Níveis de hemoglobina e prevalência de anemia em gestantes atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro / Hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women assisted in primary health care services, before and after fortification of flour / Hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women assisted in primary health care services, before and after fortification of flour*

Avaliaram-se níveis de hemoglobina-Hb e prevalência de anemia em gestantes, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas. Estudo de avaliação do tipo antes e depois, com amostras populacionais independentes, realizado em unidades básicas de saúde de Maringá, PR. Foram avaliados 366 prontuários de gestantes Antes da fortificação obrigatória das farinhas, e 419 Após a fortificação. Gestantes com Hb < 11g/dL foram consideradas anêmicas. Realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla. Verificou-se baixa prevalência de anemia que afetava 12,3% e 9,4% das gestantes, Antes e Após a fortificação (p > 0,05), porém o Grupo Após a fortificação obrigatória apresentou média de Hb mais elevada (p < 0,05). Evidenciou-se associação entre Hb e Grupo, idade gestacional, gestação anterior, ocupação e situação conjugal (p < 0,05). Embora a fortificação de farinhas possa ter um papel no aumento da média de hemoglobina, é preciso considerar a contribuição de outras variáveis não investigadas.

We evaluated hemoglobin-Hb levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women before and after fortification of flour. It was developed a study to evaluate intervention, of the type before and after, with independent population samples. Study was conducted in primary health care services in Maringá, PR. We assessed 366 and 419 medical records, Before and After implementation of fortification. Pregnant women with Hb < 11g/dL were considered anemic. Data were submitted to multiple linear regression analysis. There was low prevalence of anemia affecting 12.3% and 9.4% pregnant women Before and After fortification (p > 0.05), but the Group After the fortification had higher Hb levels (p < 0.05). Hb levels associated with Group, gestational age, previous pregnancy number, employment and marital status (p < 0.05). Although the fortification of flour may have had role in increasing the mean hemoglobin, we need consider the contribution of other variables not investigated.

Niveles de hemoglobina en gestantes atendidas en establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, 2011 / Hemoglobin levels in pregnant women seen in health care centers of the peruvian ministry of health, 2011

Objetivos. Determinar los niveles de hemoglobina y la prevalencia de anemia en gestantes atendidas en los establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud a nivel nacional. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal donde se analizó la base de datos del Sistema de Información del Estado Nutricional del Niño menor de 5 años y de la Gestante (SIEN). Se incluyó 287 691 registros de gestantes evaluadas en establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud del Perú en 2011, se analizaron los niveles de hemoglobina corregida a la altura, edad, edad gestacional, altitud a nivel del mar y prevalencia de anemia (leve, moderada y grave). Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y chi cuadrado. Resultados. La prevalencia a nivel nacional de anemia en la gestante fue de 28,0% siendo anemia leve de 25,1%, moderada de 2,6% y grave de 0,2%. Los niveles de hemoglobina son mayores en mujeres con mayor edad y menores durante los primeros meses de gestación, la frecuencia de anemia decrece con la altitud. Asimismo, la prevalencia es mayor en departamentos de la sierra. Huancavelica fue el departamento con mayor prevalencia de anemia (53,6%), seguido de Puno con 51,0%. Conclusiones. Los niveles de hemoglobina son mayores conforme la edad materna es mayor, y menores conforme el trimestre de gestación y altitud. Huancavelica tiene la mayor prevalencia de anemia en gestantes.

Objectives. Determine hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women seen in health care centers of the Ministry of Health at national level. Materials and methods. Cross-cut study where the database of the Information System on the Nutritional Health of Children under 5 and Pregnant Women (SIEN) were analyzed. 287 691 records of pregnant women examined at the health care centers of the Peruvian Ministry of Health in 2011 were included, hemoglobin levels corrected by height, age, gestational age, altitude and prevalence of anemia (light, moderate and serious) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square method were used. Results. Nationwide prevalence of anemia in pregnant women was 28.0%, with mild anemia being at 25.1%, moderate anemia at 2.6% and severe anemia at 0.2%. Hemoglobin levels are higher in older and younger women during the first months of pregnancy, prevalence of anemia decreases with altitude. Furthermore, prevalence is higher in the Highland regions. Huancavelica was the region with higher prevalence of anemia (53.6%), followed by Puno with 51.0%. Conclusions. Hemoglobin levels get higher as the mother gets older, and they go down in keeping with the gestation trimester and altitude. Huancavelica has the highest prevalence of anemia in pregnant women.

