Puntos críticos en la evaluación y tratamiento de octogenarios con colecistolitiasis / Critical points in the evaluation and treatment of octogenarians with colecistolitiasis

Resumen Introducción: Existe una tendencia global al envejecimiento y con ello un aumento de patologías asociadas. En Chile la prevalencia de la colelitiasis o colecistolitiasis aumenta con la edad, siendo la cole-cistectomía una de las cirugías más frecuentes. Existen escasos estudios latinoamericanos referentes a la realidad de la población octogenaria expuesta a este problema. Objetivo: Estudiar la morbimortalidad posoperatoria en pacientes octogenarios operados de colecistectomía. Definir la precisión de distintas herramientas diagnósticas preoperatorias, estudiar variables operatorias y precisar costos hospitalarios. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de la ficha clínica electrónica del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre enero de 2012 y mayo de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes con edad igual o mayor a 80 años, en quienes se realizó una colecistectomía electiva o de urgencia por patología benigna. Resultados: Se incluyeron 145 pacientes, 51,7% fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad fue de 84,1 años y un 74,5% presentaba comorbilidades. El 62,1% de los casos ingresó por urgencia. 26,2% de toda la muestra presentó coledocolitiasis. La colecistectomía fue laparoscópica en 73,8% de la muestra global, la tasa de conversión fue de 14,5% en población de urgencia y 1,8% en población electiva (p = 0,009). La población operada totalmente por vía laparoscópica con coledocolitiasis fue resuelta en un 95,2% a través de Rendez-vous, con una tasa de éxito del 100%. La tasa de complicaciones fue de 17,9% siendo en su mayoría médicas, la mortalidad quirúrgica fue de 2,1%, siendo todos casos de urgencia. El costo promedio de atención en salud hospitalaria fue de $5.888.104 pesos chilenos (U$9.000). Conclusión: El paciente octogenario con colecistolitiasis representa un desafío quirúrgico, dado un mayor número de comorbilidades, un cuadro clínico más agresivo y una elevada tasa de coledocolitiasis. Es aconsejable valorar el abordaje mínimamente invasivo y realizar una colangiografía intraoperatoria de rutina.

Introduction: There is a global tendency to aging and associated pathologies. In Chile, the prevalence of cholecystolithiasis increases with age, cholecystectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in the contry. There are few latinamerican studies regarding the reality of the elderly exposed to this problem. Objective: Study postoperative morbimortality in octogenarian patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Define the accuracy of different preoperative diagnostic tools, study operative variables and specify hospital costs. Materials and Method: Retrospective observational study of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, between January 2012 and May 2017. Patients with age equal to or greater than 80 years were included, in whom an elective or emergency cholecystectomy was performed for benign pathology. Results: A total of 145 patients were included, 51.7% were women, the average age was 84.1 years, and 74.5% had comorbidities. The admission was throw the emergency department in 62.1% of the cases. Choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in 26.2% of the entire sample. Cholecystectomy was fully laparoscopic in 73.8% of the overall sample, the conversion rate was 14.5% in the emergency population and 1.8% in the elective population (p = 0.009). The population operated fully laparoscopically, that had choledocholithiasis, was resolved in 95.2% through Rendezvous technique, with a 100% clearance rate of common bile duct. The complication rate was 17.9%, most being medical. The surgical mortality was 2.1%, all cases operated from emergency. The average cost of hospital health care was $5,888,104.3 Chilean pesos (U$9.000). Conclusion: The octogenarian patient with cholecystolithiasis represents a surgical challenge, given a greater number of comorbidities, a more aggressive clinical setting and a high rate of choledocolithiasis. It is advisable to assess the minimally invasive approach and perform routine intraoperative cholangiography. In the postoperative period, the cardiopulmonary status and the infectious complications of the surgical site should be monitored closely.

