Assessing the bleaching effect of an experimental stabilized chlorine dioxide agent used for internal bleaching purposes

Aim Assessing the intracoronal bleaching effectiveness of an experimental chlorine dioxide product, based on the walking bleach technique. Methods Extracted bovine incisors were artificially stained with bovine blood and filled with zinc phosphate cement at cementoenamel junction level. Teeth were divided into 3 groups (n=10): (SP) sodium perborate added with distilled water, (CD) chlorine dioxide and (C) control - dry cotton inserted into the pulp chamber. Bleaching agents were used at 0, 7 and 14 days. VITA Easyshadetm (∆Eab) was used to analyze tooth color at the 7th, 14th and 21st days, based on the CIE2000 system. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results There were no statistically significant differences in Δb, ΔE, ΔE00 and ΔWID between CD and the control group. These parameters have shown significant differences between CD and SP, which differed from the control. However, they did not show significant differences either in the control group or in CD at the 7th, 14th and 21st days. Values recorded for SP at the 7th day differed from those recorded at the 14th and 21st days. Δa has shown differences within the same group at the 7th, 14th and 21st days. There was no difference between groups, when they were compared at the same day (7th and 14th). The control group differed from SP at the 21st day. CD did not differ from the other two groups. ΔL did not show differences between groups and times. Conclusion Stabilized chlorine dioxide (0.07%, at pH 3.5) should not be used as intracoronal bleaching agent along with the walking bleach technique.

Could polyhexanide and chlorine dioxide be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine? A systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Maintenance of oral microbiota balance is the simplest way to prevent infectious oral diseases, through controlling dental biofilm. Combined use of mouthwash and mechanical removal has been shown to be a very effective way for this. OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical studies comparing the antimicrobial effect and possible adverse effects and/or side effects of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes with those of mouthwashes containing chlorine dioxide and/or polyhexanide, for controlling oral microbiota. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review designed by the stomatology sector of postgraduation in applied dental sciences of Bauru Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using online databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Science Direct) up to April 8, 2020. The search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: The studies included comprised eight articles published between 2001 and 2017. A total of 295 young adults, adults and elderly people were evaluated (males 44.75% and females 55.25%). Three articles compared polyhexanide with chlorhexidine and five articles compared chlorine dioxide with chlorhexidine. No studies comparing all three mouthwashes were found. The concentrations of the study solutions were quite varied, and all rinses had an antimicrobial effect. In four studies, it was stated that no side effects or adverse effects had been found. Three studies did not address these results and only one study addressed side effects and/or adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Mouthwashes containing chlorine dioxide and polyhexanide are viable alternatives to chlorhexidine, since they reduce oral biofilm and have little or no reported side or adverse effects.

Dióxido de cloro y derivados del cloro para prevenir o tratar la COVID-19: revisión sistemática / Chlorine dioxide and chlorine derivatives for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review