Marcadores séricos de trombofilias hereditárias e anticorpos antifosfolípides em gestantes com antecedentes de pré-eclâmpsia grave / Serum markers of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnant women with previous history of severe pre-eclampsia

OBJETIVO: Verificar a frequência e a associação de marcadores séricos para trombofilias hereditárias e adquiridas em gestantes com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior. MÉTODOS: Estudo tipo caso-controle composto por 81 gestantes com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior (grupo de estudo) e 32 gestantes sem antecedente de pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior (grupo controle). Foi rastreada a presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides e trombofilias hereditárias em ambos os grupos. Foi utilizado o teste χ² com correção de Yates para verificar as associações e calcular os riscos relativos. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se a presença de trombofilias em 60,0 por cento das pacientes com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia e em 6,0 por cento das pacientes do grupo controle. Encontrou-se significante associação entre pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior e presença de marcadores para trombofilias hereditárias/anticorpos antifosfolípides (p<0,05). Identificou-se risco relativo para desenvolvimento de pré-eclâmpsia grave de 1,57 (1,34

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and the association of serum markers for inherited and acquired thrombophilias in pregnant women with a history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies. METHODS: Case-control study consisting of 81 pregnant women with a history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies (study group) and 32 women with no history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies (control group). The presence of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibodies was screened in both groups. We used the chi-square test with Yates correction to assess associations and calculate the relative risks. RESULTS: The presence of thrombophilia was detected in 60.0 percent of patients with a previous history of pre-eclampsia and in 6.0 percent of the control patients. A significant association was found between pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy and the presence of markers for hereditary thrombophilia/antiphospholipid antibodies (p<0.05). The relative risk to develop pre-eclampsia was found to be 1.57 (1.34

Hemoglobina materna en el Perú: diferencias regionales y su asociación con resultados adversos perinatales / Maternal hemoglobin in Perú: regional differences and its asociation with adverse perinatal outcomes

Objetivos. Establecer la frecuencia de anemia y eritrocitosis en gestantes de diferentes regiones del Perú y la asociación con los resultados adversos perinatales utilizando los datos del Sistema de Información Perinatal (SIP) del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA). Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron datos de 379 816 partos de 43 centros asistenciales del Ministerio de Salud entre los años 2000 y 2010. Se determinó la frecuencia de anemia y eritrocitosis en cada región geográfica así como de los resultados adversos perinatales. Resultados. La frecuencia de anemia leve fue mayor en la costa (25,8 por ciento) y en la selva baja (26,2 por ciento). La frecuencia de anemia moderada/severa es más alta en la selva baja (2,6 por ciento) seguido de la costa (1,0 por ciento). En la sierra, las frecuencia más alta de anemia moderada/severa se observa en la sierra sur (0,6 por ciento). La mayor frecuencia de eritrocitosis (Hb>14,5 g/dL) fue encontrada en la sierra centro (23,7 por ciento), seguido de 11,9 por ciento en la sierra sur y 9,5 por ciento en la sierra norte. La anemia severa y la eritrocitosis estuvieron relacionadas con los resultados adversos perinatales. Conclusiones. Hay diferencias por región geográfica en la frecuencia de anemia. En la sierra central se encontró mayor frecuencia de eritrocitosis con respecto a la sierra sur. Tanto la anemia severa como la eritrocitosis aumentan los resultados adversos perinatales.

Objectives. To evaluate hemoglobin (Hb) levels in pregnant women from different geographical regions from Peru; to establish anemia and erythrocytocis rates and to establish the role of Hb on adverse perinatal outcomes using the Perinatal Information System (PIS) database of Peruvian Ministry of Health. Materials and methods. Data were obtained from 379,816 births of 43 maternity care units between 2000 and 2010. Anemia and erythrocytocis rates were determined in each geographical region as well as rates of adverse perinatal outcomes. To analyze data the STATA program (versión 10.0,Texas, USA) was used. The results were considered significant at p<0.01. Results. Mild anemia rate was higher in the coast (25.8 percent) and low forest (26.2 percent). Moderate/severe anemia rate in low forest was 2.6 percent and at the coast was 1.0 percent. In the highland, the highest rate of moderate/severe anemia was in the southern highlands (0.6 percent). The highest rate of erythrocytocis was found in the central highland (23.7 percent), 11.9 percent in the southern highland and 9.5 percent in the north highland. Severe anemia and erythrocytocis were associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Conclusions. There are differences by Peruvian geographical region in anemia rates. In the central highlands were found the highest rates of erythrocytocis due to hypoxia effect in the high altitudes; however in the southern highlands, erythrocytocis was lower. Severe anemia and erythrocytosis were associated with increased adverse perinatal outcomes.