Ileo biliar: presentación de un caso y revisión de literatura / Biliary obstruction: presentation of a case and review of literature

Este trabajo presenta un caso de Ileo Biliar en paciente femenino de 75 años, con enfermedad de 4 días de evolución caracterizada por vómitos incontables de aspecto fecaloideo, ausencia de evacuaciones y dolor abdominal tipo cólico. Se llevó a mesa operatoria evidenciando cálculo atascado de 5 cm de longitud por 3 cm de ancho en ileon distal a 25 cm de la válvula ileocecal, con dilatación proximal de asas delgadas. Se realiza extracción del mismo mediante enterotomía y enterorrafía en dos planos. La paciente presenta evolución satisfactoria. El ileo biliar es causa de obstrucción intestinal poco frecuentre, aparece generalmente en mujeres de más de 60 años. El cálculo biliar pasa generalmente a intestino, a través de la fistulización de la pared biliar en duodeno o yeyuno, tras prolongado decúbito, produciendo la neumatización del arbol biliar. Posteriormente el cálculo emigra hasta íleon distal, donde puede quedar detenido y provocar un cuadro de obstrucción de intestino delgado.

Evaluation of the aetiological spectrum of obstructive jaundice

Jaundice is a common problem in medical and surgical gastroenterological practice. The surgical jaundice can be caused by the obstruction of the bile duct as with gall stones, strictures, malignancy, such as cholangiocarcinoma [in which the jaundice is persistent and progressive], periampullary carcinoma, carcinoma gall bladder 6 and carcinoma head of pancreas. The objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate the Etiological spectrum of obstructive jaundice. A prospective, descriptive study was carried out at Surgical Unit-II Holy family Hospital, Rawalpindi, from mid of May 2006 till March 2007. Sixty patients, who presented in the surgical OPD of Holy family Hospital, were included in the study. Thorough history and physical examination was followed by biochemical tests and various investigations like USG abdomen, ERCP, CT-Scan, and MRCP and histopathology. The data was analyzed using SPSS ver 14.0. Of the 60 patients; 40 [66.66%] were male and 20 [33.33%] were female, their mean age being 49.50 years. Malignant obstructive jaundice was seen in 34 [56.66%] patients while 26 [43.33%] had benign etiology. Amongst the commonest symptom; clay coloured stools [75%] was more frequent in patients with malignant disease whereas abdominal pain [51.66%] was most common in benign conditions. Commonest malignancy was Carcinoma [Ca] of the head of pancreas 18/60 [30%] followed by Ca gall bladder 8/60 [13.33%], cholangiocarcinoma 7/60 [11.66%], and periampullary carcinoma 1/60 [1.66%]. Choledocholithiasis 21/60 [35%] was the commonest benign cause followed by stricture of common bile duct 3/60 [5%] and acute pancreatitis 2/60 [3.33%]. Obstructive jaundice is common amongst females and the cause is mostly malignant. Ca head of pancreas is the commonest malignancy while Choledocholithiasis is the commonest benign cause. USG, ERCP and CT-Scan are important diagnostic modalities for evaluation of patient with obstructive jaundice with ERCP having the additional advantage of being therapeutic as well

Fish Bone as a Nidus for Stone Formation in the Common Bile Duct: Report of Two Cases

We report two cases of common bile duct stone formed around a fish bone which migrated from the intestinal tract, along with their characteristic imaging findings. Two patients who had no history of previous operation were admitted because of cholangitis. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was performed and the cholangiogram showed filling defects with an unusually elongated shape in the common bile duct. After improvement of the cholangitic symptoms, the stones were removed through the PTBD tract under fluoroscopic guidance. A nidus consisting of a 1.5 cm sized fish bone was found in each stone removed.

A Case of Common Bile Duct Stone Formed around a Surgical Clip after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy / 대한소화기학회지

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has now rapidly replaced open cholecystectomy. Rarely a calculus may arise from a metallic surgical clip migrated into the common bile duct (CBD) after this surgical procedure was performed. We report a 50-year-old man with CBD stone formed around a surgical clip, who had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of acute calculous cholecystitis 14 months before. Abdominal CT revealed a single stone in mildly dilated CBD. A high density core within the CBD stone, was suspected to be a surgical clip. The stone was removed using a retrieval balloon catheter and basket after endoscopic sphincterotomy.

A Case of Common Bile Duct Stone Developed due to a Surgical Clip as a Nidus: An Experience of Successful Management by Endoscopy / 대한소화기학회지

Surgical clips can migrate into the biliary tract and act as a nidus for stone formation. We report a case of common bile duct stone developed due to a surgical clip in a 48-year-old man. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram revealed a common bile duct stone a with metallic clip in it. He had laparoscopic cholecystectomy 10 years ago. The stone was removed endoscopically. The use of resorbable clips during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended to avoid this type of complication.