinicians and radiologists is essential because many of these patients present with biliary symptoms and have unnecessary operations. This presentation, coupled with the inability of standard abdominal ultrasonography to convincingly diagnose agenesis of the gallbladder, can put the surgeon in a diagnostic and intraoperative dilemma. Here we report a suspected case of chronic cholecystitis who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and was found to have a congenital absence of gall bladder and cystic duct. Standard pre-operative investigative modalities which were fallacious and misleading. The embryological basis and clinical significance have been discussed.

Comparative study of conventional open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis

To compare the results of conventional open with laparoscopic cholecystectomy regarding their operative time and postoperative parameters. This is a comparative study of 400 patients of cholelithiasis operated for either open or Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during five years from January 2004 to December 2008. The cases were compared for operative time and various postoperative parameters in order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure. The patients were divided into two groups; group OC for open and group LC for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, each comprising of 200 cases. The operative time was longer in OC than LC patients with mean operative time of 54.16 +/- 11.94 minutes in OC and 46.89 +/- 14.83 minutes in LC group [P<0.001]. The overall frequency of postoperative complications was relatively high in OC group 50.5% as compared to LC [37%] including all minor and major problems with combined morbidity of 43.75% [P<0.001]. The mean hospital stay was shorter in LC group as compared to OC group i.e. 3.02 +/- 1.75 [range 1-5] days versus 5.56 +/- 9.8 [range 4-10] days respectively. Return to normal work was also significantly shorter in LC group i.e. 18.06 +/- 5.16days [range 1-4 weeks] as compared to 31.61 +/- 7.6 days [range 3-6 weeks] in OC group with p value <0.001. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy is superior to open cholecystectomy due to short operative time, early mobilization and fast recovery, less postoperative pain and complications, short hospital stay and early return to work

Typhoid fever with hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations

Hepatic involvement is not uncommon in typhoid fever. We report a case of typhoid fever complicated by acute hepatitis, acute choliangitis, acute acalculous cholecystitis, anaemia and severe thrombocytopenia [platelets 1x10[3]/ul]. He received antibiotics, steroids, immunoglobulin, multiple platelet and packed RBC transfusion. Fever responded and blood parameters started improving after 16th day of the treatment and patient was discharged healthy on 21st day of the admission. In conclusion, hepatic dysfunction with jaundice is a serious development in typhoid fever and patient may take longer time to respond to treatment

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la colecistitis crónica xantogranulomatosa / Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: clinical and epidemiological characteristics

La Colecistitis Xantogranulomatosa (CXG) es una rara enfermedad inflamatoria de la vesícula biliar, variedad de la colecistitis crónica. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de una serie de pacientes con éste diagnóstico. De un total de 1486 colecistectomías realizadas entre los años 2004 y 2006 se encontraron 48 casos de CXG (3,23% del total). La mayoría corresponde a mujeres (67,4%) con 53,5 años de edad promedio. El cuadro clínico fue similar al de la colecistitis crónica, con un tiempo de evolución que varió de 1 semana a 10 años. 19% de los pacientes refirieron antecedentes de Ictericia, aunque en sólo 1 de ellos había dilatación de la vía biliar en la Ecografía. Todos eran portadores de cálculos en la vesícula biliar, la cual fue la principal indicación quirúgica. En 4 de ellos se sospechó la presencia de Cáncer Vesicular por imagenología y en 8 por las características macroscópicas de la vesícula biliar durante la cirugía. Sólo en un paciente coexistió CXG y Adenocarcinoma de la Vesícula Biliar. El diagnóstico de CXG no fue planteado en ninguno de los casos. Ésta es una patología de baja prevalencia y difícil diagnóstico. Su incidencia en esta serie fue mayor a la reportada por otros estudios. Clínicamente es difícil diferenciarla de la colecistitis crónica y frecuentemente se confunde con Cáncer vesicular. Ambos diagnósticos pueden coexistir, lo que ocurrió en nuestra serie en el 2,17%. No hubo diferencia significativa en la frecuencia de Adenocarcinoma de Vesícula biliar entre los pacientes con CXG y aquellos con otro tipo de Colecistitis crónica.

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare inflammatory disease of the gallbladder, variant of Chronic Cholecystitis. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology and clinical data of one series of patients with this diagnosis. Of a total of 1486 cholecystectomies performed between 2004 and 2006, we found 48 cases of XGC (3.23% of total). The most of them were women (67.4%) with an average age of 53.5 years. The clinical history was similar to Chronic Cholecystitis with a variable duration of the symptoms, from 1 week to 10 years. 19% of the patients had antecedents of Obstructive Jaundice, although just one had dilatation of the choledocus at ultrasound. All the patients had Cholelithiasis, the mayor reason for surgery. Four of our cases had findings on ultrasound examination suggestive of carcinoma of gallbladder and at operation in eight patients the appearances of the gallbladder resembled carcinoma to the surgeons. In none of them the diagnosis was confirm and just in one patient was found association between XGC and gallbladder cancer, without previous suspicion. The diagnosis of XGC was never suspected. This is an uncommon entity with difficult diagnosis. The incidence in our study was higher than other reports. Clinically is hard to distinguish from Chronic Cholecystitis, and is often confused with Gall Bladder Carcinoma. As other authors support, both diagnosis can coexist, what occurred in 2.17% of the patients in our series. There was no significant difference in the frequency of Gall Bladder Carcinoma between the patients with CXG and those with another type of chronic Cholecystitis.