Influência do tipo de aleitamento materno e da presença de anemia na mãe na concentração de hemoglobina aos 6 meses de idade / Influence of breastfeeding type and maternal anemia on hemoglobin concentration in 6-month-old infants

Objetivo: Verificar a influência do tipo de aleitamento materno e da presença de anemia na mãe no nível de hemoglobina de lactentes aos 6 meses de idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal, aninhado em estudo de intervenção de base comunitária, randomizado, controlado, que objetivou aumentar a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros 6 meses de vida. O estudo foi realizado em quatro cidades do estado de Pernambuco, sendo os recém-nascidos recrutados no período de março a agosto de 2001. Seis meses após o parto, avaliou-se a concentração da hemoglobina de 330 mães/lactentes e o tipo de aleitamento. A identificação dos fatores que, de modo independente, contribuíram na concentração de hemoglobina das crianças foi realizada utilizando análise de regressão linear multivariada. Resultados: O tipo de aleitamento não influenciou a concentração de hemoglobina na amostra como um todo. No entanto, ao se analisar o grupo de crianças em aleitamento exclusivo/predominante, verificou-se uma diferença significante na mediana da hemoglobina de 0,7 g/dL em detrimento das filhas de mães anêmicas. A hemoglobina materna, o tipo de piso da residência, o tipo de parto e o peso ao nascer contribuíram significantemente na variação da concentração de hemoglobina das crianças. Conclusões: Ao contrário do observado em relação ao tipo de aleitamento materno, a anemia materna exerceu influência sobre os valores de hemoglobina de lactentes aos 6 meses, mesmo quando consideradas apenas as crianças em aleitamento exclusivo/predominante, apontando para a necessidade de prevenção da anemia materna antes da concepção, durante a gravidez e na lactação.

Objective: To verify the influence of breastfeeding type and of maternal anemia on hemoglobin concentration in 6-month-old infants. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study nested in a community-based, randomized and controlled intervention study that aimed to prolong the duration of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. This study was conducted in four towns in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco and newborn infants were recruited from March to August of 2001. The hemoglobin concentrations of 330 mothers and infants were assayed and type of breastfeeding was assessed 6 months after delivery. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors that independently contributed to the infants hemoglobin concentration. Results: The type of feeding had no influence on the hemoglobin concentration in the sample as a whole, however, there was a significant difference when the exclusive + predominant breastfeeding” subset of infants was analyzed, with the children of anemic mothers exhibiting a reduction of 0.7g/dL in median hemoglobin. Mothers hemoglobin level, type of flooring at home, type of delivery, and birthweight all significantly contributed to the variation in the infants hemoglobin concentration. Conclusions: In contrast with type of breastfeeding, maternal anemia did have an influence on the hemoglobin levels of 6-month-old infants, even when only children on exclusive + predominant breastfeeding” were analyzed. These findings highlight the need to prevent maternal anemia before conception, during pregnancy and throughout lactation.

Influência da retenção dos anexos fetais no hemograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa / The influence of retained fetal membranes on the hemogram of Holstein cows

Analisou-se o hemograma de 177 amostras de sangue de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa nos primeiros 90 dias pós-parto. As amostras foram colhidas de vacas não reagentes ao antígeno (GP 51) do vírus da leucose dos bovinos, distribuídas em dois grupos (I: puerpério fisiológico; II: puerpério com retenção dos anexos fetais) e subdivididas em quatro grupos de acordo com o momento de colheita. Nos primeiros 10 dias após o parto, o eritrograma não sofreu influência da retenção dos anexos fetais. Com a evolução do puerpério, observou-se, nas vacas com retenção dos anexos fetais, anemia de grau leve entre o 10º e 30º dia pós-parto. O leucograma dos animais com retenção dos anexos fetais foi predominantemente linfocitário, caracterizado por leucopenia, neutropenia com desvio à esquerda degenerativo e eosinopenia. A partir do 10º dia após o parto, o leucograma não foi influenciado pela retenção dos anexos fetais.