RESUMEN Objetivos: Realizar una revisión sistemática acerca de la efectividad y seguridad del uso de dióxido de cloro y derivados del cloro, en la prevención o el tratamiento de la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se siguieron las pautas internacionales de elaboración de revisiones sistemáticas de PRISMA y el Manual Cochrane para revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones. La estrategia de búsqueda la desarrolló un bibliotecario y la revisaron dos de los autores. Se complementó la búsqueda electrónica con una búsqueda manual. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios cuasiexperimentales, estudios de cohorte, estudios de casos y controles, estudios de corte transversal y reportes de casos; y se excluyeron estudios in vitro o realizados en animales. Dos revisores, de forma independiente, seleccionaron los estudios según los criterios de elegibilidad definidos, usando el aplicativo web Rayyan, en caso de discordancia se hizo partícipe a un tercer revisor. El protocolo de la revisión sistemática se registró en PROSPERO (CRD42020200641). Resultados: No se identificó ningún estudio publicado ni en proceso de publicación que haya evaluado el uso del dióxido de cloro o derivados del cloro, administrado por vía inhalatoria, oral o parenteral en humanos, como agente preventivo o terapéutico de la COVID-19 o en infecciones por otros coronavirus. Solo se identificó el registro de un único estudio catalogado como observacional que hasta ahora no tiene resultados. Conclusiones: A la fecha, no existe evidencia científica que apoye el uso del dióxido de cloro o derivados del cloro para prevenir o tratar la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of chlorine dioxide solution and chlorine derivatives used in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Methods: This review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) and follows the guidelines provided in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A librarian developed and executed the search strategy; it was further reviewed by two of the authors and complemented by manual search. Randomized clinical trials, quasi-experimental studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and case reports were included; in vitro or animal studies were excluded. Abstract and full-text screening according to pre-defined eligibility criteria were performed by two reviewers independently using web application Rayyan QCRI. Disagreements on study selection were resolved by a third reviewer. The systematic review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020200641). Results: Neither published nor pre-print studies evaluating the use of chlorine dioxide or derivatives on SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified. The only finding was an unpublished observational study registry which has no results released yet. Conclusions: To date, there are no scientific evidence to uphold the use of chlorine dioxide or derivatives as preventive or therapeutic agents against COVID-19.

Alternative sanitization methods for minimally processed lettuce in comparison to sodium hypochlorite

Lettuce is a leafy vegetable widely used in industry for minimally processed products, in which the step of sanitization is the crucial moment for ensuring a safe food for consumption. Chlorinated compounds, mainly sodium hypochlorite, are the most used in Brazil, but the formation of trihalomethanes from this sanitizer is a drawback. Then, the search for alternative methods to sodium hypochlorite has been emerging as a matter of great interest. The suitability of chlorine dioxide (60 mg L-1/10 min), peracetic acid (100 mg L-1/15 min) and ozonated water (1.2 mg L-1 /1 min) as alternative sanitizers to sodium hypochlorite (150 mg L-1 free chlorine/15 min) were evaluated. Minimally processed lettuce washed with tap water for 1 min was used as a control. Microbiological analyses were performed in triplicate, before and after sanitization, and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of storage at 2 ± 1 ºC with the product packaged on LDPE bags of 60 µm. It was evaluated total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., psicrotrophic and mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds. All samples of minimally processed lettuce showed absence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. The treatments of chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and ozonated water promoted reduction of 2.5, 1.1 and 0.7 log cycle, respectively, on count of microbial load of minimally processed product and can be used as substitutes for sodium hypochlorite. These alternative compounds promoted a shelf-life of six days to minimally processed lettuce, while the shelf-life with sodium hypochlorite was 12 days.

Saliva and tongue coating pH before and after use of mouthwashes and relationship with parameters of halitosis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to evaluate saliva and tongue coating pH in oral healthy patients with morning bad breath before and after use of different oral mouthrinses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Saliva and tongue coating pH of 50 patients allocated in 5 groups were measured respectively by a digital pHmeter and color pH indicators, before, immediately after and 30 min after rinsing 5 different mouthrinses: cetilpiridine chloride associated with sodium chloride, triclosan, enzymatic solution, essential oil and distilled water. RESULTS: Only triclosan and essential oil increased salivary pH immediately after rising. The enzymatic solution decreased salivary and tongue coating pH immediately after rinsing. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary pH tended to be acidic while tongue coating pH tended to be alkaline, even after rising. Triclosan and essential oil mouthrinses increased salivary pH immediately after rinsing. Enzymatic solution decreased saliva and tongue coating pH immediately after rising.

