Workaholism and burnout among stricto sensu graduate professors / Workaholism e burnout entre docentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of excessive work and compulsive work with the dimensions of the burnout syndrome in masters and doctoral professors of Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study carried out with 585 permanent professors of stricto sensu graduate studies in Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. Data collection took place between February and August 2019, by an online questionnaire. The outcomes of this study were the compulsive work and excessive work dimensions of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory TM dimensions and their associated factors, identified by multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS Professors with a high level of excessive work (29.40%) had 2.75 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.08 times the chance of high depersonalization. Regarding professors with a high level of compulsive work (8.03%), they had 4.88 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.97 times the chance of high depersonalization. No association of excessive work and compulsive work with low professional fulfillment was identified. CONCLUSION The results showed a statistically significant association of excessive work and compulsive work with high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization, allowing managers and professors to reflect the criteria that guide their work processes, to adopt management models, institutional regulatory policies, and strategies to improve the working conditions and health of professors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com as dimensões da síndrome de burnout em docentes de mestrado e doutorado em Letras e Linguística do Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado com 585 docentes permanentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Letras e Linguística do Brasil. A obtenção dos dados ocorreu entre fevereiro e agosto de 2019, por meio de um questionário online. Os desfechos deste estudo foram as dimensões trabalho compulsivo e trabalho excessivo da escala Dutch Work Addiction Scale, as dimensões da Maslach Burnout Inventory TM e seus fatores associados, identificados por modelos múltiplos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS Docentes com alto nível de trabalho excessivo (29,40%) apresentaram 2,75 vezes a chance de exaustão emocional alta e 2,08 vezes a chance de despersonalização alta. Quanto aos docentes com alto nível de trabalho compulsivo (8,03%), apresentaram 4,88 vezes a chance de exaustão emocional alta e 2,97 vezes a chance de despersonalização alta. Não foi identificado associação entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com a baixa realização profissional. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com exaustão emocional alta e despersonalização alta, possibilitando aos gestores e docentes refletirem os critérios que norteiam seus processos laborais, a fim de adotarem modelos de gestão, políticas reguladoras institucionais e estratégias adequadas para melhorar as condições de trabalho e saúde dos docentes.

Productos de tabaco calentado con especial referencia a IQOS / Heated tobacco products with special reference to IQOS

Los Productos de Tabaco Calentado (PTC) son nuevos dispositivos de consumo de tabaco que se presentan como un producto de reducción del daño. El más difundido es IQOS de Philip Morris. En el aerosol de IQOS se detectan sustancias tóxicas en menor cantidad y concentración que las detectadas en el humo del cigarrillo convencional, a excepción de algunas. Estas sustancias son capaces de producir enfermedad, con alteración de las células del epitelio bronquial y del endotelio vascular y podría producir nuevos daños, como hepato-toxicidad. La cantidad de nicotina de IQOS es muy similar a los cigarrillos convencionales, por lo que es tan adictivo como el cigarrillo normal. La concentración de sustancias tóxicas emitidas al medio ambiente es menor que las del cigarrillo convencional, pero hay riesgo para la salud de los no fumadores expuestos. La mayoría de las personas usan los PTC como complemento a los cigarrillos convencionales, no como alternativa, transformándose en fumadores duales. IQOS puede crear nuevas generaciones adictas a la nicotina, además de renormalizar el consumo de tabaco en la sociedad. Muchas Sociedades Médicas de Enfermedades Respiratorias en el mundo se han manifestado en contra del uso de los PTC, y han propuesto que deben regirse bajo las mismas políticas regulatorias que se aplican a todos los productos de tabaco, en línea con lo establecido por el Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco de la OMS.

