A retrospective comparative study between early (≤ 72 hrs) and late (> 72 hrs) Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy after ERCP in St. Paul’s Hospital Iloilo

Objective@#The study was performed to assess and compare the effect of early (≤ 72 hours) and late (>72 hours) laparoscopic cholecystectomy after Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) in terms of duration of operation, conversion to open cholecystectomy, intraoperative complicating factors, duration of hospital stay from the date of ERCP, hospital expenses, and presence of postoperative complications.@*Methods@#This is a retrospective study from 2010 up to July 2019. Outcomes (duration of operation, rate of conversion, intraoperative complicating factors, length of hospital stay, hospital expenses and post-operative complications) were compared between patients who had ERCP then cholecystectomy within 72 hours (Early Group) and those who had ERCP then cholecystectomy after more than 72 hours (Late Group). @*Results@#A total of 19 patients were included in this study. There were 10 patients in the Early Group and 9 in the Late Group. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy after ERCP had a shorter statistically significant duration of hospital. Shorter operative time, fewer intraoperative complicating factors, no conversion to open cholecystectomy, cheaper hospital expenses and no post-operative complications were also noted in the Early Group as compared to the Late Group.@*Conclusion@#Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and results in a shorter hospital stay compared to late laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Complicaciones biliares en pacientes con diagnóstico previo de litiasis vesicular sintomática: Comparación entre un hospital público y otro privado del Gran Buenos Aires / Biliary complications in patients with previous diagnosis of symptomatic gallstones: Comparison between a public and a private hospital in Greater Buenos Aires

Antecedentes: la demora en el tratamiento de la litiasis vesicular sintomática (LVS) aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones biliares. Se plantea la hipótesis de que existen diferencias en el tratamiento de la LVS entre el sector público y el de obras sociales del Gran Buenos Aires (GBA). Objetivo: comparar la proporción de pacientes con litiasis biliar complicada (LBC) que presentaban diagnóstico previo de LVS, y evaluar la historia previa de la LBC según la presencia de síntomas y la relación con el sistema de salud. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal comparativo entre un hospital público (HPu) y otro privado (HPr) del GBA. Se analizó la historia clínica y se realizó una encuesta a pacientes colecistectomizados por LBC (colecistitis aguda, pancreatitis aguda y coledocolitiasis). Resultados: se incluyeron 105 pacientes del HPu y 136 del HPr. Las características basales difirieron en la edad, nivel educativo, distancia domicilio-hospital y ASA. El diagnóstico previo de LVS fue más frecuente en el HPu (60% vs. 39,7%; p = 0,02), diferencia que se mantuvo luego del ajuste multivariable (OR 2,14; IC 95%: 1,1 a 4,1; p = 0,02). Los pacientes del HPu mostraron una mayor frecuencia de dolores abdominales, tiempo desde el diagnóstico, número de consultas de urgencia luego del diagnóstico y mayor tiempo en lista de espera. Conclusiones: ell HPu mostró mayor pérdida de oportunidad quirúrgica de la litiasis vesicular en un estadio previo no complicado. Las causas podrían ser multifactoriales, pero se necesitan más estudios para corroborar esta hipótesis.

Background: Delays in the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis (SCL) increases the risk of biliary complications. There may be differences in the treatment of SCL between the public sector and the social security in the Greater Buenos Aires (GBA). Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of patients with complicated gallstone disease (CGD) with previous diagnosis of SCL and to evaluate the history of CGD according to the presence of symptoms and its relation with the health care system. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing a public hospital (PH) versus a private center (PrH) in the GBA. The clinical records were analyzed and patients with a history of cholecystectomy due to CGD (acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis and acute choledocholithiasis) were surveyed. Results: A total of 105 PH patients and 136 PrH patients were included. The baseline characteristics differed in terms of age, educational level, distance from home to hospital and ASA physical status classification. The previous diagnosis of SCL was more common in the PH (60% vs. 39.7%; p = 0.02) and this difference persisted after multivariate adjustment (OR 2.14; 95% CI, 1.1-4.1; p = 0.02). The PH presented more patients with abdominal pain and more visits to the emergency department (ED) after the diagnosis; time after the diagnosis was greater and these patients spent more time on the waiting list. Conclusions: The PH showed greater loss of surgical opportunity of uncomplicated cholelithiasis. This may be due to multiple factors, but further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Single-Stage Endoscopic Stone Extraction and Cholecystectomy during the Same Hospitalization