Hematological profiles of 177 blood samples from Holstein cows were determined during the first 90 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected from cows that were non-reactive to the bovine leukosis virus (GP 51) antigen. The animals were divided into two groups (group I: physiological puerperium and group II: puerperim with retained fetal membranes), and subdivided into four groups, based on the time that the samples were collected. During the first 10 days after parturition, retained fetal membranes did not influence the erythrogram. However, with the evolution of the puerperium period, a mild anemia was observed from the 10th to the 30th day postpartum in cows with retained fetal membranes. The leukocyte profile was predominantly lymphocytic, characterized by leucopenia induced by neutropenia with a left degenerative shift and eosinopenia. From the 10th day postpartum, the retained fetal membranes did not influence the leukogram.

Complicações do parto e resultados perinatais em gestantes portadoras da doença de von Willebrand / Delivery complications and perinatal results in pregnant women with von Willebrand disease

OBJETIVO: Analisar as complicações maternas associadas ao parto e puerpério, bem como os resultados perinatais, em gestantes portadoras da doença de von Willebrand. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários de todas as gestantes com diagnóstico de doença de von Willebrand, cujo parto foi realizado nesta instituição no período compreendido entre março de 2001 e agosto de 2007. Foram investigadas características relativas à via de parto, incidência de complicações hemorrágicas no parto e no puerpério imediato, perfil dos exames laboratoriais maternos e resultados perinatais. As variáveis foram estudadas descritivamente, calculando-se freqüências absolutas e relativas, médias, medianas e desvios padrão. RESULTADOS: Foram revisadas 13 gestações em oito pacientes portadoras da doença. No período ocorreram 13.037 partos na instituição, perfazendo incidência de 0,1 por cento. Seis pacientes (75 por cento) apresentavam o tipo 1 da doença, e duas (25 por cento) o tipo 2. No terceiro trimestre, a média da atividade do fator VIIIc foi de 98,5 por cento. A cesárea foi realizada em nove casos (69 por cento), cuja anestesia foi do tipo raquidiana em sete casos. Como complicação do parto, um caso evoluiu com descolamento prematuro da placenta e foi realizada a cesárea. Um caso apresentou sangramento no primeiro pós-parto, necessitando reposição do fator VIII. Em dois casos foi realizada a reposição profilática do fator VIII antes da cesárea. A restrição do crescimento fetal ocorreu em cinco casos (38,5 por cento). O peso dos RNs apresentou média de 2676 gramas e um caso (7,8 por cento) apresentou Apgar de 1º minuto inferior a sete. CONCLUSÃO: O parto em gestantes com diagnóstico de doença de von Willebrand tem evolução favorável quando cuidados são tomados procurando oferecer assistência específica. O crescimento fetal deve ser monitorizado nessas gestantes.

OBJECTIVE: To study maternal complication associated to delivery and the puerperium period in pregnancies affected by von Willebrand's disease. METHODS: Chart data of all the pregnant women with diagnosis of von Willebrand disease were retrospectively reviewed. All cases with von Willebrand's disease that had given birth at this institution, between March 2001 and August 2007, were analyzed. The following variables were investigated: mode of delivery, hemorrhage complications during delivery and postpartum, maternal blood exams and perinatal results. Variables were studied descriptively, using absolute and relative frequencies, means, medians and standard deviations. RESULTS: 13 pregnancies of eight women with the disease were reviewed. During this sane period, there were 13,037 deliveries in the institution, resulting in an incidence of 0.1 percent. Six women (75 percent) were type 1 disease and, two (25 percent) were type 2. The last Factor VIIIc activity presented a mean value of 98.5 percent. A Cesarean section was performed in nine pregnancies, with epidural anesthesia in seven. Delivery complication occurred in two cases: one presented placental abruption and a Cesarean was performed. The other, presented postpartum hemorrhage in the first day and required reposition with factor VIII. Two cases received factor VIII before Cesarean section. Fetal growth restriction was detected in five pregnancies (38.5 percent). Mean birth weight was of 2676 grams and one case presented 1st minute Apgar score below seven. CONCLUSION: Delivery in patients with von Willebrand disease has a favorable evolution when specific assistance is provided. In these pregnancies,fetal growth should be monitored.