Heated Tobacco Products (HTP) are new tobacco consumption devices that are presented as a harm reduction product. The most widespread is IQOS by Philip Morris. In the IQOS aerosol, toxic substances are detected in a smaller amount and concentration than those detected in conventional cigarettes, with the exception of some of them. These substances are able of inducing disease. They could modify bronchial epithelial cells and vascular endothelium and could cause additional damages, such as hepatotoxicity The amount of nicotine in IQOS is very similar to conventional cigarettes, so it is as addictive as a normal cigarette. The concentration of toxic substances emitted to the environment is lower than those of conventional cigarettes, but there is a health's risk of exposed non-smokers. Most people use HTP as a complement to conventional cigarettes, not as an alternative, becoming dual smokers. IQOS can create new generations addicted to nicotine, in addition to renormalize the tobacco's use in society. Many Medical Societies of Respiratory Diseases around the world have manifested against the use of HTP, and have proposed that they should be subject to the same regulatory policies that applied to all tobacco products, in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

A serenidade e a filha do amor: dissonâncias em love child / Serenity and the daughter of love: dissonances in love child / La serenidad y la hija del amor: disonancias en love child

Nesse documentário sul-coreano, um casal de Hwaseong tenta sobreviver angariando fundos por meio de um jogo na internet. Para tanto, eles frequentam intensamente um cybercafé e, para jogarem por mais tempo de forma mais econômica, compram pacotes de horários. No jogo, têm de vencer várias fases e, para isso, uma personagem avatar, mescla de fada e criança, necessita de cuidados especiais para poder conduzir os jogadores à vitória. Em uma manhã, de volta para casa depois de jogarem por mais de dez horas seguidas, encontram sua filha de três meses morta por desnutrição. O filme acompanha o período de julgamento desse casal por negligência e assassinato de incapaz e revela-se como o primeiro caso de adicção de jogos da internet – perfil psicológico que permite atenuação da pena imputada aos pais de Sarang.

In this South Korean documentary, a couple from Hwaseong tries to survive by raising funds through aninternet game. In order to do so, they attend a cybercafé extensively and, to play for a longer time in a more economical way, they buy time-based rate packages. In the game, a couple has to win several stages and for this an avatar character, a mix of fairy and child, needs special care to be able to lead the players to victory.One morning, back to home after playing for more than ten hours in a row, they find their three-month-old daughter died of malnutrition. The movie follows the trial of this couple charged of negligence and murder of the incapable and it is revealed as the first case of internet games addiction - psychological profile that allows mitigation of the punishment imputed to Sarang’s parents.

En ese documental de Corea del Sur, una pareja de Hwaseong intenta sobrevivir por medio de recaudación de fondos en un juego de internet. Por eso, frecuentan hasta el agotamiento un cibercafé. Para jugar demasiado a precios bajos, ellos compran paquetes horarios. En el juego, la pareja tiene de superar diversas etapas y un personaje avatar, mezcla de hada y niño, necesita cuidados especiales para conducir a los jugadores hasta la victoria. De vuelta a casa por la mañana, después de jugar durante más de diez horas seguidas, descubren que su hija de tres meses de edad es muerta por desnutrición. La película sigue el período de juicio de esta pareja por el crimen de negligencia y asesinato de incapaz y es el primer caso de la adicción de juegos de internet - perfil psicológico que permite la atenuación de la pena de los padres de Sarang.

Intentos de suicidio y heridas auto-inferidas: 12 meses de seguimiento de conductas de riesgo de consumidores de cocaína no consultantes de servicios de rehabilitación / Suicide attempts and self inflicted harm: a one year follow up of risk behaviors among out of treatment cocaine users

Background: Cocaine users tend to have a higher frequency of risk behaviors. Aim: To compare risk behaviors of out ­of ­treatment Cocaine Base Paste (CBP) and Cocaine Hydrochloride (CH) users, by means of Privileged Access Interviewing in a one­ year prospective study. Material and Methods: Twenty ­eight interviewers were trained to recruit and administer a questionnaire on substance use patterns and related risk behaviors. Intentioned sampling was carried out in four municipalities of Santiago, Chile. Subjects who used CBP (group 1) or CH (group 2) at least once in the last month, with primary current use of CBP (group 1) or CH (group 2), and without treatment for substance abuse in the last six months were interviewed. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were employed to compare risk behaviors during follow ­up. Results: Four hundred and two of 467 subjects (86.1%) were followed up for one year. CBP users (n = 204) reported greater frequency of self ­inflicted injuries (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.97 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.07­3.66]) and suicide attempts (OR: 2.68 [95% CI: 1.19­6.01]) than CH users. Conclusions: CBP users had a greater frequency of self ­inflicted injuries and suicide attempts, both life threatening risk behaviors, than CH users. This profile shows the high vulnerability of CBP users and should encourage further research and design of outreach interventions, particularly focused on this group.