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The clinical impact of single-stage endoscopic stone extraction by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization remains elusive. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of single-stage ERCP and cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization in patients with cholangitis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 166 patients who underwent ERCP for mild to moderate cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis secondary to cholecystolithiasis from 2012 to 2016. RESULTS: Complete stone extraction was accomplished in 92% of patients (152/166) at the first ERCP. Among 152 patients who underwent complete stone extraction, cholecystectomy was scheduled for 119 patients (78%). Cholecystectomy was performed during the same hospitalization in 89% of patients (106/119). We compared two groups of patients: those who underwent cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization (n=106) and those who underwent cholecystectomy during a subsequent hospitalization (n=13). In the delayed group, cholecystectomy was performed about three months after the first ERCP. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of operative time, rate of postoperative complications, and interval from cholecystectomy to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Single-stage endoscopic stone extraction is recommended in patients with mild to moderate acute cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis. The combination of endoscopic stone extraction and cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization is safe and feasible.

Chronological changes in epidemiologic features of patients with gallstones over the last 20 years in a single large-volume Korean center

PURPOSE: South Korea has a high prevalence of gallstones, the type of which could be influenced by changes in diet and socioeconomic status. Here we aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and changing patterns of gallstones over the past 20 years in Korea. METHODS: A total of 5,808 patients who underwent cholecystectomy due to gallstones at Seoul National University Hospital between 1996 and 2015 were analyzed. Patients were divided into 4 subgroups: period 1 (1996–2000, n = 792), period 2 (2001–2005, n = 1,215), period 3 (2006–2010, n = 1,525), period 4 (2011–2015, n = 2,276). Gallstones were classified by type: pure cholesterol (PC), mixed cholesterol (MC), calcium bilirubinate (CB), black pigment (BP), and combination (COM). RESULTS: The female to male ratio was 1.16 with mean ages of 53.6 and 55.3 years old, respectively. The ratio of cholesterol stones to pigment stones was 0.96:1. The mean age and male to female ratio of the patients increased over time. The proportion of cholesterol vs pigment stone did not differ significantly. Proportions of PC and MC stone subtypes did not change notably, whereas proportion of BP stones increased (34.0% to 45.5%), and CB stones decreased (20.7% to 5.3%). CONCLUSION: Gallstone types and occurrences were affected by environmental changes, and pigment stones remained common in Korea. Although no distinct increase in cholesterol stones was noted, the proportion of CB stones decreased. As the mean age at gallstone presentation increases, BP stones could become more prevalent.

Risk Factors for Gallbladder Stone Formation after Gastric Cancer Surgery

PURPOSE: Although an increased incidence of gallbladder (GB) stone formation after gastrectomy has been reported, its etiology remains uncertain. The goal of this study was to explore the incidence of gallstone formation after gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients and investigate the risk factors therein.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent curative gastrectomy, performed by a single surgeon between August 2012 and December 2015 at the Asan Medical Center, were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline characteristics and surgical outcomes, including GB stone gallstone formation after gastrectomy, were analyzed.RESULTS: Of 561 patients included in the study, 36 presented with GB stone formation after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The incidence of gallstone formation was 6.4%. The mean interval between gallstone formation and gastrectomy was 21.9 months. In multivariate analyses, the incidence of gallstone formation increased in patients 63 years or older, with greater than 6.2 kg weight loss in the first 6 months after the procedure, a preoperative serum total bilirubin level greater than 0.5 mg/dL, and in patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy.CONCLUSIONS: This study presented risk factors for GB stone formation after gastric cancer surgery, and special attention should be afforded to patients with such risk factors.