Fact of low hemoglobin and packed cell volume in pregnant women are at a stand still.

A cross sectional descriptive type of study was done in 98 women of reproductive age. Among them 25 were in control group of non pregnant women and 73 were pregnant women of 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy with and without iron supplementation. The period of study was July 2004 to June 2005. The main objective of our study was to compare hemoglobin percent and packed cell volume (PCV) in pregnant and non pregnant women. In present study hemoglobin percent and packed cell volume was significantly decreased in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy when compared with the control group and same category of women who were not supplemented with iron. It is evident that the significantly low hemoglobin percent and packed cell volume (PCV) in pregnant women is due in part to dietary iron deficiency. Therefore, iron therapy in pregnancy is helpful to maintain the hemoglobin percent and packed cell volume nearer to that of non pregnant normal women.

Persistence of low serum iron and high total iron binding capacity in pregnant women.

A cross sectional descriptive type of study was done in 98 women of reproductive age. Among them 25 were in control group of non pregnant women and 73 were pregnant women of 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy with and without iron supplementation. The period of study was July 2004 to June 2005. The main objective of our study was to compare serum iron and total iron binding capacity in pregnant and non pregnant women. In present study serum iron was significantly increased in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy that was supplemented with iron when compared with the same category of women who were not supplemented with iron. On the other hand serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly increased in 3rd trimester of pregnancy that was not supplemented with iron when compared with the same category of women who were supplemented with iron. It is evident that the significantly low serum iron and high TIBC in pregnant women is due in part to dietary iron deficiency. Therefore, iron therapy in pregnancy is helpful to maintain the serum iron and TIBC nearer to that of non pregnant normal women.

Aloinmunizacion a un antigeno del sistema rh de alta frecuencia / Alloimmunization to a high frequency Rh antigen

Describimos el caso de una embarazada sensibilizada con un aloanticuerpo anti-Rh17 de muy amplia reactividad. Los glóbulos rojos de la paciente presentaban una deleción parcial de los antígenos del sistema Rh, responsable de la aloinmunización encontrada. Debido a la dificultad de obtener sangre compatible se elaboró un plan de transfusión autóloga para cubrir las posibles demandas. El análisis molecular del locus RH demostró la presencia de un alelo híbrido RHCE-D(5-7)-CE que generaba el fenotipo delecionado.

Anemia and iron status of Malay women attending an antenatal clinic in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The purpose of this study was to detect the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in women attending their first antenatal clinic at a Maternal and Child Health Clinic in Kubang Kerian, a district of Kelantan that is located on the East coast of Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was done over a two-month period and fifty-two Malay women were enrolled in this study. Red blood cell indices and serum ferritin were used as a screening tool for anemia and iron status. Eighteen patients (34.6%) were anemic. The majority were classified as having mild anemia (90%). Four of them had hypochromic microcytic anemia. Of 52 women, 7 had iron deficient erythropoiesis and 11 (61.1%) had iron deficient anemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women was 21.2%, which is similar to other developing countries. The serum ferritin level was significantly associated with the hemoglobin level (p=0.003). Other red blood cell indices were not useful in predicting iron deficient erythropoiesis. It is important to detect iron deficient erythropoiesis during the first antenatal check-up, as it is an early manifestation of iron deficiency anemia. In conclusion, screening for iron deficient is recommended during first antenatal visit because iron deficiency anemia is still the leading cause of nutritional deficiency in pregnant women. This will initiate an early therapeutic intervention so as to reduce public health problem.

Association of anticardiolipin antibody and C677T in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions: a new path to thrombophilia?