Tuberculosis of the gall bladder.

An unusual presentation of tuberculous involvement of gall bladder in the absence of clinically detectable tuberculosis elsewhere is described. Tuberculosis, a rare lesion in the gall bladder was seen in a case associated with chronic cholecystitis with acute exacerbation. This organ is supposed not to be involved by tuberculosis due to high concentration of bile-acids in pure bile. The mode of spread in the present case remains speculative.

Brucellosis associated with acute acalculous cholecystitis

Brucellosis is a rare cause of acute acalculous cholecystitis. We report a 45-year-old, previously healthy, man with brucellosis who presented with abdominal pain due to cholecystitis

Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy: diagnosis, management and prevention.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy are carried out for a variety of billo-pancreatic diseases. These procedures were earlier performed at only a handful of tertiary centres in India. However, of late, they are being performed at several centres and even smaller clinics. Although, endoscopic sphincterotomy is one of the most commonly performed endoscopic procedure, there are no data on the number of procedures performed each year in India. It is estimated that in the USA alone more than 200,000 procedures are performed each year. The procedure has the dubious distinction of being considered as one of the most hazardous of all endoscopic procedures and is associated with a small but significant morbidity and mortality. The immediate complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy include pancreatitis, haemorrhage, perforation and cholangitis in addition to those associated with the use of sedation and anaesthesia. There are also reports of the long term adverse effects of the destruction of the sphincter of Oddi. There is also controversy as to what should be the minimum requirements for training and who should be allowed to perform these procedures.

A Case of Hemorrhagic Gallbladder Paraganglioma Causing Acute Cholecystitis

Gallbladder paraganglioma is a very rare tumor and so far only a few cases have been reported. Most of these were asymptomatic and were found incidentally during operation. Recently, we experienced a gallbladder paraganglioma that gave rise to hemorrhage, which in turn caused acute cholecystitis. Our case involved a 45 year-old female patient complaining of an intermittent right upper abdominal pain. After a preoperative evaluation, cholecystectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed under the impression of gallbladder cancer with acute cholecystitis. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed a hemorrhagic gallbladder paraganglioma accompanied by acute cholecystitis. Immunohistochemical staining of the chief cells for neuron specific enolase, chromogranin and synaptophysin were positive. Sustentacular cells also stained positively for S100 protein.

Complicaçöes da esfincterotomia endoscópica e da cirurgia convencional empregados no tra tratamento da colecistite crônica calculosa com coledocolitíase / Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy and conventional common bile duct exploration performed for cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis

Com o objetivo de estudar as complicações da esfincterotomia endoscópica, da papilotomia transduodenal, da colecistectomia e da extração de cálculos de colédoco por via convencional foram estudados 101 doentes com colecistite crônica calculosa e coledocolitíase atendidos no Hospital São Paulo/Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Cirúrgica da UNIFESP/EPM no período de 1989 a 1994. A idade dos doentes esteve entre 25 e 80 anos (média 48) e o sexo feminino esteve representado por 73 pacientes (72,3 por cento). A avaliação revelou que 66 (65,4 por cento) não apresentavam risco cirúrgico e 35 (35,6 por cento) foram classificados como ASA III. A esfincterotomia endoscópica foi realizada em 57 doentes (56,3 por cento e a colecistectomia com coledocolitotomia e drenagem biliar a Kehr e papilotomia transduodenal foi realizado em 61 casos (60,5 por cento). As complicações graves das técnicas estiveram relacionadas com a esfincterotomia endoscópica e a papilotomia transduodenal e foram representadas por pancreatite aguda, colangite aguda e fístula duodenal responsável por 2 casos de óbito (3,8 por cento). As complicações relacionadas com a extração cirúrgica convencional de cálculos de colédoco relacionaram-se com fístula biliar (9,9 por cento) e coleção intracavitária (2,0 por cento). A análise multivariada com regressão logística para complicações e óbitos relacionados com a técnicas revelou que a esfincterotomia endoscópica e a papilotomia transduodenal foram as técnicas de risco para complicações graves e óbitos; a exploração cirúrgica convencional para remoção dos cálculos de colédoco foi a técnica com complicações pós-operatórias mais freqüentes, porém não constituíram causa de óbito a colecistectomia convencional não foi causa de complicações e de óbitos.