Biliary Anastomotic Stricture after Surgical Management of Mirizzi Syndrome: Treated with Long-term Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage / 대한췌담도학회지

Mirizzi syndrome (MS) is a rare complication of cholecystolithiasis that is characterized by obstruction of the common hepatic duct due to mechanical compression by impacted stones in the neck of the gallbladder or the cystic duct. Treatment of MS is surgical, and operative procedure would vary depending on its classification type. Biliary stricture after surgical treatment of MS is an unusual complication and endoscopic approach is not possible for patients who have undergone bilioenteric anastomosis. We report a case of a 60-year-old patient with biliary anastomotic stricture after surgical management of MS who was successfully treated with long-term percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

Colecistectomía: resultados de una década de experiencia / Cholecystectomy: results. a decade of experience

Introducción: La colecistectomía, sea a través de una incisión subcostal o videolaparoscópica es la intervención quirúrgica por excelencia para remover la vesícula biliar. El objetivo del estudio es presentar la experiencia acumulada en este tipo de cirugía a través de diez años, sus indicaciones, sus modalidades quirúrgicas, la relación con otras patologías así como las complicaciones de las técnicas empleadas. Metodología: Se incluyen todos los casos quirúrgicos de pacientes con enfermedad de la vesícula y vías biliares ingresados del 01 de enero del 2006 al 31 de diciembre del 2016 en el Departamento de Cirugía del Hospital San Vicente. Resultados: Del 2006 al 2016 se intervinieron 985 pacientes de los cuales, 888 (90.15%) corresponden al sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 41 años para ambos sexos, no mostrando diferencias 40.78 vs. 40.95. La colecistitis crónica fue la indicación pre operatoria en el 98.7% y su relación con hernia umbilical fue del 2.23%. La técnica quirúrgica abierta se realizó en 702 (70.27%) y la vía laparoscópica en 260 (26.40%). La tasa global de complicaciones fue del 2.33% (23 / 985 pacientes) siendo el sangrado el más observado en 12 pacientes (1.21%) y la lesión de la vía biliar en 5 (0.50%). Conclusiones: La afección de la vesícula sigue afectando principalmente al sexo femenino, su resolución es esencialmente quirúrgica y en la actualidad la colecistectomía video laparoscópica se considera la cirugía por excelencia, sin que ésta anule la vía abierta por múltiples factores. Es un procedimiento de baja morbilidad y en nuestra serie no se acompañó de mortalidad.

Background: Cholecystectomy, performed with open incision or laparoscopically, by excellence it is the surgery to remove the pathological gallbladder. The aim of this study is to present the experience gained in this type of surgery within ten years, showing indicatons, surgical modalites, and the relaton with other pathologies as well as complicatons of the techniques employed. Methods: All surgical cases of patents with diseased gallbladder and bile ducts are admited from January 01, 2006 to December 31, 2016 in the Department of Surgery of San Vicente Hospital. Results: 985 patents were included, 888 (90.15%) are female. Average age was 41 years old for both sexes, showing no diferences 40.78 vs. 40.95. Chronic Cholecystts was the main preoperatve diagnosis in 98.7%, and its relaton with an umbilical hernia was 2.23%. The open technique was performed on 702 patents (70.27%) and laparoscopic approach on 260 patents (26.40%). The overall complicaton rate was 2.33%. Hemorrhage was the most common in 12 patents (1.21%), and bile duct injury in 5 patents (0.50%). Conclusion: Gallbladder disease is stll more common in women. Treatment is essentally surgical and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the standard of care. Cholecystectomy has a low incidence of morbidity and in this study there was no mortality

Vólvulo de vesícula biliar / Gallbladder volvulus

El vólvulo de la vesícula biliar es una enfermedad rara y poco frecuente de difícil diagnóstico de manera preoperatoria, ya que las manifestaciones clínicas son atribuidas a otras enfermedades. Se presenta un caso de una paciente femenina de 84años de edad que ingresó en el servicio de cirugía general con un cuadro de dolor abdominal a tipo cólico en hipocondrio derecho acompañado de náusea y vómitos con restos de alimentos. Se realizó examen físico y se indicó ultrasonido abdominal. Se interpretó como una colecistitis aguda litiásica. Se impuso un tratamiento con ceftriaxone. Dado su evolución no desfavorable, cinco días después de su ingreso se realizó la colecistectomía donde se encuentra órgano volvulado. La biopsia confirma colecistitis aguda gangrenada. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Tres días posteriores a la cirugía egresó de la institución(AU)