[ effect of chlorine - dioxide on reduction of bacterial contamination of dental unit water systems]

Dental unit water Systems [DUWS] have been demonstrated to be contaminated with biofilms. This biofilm could be a site for growth and colorization of pathologic microorganisms. The aim of this research was to measure the Total Cultivable Flora [TCF] in DUWS of Khorasgan dental school and the effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide on its reduction. In this research, 60 samples of water from high speed turbines, air-water syringes, cabitrons and wash basins were collected. The samples were cultured in agar nutrition media and incubated for 5 days. After the incubation period, colonial counting was done by HPC method. In the next stage, stabilized chlorine dioxide was added in a container for each unit and ethic samples were taken from air-water syringes, cabitrons and turbine outlets. As for the first stage, after 5 days of culture and incubation, the samples were observed under microscope for counting the bacterial colonies. Kruskal-Walis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. A high level of bacterial contamination [more than 200 CFU] was observed in high speed turbines, air-water syringes, cavitrons and wash basins. The highest colonial count was observed from cavitron and the lowest from washbasin outlets but the difference was not statistically significant. After using chlorine dioxide, the amount of bacterial colonies was significantly reduced [p < 0.05]. The amount of bacterial contamination in DUWS of Khorasgan dental school was higher than the accepted level. These bacteria were mainly opportunistic. The addition of an anti-bacterial agent in the DUWS will significantly reduce the bacterial count to an acceptable level

Dimensional accuracy of dental gypsum casts after immersion in stable chlorine dioxide disinfectant / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the changes in dimensional accuracy of dental gypsum casts after immersion in stable chlorine dioxide (SCD) disinfectant solution.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Each of 90 specimens was made of type III,type IV and type V dental stone, respectively,which were further divided into 9 groups (n=10). The gypsum casts were immersed in 3.71,7.41 and 11.12 mmol/L SCD disinfectant solution for 5, 10 and 15 min, respectively. The dimensional accuracy of dental gypsum casts were measured with outside diameter in micrometer before and after immersion. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANVOA) at 95% confidence level.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There were no significant changes in dimensional accuracy of all dental gypsum casts treated by same concentration of SCD solution for 5, 10 and 15 min. And the dimensional accuracy of all dental gypsum casts treated with different concentrations of SCD for the same duration did not change.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SCD disinfectant solution has no impact on dimensional stability of dental gypsum casts.</p>

Alterações no pH e teor de cloro ativo em função da embalagem e local de armazenamento de solução de hipoclorito de sódio em diferentes concentrações / Alterations in pH and active chlorine purport resulting from package and storage local of sodium hypochlorite solution in different concentrations

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do pH, embalagem e local de armazenamento na estabilidade química da solução de hipoclorito de sódio em diferentes concentrações. Quinze litros da solução de hipoclorito de sódio foram preparados a partir da diluição de uma solução concentrada para cada uma das seguintes concentrações 0,57 por cento, 1,16 por cento, 2,98 por cento e 6 por cento, perfazendo um total de sessenta litros. Após o preparo, as soluções, foram armazenadas em cinco tipos de embalagens (frasco de vidro âmbar, frasco de vidro transparente, frasco de plástico âmbar, frasco de plástico transparente e frasco de plástico branco opaco) e em três locais diferentes (luminosidade ambiente, ambiente ao abrigo da luz e refrigerador) por um tempo experimental de 180 dias. A análise do pH foi realizada em 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias de armazenamento, por meio de um peagâmetro. O teor de cloro foi verificado pelo método da iodometria em triplicata no início do experimento e após os 180 dias de armazenamento. Verificou-se que todos os valores de pH encontrados foram superiores a 11, sendo, portanto, favoráveis para a estabilidade das soluções de hipoclorito de sódio analisadas. Os fatores que interferiram na estabilidade química das soluções analisadas foram a embalagem e o local de armazenamento. Em relação à embalagem de armazenamento, devem-se usar frascos de vidro ou plástico âmbar e armazená-los em refrigerador.