Mielolipoma adrenal vinculado a colecistitis litiásica, hernia hiatal y esofagitis / Adrenal myelolipioma associated to lithiasic cholecystitis, hiatal hernia and esophagitis

Los mielolipomas adrenales son tumores poco frecuentes, generalmente son asintomáticos, unilaterales y no funcionales y en la mayoría de las ocasiones se descubren incidentalmente. Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico de mielolipoma adrenal asociado a colecistitis litiásica. Caso clínico: femenino de 30 años de edad, obesa, con dolor crónico abdominal, motivo por el cual se le realizó serie esofagogastroduodenal encontrando hernia hiatal y esofagitis. Un ultrasonido de vesícula y vías biliares demostró litiasis vesicular e incidentalmente se halló un tumor de 9.3 x 8 x 7 cm que se encontraba entre el riñón derecho y el hígado. En la tomografía computada de abdomen se corroboró colelitiasis, además de una tumoración poco vascularizada, de composición adiposa, de 9.2 x 6 x 5 cm sobre el polo superior del riñón derecho. Se realizó colecistectomía y resección de la tumoración. El estudio histopatológico del tumor reportó tejido adrenal normal, adiposo maduro y hematopoyético con todas sus series.Conclusión: el mielolipoma adrenal vinculado a colecistitis litiásica es poco común, todo parece indicar que fue una condición fortuita. Con las nuevos métodos de imagen se puede realizar con cierta seguridad el diagnóstico de mielolipoma adrenal

Carcinoma gallbladder: atypical presentations and unusual associations.

Patients with carcinoma of the gall bladder (CaGB) may have atypical presentations and unusual associations. Out of 324 patients with CaGB seen at a tertiary referral center in northern India, 26 (8%) had atypical clinical presentations and 34 (10%) had unusual associations. The atypical presentations were empyema (5), acute cholecystitis (3), post-cholecystectomy benign biliary stricture (3), carcinoma of the head of pancreas (3), gastric outlet obstructions (2) and liver abscess (1). Unusual associations were common bile duct stones (18), left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis (11), Mirizzi's syndrome (3), inguinal lymph node metastasis (1) and umbilical metastasis (1). Majority of these patients had advanced disease and curative resection was not possible; a worthwhile palliation was however possible in the majority.

Asociación de la CPER y la colecistectomía laparoscópica en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la litiasis coledociana / Association of ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for diagnoses and treatment of cammon bile duct stone

Sobre un total de 815 pacientes con litiasis vesicular, en 95 (11,6 por ciento) se sospechó la asociación de una litiasis de la vía principal, mediante la presencia de por lo menos uno de los factores predictivos (clínicos, humorales, ecográficos). De ellos, sólo en 89 se intentó la CPER, lográndose efectuar en 87 (97,7 por ciento). El resultado del estudio fue: normal en 35 (41 por ciento); síndrome de Mirizzi en 2 (2 por ciento) y 49 (56 por ciento) presentaron una litiasis coledociana, logrando su extracción mediante papilotomía endoscópica (PE) en 46 (93,8 por ciento). Ningún factor predictivo por sí solo presentó la suficiente especificidad para el diagnóstico de litiasis biliar principal. La morbilidad total fue del 6,8 por ciento, correspondiendo a la CPER el 5,5 por ciento y asociada a la PE el 8,25 por ciento. La morbilidad de la asociación de la CPER + PE + colecistectomía laparoscópica fue del 13 por ciento (1 biloma, 5 onfalitis). No hubo mortalidad

Complicaciones abdominales en cirugía cardiaca / Abdominal complications in cardiac surgery

Las complicaciones intra-abdominales en cirugía cardiaca son poco frecuentes (0.41-2 por ciento) pero se asocian a una elevada mortalidad (25-66 por ciento). En un periodo de seis años en el Hospital American British Cowdray en la ciudad de México, se operaron del corazón 228 pacientes, de los cuales cuatro (1.75 por ciento) desarrollaron cinco complicaciones intra-abdominales: dos colecistitis alitiásica aguda, uno sangrado del tubo digestivo alto, uno perforación intestinal por úlcera isquémica, y uno hematoma de la pared abdominal. Tres pacientes requirieron cirugía. El diagnóstico de síndrome abdominal agudo en pacientes posoperados de cirugía cardiaca ofrece gran dificultad, pero su pronto reconocimiento y tratamiento médico o quirúrgico, contribuyen a disminuir su alta morbilidad y mortalidad

Abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el sida / AIDS and acute abdomen

Se presenta la experiencia de la guardia del Hospital Fernández en el tratamiento del abdomen agudo quirúrgico de pacientes HIV y enfermedad de SIDA. Entre el 1º de enero de 1991 y el 31 de diciembre de 1993, se realizaron 34 operaciones en 32 pacientes sobre el total de 2100 laparostomías ejecutadas en el mismo período. Se analizan los criterios de diagnóstico y las operaciones efectuadas, así como la morbilidad y mortalidad de este grupo de pacientes

Colecistitis agudas: Actuales bases etiológicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas

La colecistitis aguda es una de las patologías más frecuentes en el ámbito de la Cirugía de Urgencias. A pesar de la generalización de la colecistomía como tratamiento de la litiasis vesicular, el porcentaje de colecistitis agudas no ha variado durante los últimos años. Los autores revisan las características clínicas y diagnósticas de esta enfermedad así como los nuevos conceptos en el tratamiento de la misma, y exponen su propia experiencia en esta patología.