Gallbladder volvulus is a rare and infrequent disease difficult to diagnose preoperatively, as clinical manifestations are attributed to other diseases. A case is presented of an 84-year-old female patient who entered the general surgery service with abdominal colicky pain to the right hypochondrium accompanied by nausea and vomiting with food remains. A physical examination was performed and abdominal ultrasound was indicated. It was interpreted as acute lithiasic cholecystitis. Ceftriaxone was prescribed. Given the unfavorable evolution five days after admission, the cholecystectomy was performed, where the volvulus was found. The biopsy confirms acute gangrenous cholecystitis. The patient evolved satisfactorily. Three days after the surgery he was discharged from the institution(AU)

Opciones terapéuticas actuales en el manejo de la coledocolitiasis asociada a colecistolitiasis / Current therapeutic options in the management of choledocholithiasis associated with cholecyllithiasis

The term Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of biliary stones in the extrahepatic bile ducts, which are found in 5 to 10% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones. Nowadays, with the adoption of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) as a standard, multiple minimally invasive treatment options for bile duct stones are feasible, with no consensus to date on the procedure of choice. The two stage endoscopic techniques involve the use of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) before or after performing a LC, which has the main advantage of separating the bile duct procedure from the LC. However, the need for two separate anesthesia times, the possibility of blank or failed ERCP, and the chance for calculi migration between procedures increase the length of hospital stay and associated costs. The single stage procedures include the Laparoscopic Bile Duct Exploration (LBDE), and more recently, the performance of a laparoscopy guided intraoperative ERCP(Rendez Vous). The LBDE, when performed by an experienced surgical team, is an effective and safe technique. Nonetheless, it is considered a technically demanding procedure, whose results cannot be extrapolated to the general surgical community. Recently, the Rendez Vous has become a treatment alternative that simplifies both the surgical and the endoscopic procedures, decreases morbidity, and requires a single anesthesia time. On the downside, Rendez Vous technique involves complex operating room (OR) logistics, requiring both a trained surgical and endoscopic team at the same time. (AU)

Clinical Review and Case Report of Ceftriaxone-associated Gallbladder Pseudolithiasis in Adult / 대한소화기학회지

Although ceftriaxone can be used safely in most instances, it can sometimes induce biliary sludge or stone formation. Most of the patients remain asymptomatic and children are more susceptible to develop this condition, but adults can be affected as well. Because sludge or stones disappear after discontinuing ceftriaxone, this condition is referred to as ceftriaxone-associated pseudolithiasis. A 54-year-old woman was admitted to a local clinic for management of ileus. During admission, she had received ceftriaxone and metronidazole, and had been on nil per os for the past 6 days. She was then referred to our hospital for cholecystectomy due to persistent right upper quadrant pain. Although imaging studies showed gallbladder sludge, pseudolithiasis was suspected because of ceftriaxone administration history and prolonged fasting. After careful watch-and-wait, the condition resolved spontaneously after ceftriaxone discontinuation. Our clear understanding on ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis allowed us to avoid an unnecessary cholecystectomy. Herein, we report the case of a 54-year-old woman with ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis that was successfully managed by ceftriaxone discontinuation alone.