CONTEXTO: O aborto espontâneo recorrente já foi associado a vários fatores etiológicos e à trombose materna. Fatores de trombofilia adquiridos e hereditários podem ser causas destes eventos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre fatores de trombofilia e aborto espontâneo recorrente. IPO DE ESTUDO: Caso-controle. LOCAL: Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram retirados 40 ml de sangue de 88 mulheres com aborto espontâneo recorrente do Ambulatório de Aborto Recorrente e 88 mulheres férteis do Ambulatório de Planejamento Familiar, pareadas por idade e raça, para pesquisar fatores de trombofilia adquiridos e hereditários. O anticorpo anticardiolipina (ACA), anticoagulante lúpico (LA) e a deficiência das proteínas C, S e antitrombina III foram pesquisados por ELISA (enzyme-linkek immunosorbent assay), dRVVT (dilute Russel Viper Venom Time, dRVVT) e métodos coagulométrico e cromogênico. O ácido desoxirribonucléico (DNA) foi amplificado pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para o estudo das mutações fator V de Leiden, G20210A no gene da protrombina e C677T no gene da enzima metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR). RESULTADOS: O ACA foi encontrado em 11 mulheres com RSA e em uma mulher fértil [OR 12.4 (IC 95% 1.5 a 98.5)]. A mutação C677T heterozigota foi encontrada em 59 mulheres com RSA e em 35 mulheres férteis [OR 3.1 (IC 95% 1.7 a 5.7)]. A presença concomitante do ACA e da mutação C677T heterozigota foi encontrada em oito mulheres com aborto espontâneo recorrente e em nenhuma mulher fértil (p < 0,01). DISCUSSÃO: O significado da associação entre a mutação heterozigota C677T no gene da MTHFR e o anticorpo anticardiolipina não está claro. Pode-se supor que um fator hereditário que, isolado, não predisporia fortemente um indivíduo à trombose poderia, em associação com um fator adquirido, deflagrar o processo e intensificar a expressão da trombose. CONCLUSÕES: O ACA e a mutação C677T heterozigota no gene da MTHFR apresentaram associação estatística com RSA. A concomitância destas duas alterações é um novo achado no estudo de fatores trombogênicos em aborto espontâneo recorrente.

Clinical Aspects of Pregnancy and Delivery in Patients with Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition that often develops in young women and, consequently, physicians should frequently manage and monitor pregnant patients with this disorder. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 30 women with chronic ITP delivered in 31 pregnancies from January 1995 to December 2003. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were diagnosed with ITP before pregnancy and sixteen patients were diagnosed during pregnancy. The mean platelet counts before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and at delivery were 70, 040/mm3, 83, 960/mm3, and 62, 680/mm3, respectively. The symptoms of hemostatic impairment were not noted in most of the pregnancies (77%, 24/31). During pregnancy and at delivery, most of the women (61%, 19/31) received various kinds of treatment to raise platelet counts. At delivery, the most commonly used therapy was platelet transfusion (48.4%, 15/31). Seven pregnancies (22.6%) were treated with corticosteroids during pregnancy and at delivery. Five pregnancies (16.1%) were treated with IV IgG during pregnancy and at delivery. Fifteen deliveries (51.7%) were performed by cesarean section and fourteen (48.3%) with vaginal delivery. Bleeding was uncommon at delivery. There were no cases of infants with any clinical signs of hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Our current results suggest that ITP in pregnancy can proceed safely with low hemorrhagic risk in both infants and mothers, and that mothers with ITP can deliver healthy infants without serious hemorrhagic complications.

Estado de la nutrición de folato, vitamina B12 y hierro en adolescentes embarazadas / Nutritional status of folate, vitamin B12 and iron in pregnant adolescents

Pregnancy in adolescence increases nutritional risk, due to higher demand of nutrients for maternal and fetal growth. This study was aimed to evaluate folate, vitamin B12 and iron status of pregnant adolescents at first trimester of pregnancy. A cross sectional, descriptive study was performed in 122 pregnant adolescents from Valencia, Carabobo state, 1997. Serum and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 was determined by radioassay; serum ferritin by enzimoimmunoassay; hemoglobin were performed by semi-automated method. Statistical analysis included standard deviation and frequencies. For serum folate 1.7 per cent was found in negative balance and 19.0 per cent at marginal status. For erythrocyte folate, 5.8 per cent was deficient and 1.7 per cent marginal. For serum vitamin B12, 8.3 per cent was deficient and 13.2 per cent marginal. Iron deficiency was found in 19.0 per cent of the adolescents. Prevalence of anemia was of 13.1 per cent, being iron deficiency the main cause. There was high nutritional risk regarding iron status, although iron intakes exceeded the recommendations, but only a small proportion was bioavailable. Prevalence of anemia was lower than reported by other studies and iron deficiency was higher than folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Pregnant adolescents are at a high biological and nutritional risk.