Preparation and evaluation of novel solid chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant powder in single-pack / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare and evaluate novel chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant powder in single-pack that is more convenient for use and transportation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Orthogonal experiment was performed to determine the recipe of the disinfectant powder. Stability test, suspension quantitative bactericidal test, simulation field trial, and animal toxicity test were carried out to observe its bactericidal and toxicological effects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The orthogonal experiment showed that the type of water solution had no effect on the disinfectant powder and the best ratio of sodium chlorite to solid acid was 1:3. Ten grams of the disinfectant powder was fully dissolved in 20 mL water for 2 min, and diluted to 500 mL in water. After 5-10 min, the concentration of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) solution was 266 mg/L to 276 mg/L. After stored at 54 degrees C for 14 d, the average concentration of ClO2 was decreased by 5.03%. Suspension quantitative bactericidal test showed that the average killing logarithm (KL) value for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in 100 mg/L ClO2 solution for 2 min was over 5.00. in simulation field trial, the average descending KL value for Escherichia coli in the solution containing 100 mg/L ClO2 for 5 min was over 3.00. The mouse acute LD50 in the solution 5 times exceeded 5000 mg/kg. The disinfectant powder was not toxic and irritative to rabbit skin and had no mutagenic effect on mouse marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The stability and bactericidal efficacy of solid chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant powder in single-pack are good. The solution containing 100 mg/L ClO2 can kill vegetative forms of bacteria. The concentration of ClO2 on the disinfecting surface of objects is 100 mg/L. The disinfectant powder is not toxic and irritative.</p>

Use of 0.1 percent chlorine dioxide to inhibit the formation of morning volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the VSC-inhibiting effect of a commercially available mouthrinse (0.1 percent chlorine dioxide) when compared to its placebo. A 2-step double blind, crossover, randomised study was conducted with 14 dental students with healthy periodontium, who refrained from any mechanical plaque and tongue coating control during two 4-day experimental periods. The subjects were instructed to rinse 3 times daily with the assigned product during each period. A 7-day washout interval was established. VSCs levels were measured by a sulphide monitor at the beginning (baseline) and at the end of each experimental period. Statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon's and Mann-Whitney's non-parametric tests. At baseline, intragroup analysis revealed that VSCs levels did not differ between groups (p > 0.05); at day 5, the use of the chlorine dioxide mouthrinse did not change the baseline VSCs scores in the control group (p > 0.05), while a 2-fold increase was observed with the use of the placebo mouthrinse (p < 0.05). Intergroup analysis showed a significant difference between the VSCs levels of the test and control groups (40.2 ± 30.72 and 82.3 ± 75.63 ppb, p < 0.001) at day 5. Within the limits of this study, the findings suggest that a mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide can maintain VSCs at lower levels in the morning breath.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito inibitório do enxaguatório de dióxido de cloro a 0,1 por cento sobre a formação dos CSVs, quando comparados a um placebo. Um estudo randomizado, cruzado, duplo cego foi conduzido com 14 estudantes de odontologia apresentando saúde periodontal, os quais se abstiveram dos hábitos de escovação dentária e limpeza da língua durante dois períodos experimentais de 4 dias. Os voluntários foram orientados a utilizar o enxaguatório designado 3 vezes ao dia conforme indicado no rótulo. Um intervalo de 7 dias foi estabelecido entre os períodos experimentais. No início ("baseline") e no final de cada período experimental, os níveis de CSVs foram medidos com o uso do monitor de sulfetos. Análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se os testes não-paramétricos de Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney. No "baseline", uma análise intragrupo revelou que os níveis de CSVs não diferiram entre os grupos (p > 0.05); no dia 5, o uso do dióxido de cloro não promoveu mudanças significativas nos níveis de CSVs em relação ao "baseline" no grupo controle (p > 0,05), entretanto os níveis de CSVs duplicaram com a utilização enxaguatório placebo (p < 0,05). Uma análise entre os grupos teste e controle revelou diferença significante para os níveis de CSVs (40,2 ± 30,72 e 82,3 ± 75,63 ppb, p < 0,001) no dia 5. Dentro dos limites deste estudo, os achados sugerem que o uso de enxaguatórios contendo dióxido de cloro pode promover a manutenção de baixos níveis de CSVs no hálito matinal.

Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent in pilot scale bioreactor.

In the present study sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment in two step bioreactor was performed for removal of colour in the pulp and paper mill effluent. In anaerobic treatment, colour 50%, lignin 62%, COD 29%, absordable organic halides (AOX) 25% and phenol 29% were reduced in eight days. The anaerobically treated effluent was separately applied in bioreactor in presence of fungal strain, Paecilomyces sp., and bacterial strain, Microbrevis luteum. Data of study indicated reduction in colour 80%, AOX 74%, lignin 81%, COD 93% and phenol 76 per cent by Paecilomyces sp. where as Microbrevis luteum showed removal in colour 59%, lignin 71%, COD 86%, AOX 84% and phenol 88% by day third when 7 days anaerobically treated effluent was further treated by aerobic microorganisms. Change in pH of the effluent and increase in biomass of microorganism's substantiated results of the study, which was concomitant to the treatment method.

Study on the reactions of azo compounds with acyl halides mediated by Sm/TiCl4 / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Amides can be obtained in good to excellent yield by Sm/TiCl(4) mediated reductive cleavage of N=N bond in azo compounds and successive acylation in one pot. It offers an alternative method for the synthesis of amides from very simple starting materials directly.

Waste water disinfection during SARS epidemic for microbiological and toxicological control / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the disinfection of wastewater in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>During the SARS epidemic occurred in Beijing, a study of different disinfection methods used in the main local wastewater plants including means of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet was carried out in our laboratory. The residual coliform, bacteria and trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids were determined after disinfection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Chlorine had fairly better efficiency on microorganism inactivation than chlorine dioxide with the same dosage. Formation of THMs and HAAs does not exceed the drinking water standard. UV irradiation had good efficiency on microorganism inactivation and good future of application in China. Organic material and ammonia nitrogen was found to be significant on inactivation and DBPs formation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chlorine disinfection seems to be the best available technology for coliform and bacteria inactivation. And it is of fairly low toxicological hazard due to the transformation of monochloramine.</p>

Desinfecção de efluentes sanitários através de dióxido de cloro / Disinfection of domestic wastewater using chlorine dioxide

A desinfecção dos esgotos deve ser considerada quando se pretende reduzir os riscos de transmissão de doenças infecto-contagiosas. Nesse sentido, os requisitos de qualidade de uma água devem ser avaliados em função dos usos previstos para a mesma. O dióxido de cloro (ClO2) possui excelentes propriedades bactericidas, virucidas, esporocidas e algicidas e, devido a isso, é usado como desinfetante de água de abastecimento e efluente doméstico, bem como inibidor de crescimento de algas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a melhor dosagem para uma boa desinfecção de efluentes sanitários previamente tratados mediante lodos ativados por aeração prolongada, avaliar a inativação de coliformes e o residual de dióxido de cloro remanescente. Foram realizados ensaios para diferentes dosagens de dióxido de cloro e diferentes tempos de contato. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a dosagem mais indicada para desinfecção do efluente estudado foi 2,0 mg ClO2/L com um tempo de contato de 20 minutos, condições sob as quais é atingido 100 por cento de remoção de coliformes fecais e oxidada parcialmente a matéria orgânica remanescente, em tanto que os valores de pH e residual de ClO2 do efluente mantêm-se dentro dos admitidos pelas normativas brasileira e estadunidense em vigor. O estudo econômico levado a cabo permitiu concluir que a desinfecção de efluente doméstico mediante dióxido de cloro pode ser economicamente viável.