Harmonic ultrasonography for the detection of microlithiasis in the gallbladder

PURPOSE: To validate the use of harmonic ultrasonography (US) in the detection of gallbladder microlithiasis. METHODS: From November 30, 2012, to January 18, 2014, fundamental US (FUS) and harmonic US with a high background noise (HUS-N) were performed for evaluation of gallbladder during the routine abdomen US. During the US, a dot-like stone (or stones) with Brownian motion was regarded as a positive finding of microlithiasis. Fifty-five patients with microlithiasis in the gallbladder detected on US were enrolled as the subjects of a retrospective review. With respect to the obtained images, two abdominal radiologists independently scored the conspicuity of gallbladder microlithiasis on FUS and HUS-N by using a 4-grade scale. The statistical analysis employed a kappa test and a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: For FUS, the conspicuity grades of gallbladder microlithiasis were G1 in 25 and 37, G2 in 21 and 9, G3 in 6 and 6, G4 in 3 and 3 patients, while HUS-N showed G1 in 0 and 0, G2 in 3 and 2, G3 in 12 and 15, and G4 in 40 and 38 patients, respectively, by each of the two radiologists. The kappa value was 0.633 for FUS between the two radiologists and 0.708 for HUS-N. HUS-N showed better conspicuity of gallbladder microlithiasis than FUS with significant P-values of less than 0.001 and 0.001 for the two radiologists, respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared with FUS, HUS-N enables better detection of microlithiasis in the gallbladder.

Retrieval of gallbladder through epigastric port as compared to umbilical port after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

This comparative prospective study was conducted at the Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital and Red Crescent General Hospital, Sukkur, Pakistan, for a period of two years from July 2012 to June 2014. The study included 1800 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholethiasis. These patients were divided in to two groups. Group I included 900 patients, who underwent conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the four port technique. In these patients, the gall-bladder was retrieved through umbilical port by a sterile surgical hand glove [size 6[1/2] or 7 inches] endobag. The fascial defect of 10 mm umbilical port was closed by vicryl "0" with J-shaped needle, while three 5 mm ports closed by applying steri strips. Group-II also included 900 patients. In these patients laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done by using three ports, 10 mm epigastric working port, 5 mm umbilical port for 5 mm telescope and lateral 5 mm port for assistant. The gall-bladder was retrieved through epigastric port without endobag. The results of both these techniques were collected and analyzed on SPSS version 14. The mean age of patients was 45 years. The male to female ratio was 1:3. In group-I, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gall-bladder was retrieved safely through 10 mm umbilical port in surgical glove endobag. In acutely inflamed cases, the gall-bladder was opened at the umbilical port site inside the endobag and decompressed before retrieval. In this group, wound infection of umbilical port occurred in 5.11% patients, port-site hernia in 3.66%, port-site bleeding in 1.33% while difficulty in retrieval of gall-bladder in acutely inflamed cases in 1.88% patients. In group-II, wound infection in epigastric port was found in 1.55% patients, port-site hernia in 0.11%, port-site bleeding in 4%, difficulty in retrieval of gall-bladder in 5.33% while leakage /perforation of gall-bladder in 4.11% patients. The serious complications like wound infection and port-site hernia are more frequently found in group-I patients as compared to group-II

Regional Differences in Hospitalizations and Cholecystectomies for Biliary Dyskinesia

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Published studies suggest that socioeconomic factors contribute to increasing cholecystectomy rates for biliary dyskinesia (BD). The aim of this study was to identify factors driving admissions and operations for BD by examining regional variability in hospitalizations and cholecystectomies for this disorder. METHODS: Annual hospitalizations and cholecystectomy rates for biliary diseases were assessed using the State Inpatient Databases of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality based on diagnosis codes for biliary dyskinesia, cholecystolithiasis and cholecystitis. RESULTS: Annual admissions for BD varied nearly sevenfold among different states within the United States. Hospitalizations for gallstone disease and its complication showed less variability, differing 2-fold between states. Nearly 70% of admissions for BD and about 85% of admissions for gallstone disease resulted in cholecystectomies. Higher admission rates for BD were best predicted by high overall hospitalization rates, admission rate for gallstone disease and the physician workforce within a state. Cholecystectomy rates for BD were higher in states with low population density and high rates of cholecystectomy for gallstone disease. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that established medical practice patterns significantly contribute to the variability in admissions and operations for biliary dyskinesia. The findings also indicate that lower thresholds for operative interventions are an important determinant in the approach to this disorder. Considering the benign course of functional illnesses, the bar for surgical interventions should be raised rather than lowered; in addition active conservative treatment options should be developed for these patients.

Is there an association between type 1 diabetes in children and Gallbladder stones formation?