Comparison of susceptibilities of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and M. chelonei subsp. abscessus to disinfectants / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the susceptibilities of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and M. chelonei subsp. absecessus to several frequently-used disinfectants and to evaluate the practicability of surrogating M. tuberculosis by the latter.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A suspension quantitative bactericidal test was set up in accordance with Chinese Technique Standard for Disinfection to evaluate the susceptibility of each mycobacteria strain to each selected disinfectant. Killing log value was used as criterion in comparing the susceptibility to disinfectants between the two strains.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>M. chelonei subsp. abscessus was more resistant to chlorine disinfectant than M. tuberculosis while the two strains were similarly resistant to iodophor disinfectant, peracetic acid, alcohol and glutaraldehyde disinfectant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>M. chelonei subsp. abscessus has the potential to surrogate M. tuberculosis in evaluating mycobactericidal efficacies of disinfectants.</p>

Bleaching of chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) using environmentally friendly chemicals.

Increasing environmental restrictions require a reduction in the use of chlorine-containing bleaching agents mainly chlorine gas. There are several approaches to this goal, including changes in the cooking process and the influent treatment. The aim of this study is to improve the physical and optical properties of chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) which has low brightness and strong tendency towards aging in chlorine-free bleaching sequences. For this reason, initially 7 different sets of single stage hydrogen peroxide bleaching operations were performed. After the analysis of the data obtained, the optimum bleaching conditions were as: H2O2 ratio on oven dry (o.d) raw material: 2%, NaOH ratio (on o.d raw material): 1.5%, MgSO4 ratio (on o.d raw material) : 0.5%, Na2SiO3 ratio (on o.d raw material) : 3%, EDTA ratio (on o.d raw material) : 0.5%, reaction time: 60 minutes, reaction temperature: 70 degrees C and concentration: 16%. Then, 11 different sets of two and multistage H2O2 (P), NaBH4 (B), and Na2S2O4 (S) bleaching operations were carried out. Optimum bleaching conditions were found in bleaching of BPSP with 4 stage sequences. As a result, CTMP brightness was observed to increase from 47% to 81.37% elrepho while yellowness of bleached pulps decreased from 321 per thousand to 164.01 per thousand elrepho.

Derivados clorados de origem orgânica: uma solução para o processo de desinfecção de laticínios e de água potável / Flowed chlorinated of organic origin: the solution for the process of disinfection of dairy and water

O uso de de derivados clorados de origem inorgânica, como gás cloro, hipoclorito de sódio, hipoclorito de cálcio e dos derivados clorados de origem orgânica, cujo principal representante é o dicloroisocianurato de sódio, tem contribuído para o controle das doenças de origem hídrica e alimentar, do processo de desinfecção de pisos, equipamentos e utensílios em áreas de industriais e de residências. Atualmente existe no mercado o dicloroisocianurato de sódio na forma comprimido efervescente, em diversos tamanhos, ou seja, o tamanho do comprimido a ser utilizado é em função do volume da solução sanificante a ser preparada e da concentração de cloro residual livre que se deseja, o que evita erros na dosagem do teor de matéria ativa e na perda do produto pelo consumo em excesso. O uso de derivados clorados de origem orgânica, principalmente o dicloroisocianurato de sódio, nos laticínios e mesmo no nosso dia a dia, no processo de desinfecção de água, equipamentos/utensílios, embalagens, ambientes, etc. ,em função da praticidade no manuseio, medição, transporte e armazenamento; maior solubilidade, maior período de validade, dosagem mais precisa, menor risco químico (corrosividade), modernidade do produto (tecnologia, embalagem e ainda efervescentes), a não formação de subprodutos da desinfecção, que associadas às necessidades atuais indicam que é uma questão de tempo a sua utilização em todos os setores. Pesquisa de opinião pública, realizada pela Data Kirsten por solicitação da Bayer Saúde Ambiental, avaliou a preferência entre dois agentes descontaminantes usados para água de consumo, o hipoclorito de sódio e o dicloroisocianurato de sódio, os resultados obtidos comprovam nossa afirmação anterior, onde o grau de preferência pelo dicloroisocianurato de sódio alcançou 69,6 por cento, contra 23,9 por cento do hipoclorito de sódio, sendo que 6,5 por cento dos entrevistados eram indiferentes.