A number of studies in adults have evaluated the prevalence of gallstones in the diabetic population and showed a significant association with type 1 diabetes [T1D] and type 2 diabetes. The pediatric literature is limited to a single small case series. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate for the presence of association between T1D in children and gallstones formation. Children diagnosed with T1D in a diabetic clinic have been examined for existence of gall bladder stone formation from November 2008 through November 2009. All have been subjected to the following: History, physical examination, blood tests [liver function tests, lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1C]], and an ultrasound [US] of the gall bladder. One hundred and five children with T1D have been enrolled consecutively over a 1-year period: age ranged between 8 months and 15.5 years, 62 patients were females. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.3 +/- 2.9 years [range 0.85-11 years], mean duration of T1D was 2.2 +/- 2.1 years [range 0.2-8 years], mean body mass index was 16.5 +/- 3.4, mean HbA1c was 10.7 + - 2.4%, and 61.3% of patients had a HbA1c level >10%. The mean serum cholesterol was 4.16 +/- 0.75 mmol/L [normal 3.65-5.15 mmol/L] and mean serum triglyceride 1.02 +/- 1.3 mmol/L [normal 0-1.7 mmol/L]. Two patients had hyperlipidemia. US of the gallbladder did not show any case of gallstones or sludge formation. Data from our study do not show any association between T1D in children and gallstones formation, with diabetes duration of less than 8 years. The relatively short duration of diabetes and possibility that our study was underpowered might have been reasons for the absence of any association

Does Cholecystectomy Increase the Esophageal Alkaline Reflux? Evaluation by Impedance-pH Technique

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study is to investigate the reflux patterns in patients with galbladder stone and the change of reflux patterns after cholecystectomy in such patients. METHODS: Fourteen patients with cholecystolithiasis and a control group including 10 healthy control subjects were enrolled in this prospective study. Demographical findings, reflux symptom score scale and 24-hour impedance pH values of the 14 cholecystolithiasis cases and the control group were evaluated. The impedance pH study was repeated 3 months after cholecystectomy. RESULTS: Age, gender, and BMI were not different between the two groups. Total and supine weakly alkaline reflux time (%) (1.0 vs 22.5, P = 0.028; 201.85 vs 9.65, P = 0.012), the longest episodes of total, upright and supine weakly alkaline reflux mediums (11 vs 2, P = 0.025; 8.5 vs 1.0, P = 0.035; 3 vs 0, P = 0.027), total and supine weakly alkaline reflux time in minutes (287.35 vs 75.10, P = 0.022; 62.5 vs 1.4, P = 0.017), the number of alkaline reflux episodes (162.5 vs 72.5, P = 0.022) were decreased with statistical significance. No statistically significant difference was found in the comparison of symptoms between the subjects in the control group and the patients with cholecystolithiasis, in preoperative, postoperative and postcholecystectomy status. CONCLUSIONS: Significant reflux symptoms did not occur after cholecystectomy. Post cholecystectomy weakly alkaline reflux was decreased, but it was determined that acid reflux increased after cholecystectomy by impedance pH-metry in the study group.

[Gallblader sonographic abnormality following ceftriaxone treatment in children]

Considering the relatively wide application of ceftriaxone in pediatric infectious diseases and its side effects, this study was done to determine gallblader sonographic abnormality following ceftriaxone treatment in children. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 60 patients age 1 month up to 12 years in Besat hospital, Hamadan, Iran during 2007. The sonographic abnormal finding of gallbladder before ceftriaxone therapy and 5 days after therapy were recorded. In case of any abnormality in gallblader sonography was repeated twice a week in the first two weeks and afterward once a week up to disappearance of abnormalities. Gallblader sonographic abnormality were observed in 10 cases [16.5%]. Out of them, 8 and 2 patients had bile stone and bile sludge, respectivley. The patients did not show any clinical manifestations. There was no relation between age and sex with abnormal findings. Gallblader abnormality completely were disappeared in the worst cases by sixteen days. This study showed that the incidence of either gallstone or biliary sludge after treatment with ceftriaxone was 16.5% which is relatively similar to other studies

Gallbladder pseudolithiasis caused by ceftriaxone in young adult / 대한외과학회지

Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic due to some of its advantages. Reversible gallbladder (GB) sludge or stone has been reported after ceftriaxone therapy. Most of these patients have no symptom, but the GB sludge or stone can sometimes cause cholecystitis. We experienced two patients who had newly developed GB stones after ceftriaxone therapy for diverticulitis and pneumonia, and this resolved spontaneously 1 month after discontinuation of the drug. Awareness of this complication could help to prevent unnecessary cholecystectomy.

Effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for gallstones and common bile duct lithiasis: a systematic overview / Efectividad de la cirugía laparoscópica para colecistolitiasis y coledocolitiasis: revisión global de la evidencia

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for treating gallstones and common bile duct lithiasis (CBDL). A systematic overview was performed. Medline, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library were searched (1998-2008). Systematic reviews (SR), clinical practice guidelines (CPG), randomised clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies were included. Internal validity and overall quality of the evidence were assessed. The available evidence was classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine proposal. 87 studies were included in this review (12 SR, 23 RCT, 3 CPG, 13 cohort studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, 2 case and control studies and 31 case series). Compared with open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is associated with shorter operating time, shorter hospital stay and better quality of life (high quality evidence). The use of antibiotic prophylaxis does not appear to reduce the infection rate in low-risk patients (high quality evidence). Although many techniques have been advocated to perform LC their effectiveness is as yet inconclusive (low-quality evidence). Two-stage surgery is the most appropriate strategy for high-risk patients with CBDL (high-quality evidence). Mortality is similar to open surgery, as the effectiveness is similar to that of endoscopic treatment (high-quality evidence). As a conclusion we can state that the evidence concerning the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for gallstones and CBDL is scarce and of low methodological quality and that better quality studies are warranted to assess these techniques more adequately.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la evidencia disponible respecto de la efectividad de la cirugía laparoscópica en el tratamiento de la colelitiasis y la litiasis de la vía biliar (LVBP). Para ello, se realizó una revisión global de la evidencia disponible. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE y The Cochrane Library (1998-2008). Se incluyeron guías de práctica clínica (GPC), revisiones sistemáticas (RS), ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria (EC) y estudios observacionales. Se valoró la validez interna y la calidad global de los estudios. Los datos disponibles y la evidencia generada se clasificaron en base a la propuesta del Centro de Oxford de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia. 87 estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión (3 GPC, 12 RS, 23 EC, 13 estudios de cohortes, 3 estudios transversales, 2 estudios de casos y de controles y 31 series de casos). En comparación con la colecistectomía abierta, la colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL) se asocia con menor tiempo operatorio y estancia hospitalaria y mejor calidad de vida (evidencia de alta calidad). El uso de profilaxis antibiótica no parece reducir la tasa de infección en pacientes de bajo riesgo (evidencia de alta calidad). Aunque se han descrito numerosas técnicas para realizar una CL, su eficacia no es aún concluyente (evidencia de baja calidad). La cirugía en dos etapas es la estrategia más adecuada para los pacientes de alto riesgo con LVBP (evidencia de alta calidad). La mortalidad del tratamiento laparoscópico de la LVBP es similar a la de la cirugía abierta; y como su eficacia es similar a la del tratamiento endoscópico (evidencia de alta calidad). Se puede concluir señalando que la evidencia disponible respecto de la efectividad de la cirugía laparoscópica para el tratamiento de la colelitiasis y la LVBP es escasa y de baja calidad metodológica; y que se requieren estudios de mejor calidad para valorar de forma más apropiada estas técnicas.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica con trócar umbilical único de 12 mm y óptica con canal operatorio: asistido con agujas percutaneas y dispositivos magneticos: reporte de 80 casos / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with single umbilical trocar of 12mm and an optical device with a working cannel: assisted with percutaneous needles and magnetic devices: report of 80 cases

Presentar nuestra experiencia en la técnica de colecistectomia laparoscópica con trócar umbilical único. Sede: Departamento de Cirugía General de dos hospitales privados. Diseño: estudio prospectivo, observacional. 80 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente con la técnica de colecistectomía laparoscópica con trócar umbilical único de 12mm y óptica con canal operatorio, 74 asistidos con agujas, percutáneas y 6 añadiendo dispositivos magnéticos, desde octubre 2008 al 31 de agosto del 2010. Se excluyeron casos de coledocolitiasis, cáncer y pacientes con cirugías abdominales previas. Se analizó edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones, índice de conversión y resultado estético. Predomino el sexo femenino (5 a 1). La edad promedio fue de 41 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 63 minutos. IMC promedio 29. Adición de trócar en 7 pacientes (9%), no hubo conversiones a técnicas abiertas. El tiempo de hospitalización fue de 24 horas. Sin cicatriz abdominal visible en 73 pacientes en los que se completó el procedimiento por un trócar (91%). Morbilidad=3,75%, mortalidad=0%. La colecistectomía con trócar umbilical único y óptica con canal de trabajo asistida con agujas percutaneas es aplicable en el 91% de los pacientes con enfermedad vasicular. Con los imanes se logró tracción satisfactoria de la vesícula, siendo de mucha utilidad al realizar la técnica "cirugía sin huella".

To present our experience in the technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with single umbilical trocar. Headquarters: Departament of General Surgery of two private hospitals Design: Prospective, observational study. 80 patients operated with the techniqué of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with single umbilical trocar of 12mm and an optical device with a working channel: 74 attended with percutaneous needles and 6 adding magnetic devices, from Octuber 2008 to August 31, 2010. Cases of choledocholithiasis, cancer and patients with previous abdominal surgery were excluded. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), surgical time, hospital stay, complications, index of conversión and cosmetic result were analyzed. Feminine sex predominated (5 to 1). The average age was 41 years. The surgical time average was 70 minutes. IMC average 29. Addition of trocars was need in 7 patients (9%), there were no conversion to open surgery. The hospitalization time was 24 hours. Abdominal scar was not visible in 73 patients in whom the precedure with one trocar was completed (91%). Morbidity=3.75%, mortality=0%. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy with single umbilical trocar of 12mm and an optical device with a working cannel attended with percutaneous needles is applicable in 91% of patients with gallbladder disease. With magnets satisfactory traction of the gallbladder was obtained, being very useful to per-form the technique "surgery without trace".

Reversible ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudolithiasis in three children with renal diseases / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical characteristics of ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudolithiasis in children with renal diseases.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Three children with renal diseases developed biliary pseudolithiasis when they were treated with ceftriaxone. Their clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Case one was an 11-year-old boy. The initial diagnosis was primary nephrotic syndrome. Ceftriaxone was administered intravenously at a dose of 2 g/d [50 mg/(kg * d)] for gastroenteritis. After that the boy complained of nausea and loss of appetite. Abdominal sonogram obtained on day 3 of ceftriaxone therapy revealed gallbladder sludge. After cessation of ceftriaxone treatment, symptoms and ultrasound abnormalities gradually disappeared, with complete sonographic resolution after 16 days. Case two was a 10-year-old boy. The primary diagnosis was post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis with acute renal failure. The child was treated with 1.5 g/d [30 mg/(kg * d)] intravenous ceftriaxone for gastroenteritis. After that, the boy complained of nausea and abdominal pain with positive Murphy's sign. Gallstone was detected by ultrasonographic examination on day 6 of ceftriaxone therapy. After cessation of ceftriaxone treatment, symptoms and sonographic abnormalities gradually disappeared, with complete sonographic resolution after 18 days. Case three was a 12-year-old boy. The primary diagnosis was nephrotic syndrome. He was treated with 2 g/d [40 mg/(kg.d)] ceftriaxone for gastroenteritis. Gallbladder lithiasis was detected 17 days after the initiation of ceftriaxone therapy (3 days after cessation of ceftriaxone treatment). Gallbladder sonogram was found to be normal two months after the discontinuation of the therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Biliary pseudolithiasis occurred in 3 cases with renal diseases receiving low doses of ceftriaxone. The risk of developing ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudolithiasis might increase in patients with renal diseases who are treated with ceftriaxone.</p>