Evidencias de validez de la tarea de los dedos en una modalidad de administración asincrónica / Validity evidence of the finger task in an asynchronous administration modality

La batería de Autorregulación Cognitiva -TAC-es una herramienta informatizada para la evaluación de los principales procesos ejecutivos en una modalidad de administración presencial. Aunque sus características técnicas hacen viable su administración en una modalidad remota y asincrónica aún no cuenta con evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de sus puntuaciones en una modalidad de administración no presencial. Por ello, este estudio propone obtener evidencias de las propiedades psicométricas de la Tarea de los Dedos -TAC-en su modalidad de administración remota y asincrónica para la evaluación de la Inhibición comportamental y la flexibilidad cognitiva en personas adultas. Para cumplir con este objetivo, se analizó la presencia de dos efectos experimentales que aportan validez de constructo y se comparó su desempeño en las dos modalidades de administración. Finalmente, se analizó la confiabilidad de las puntuaciones a través del método de división por mitades. Los resultados obtenidos aportan evidencia empírica de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento(AU)

The cognitive self-regulation battery -TAC-is a computerized tool designed to evaluate the work memory, three inhibitory processes and cognitive flexibility. There is still no evidence of validity and reliability of their scores in remote administration mode. The goal of this work is to obtain evidence of reliability and validity for the tac fingers task in remote and asynchronous administration mode for cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition evaluation in the adult population. It was analyzed iftwo experimental effects were detected. Its presence indicates the activation or participation of cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition in the resolution of activities proposed by the task. Also, the performance of the participants in both modalities was compared. The internal consistency was analyzed through the method of division by halves. The results obtained provide empirical evidence of psychometric properties of TAC fingers task for evaluation of cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition in the adult population(AU)

Análise de dois contextos interativos em uma díade mãe-criança com deficiência visual / Analysis of two interactive contexts in a mother-child with visual impairment / Análisis de dos contextos interactivos en una madre-hijo con discapacidad visual

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a interação de uma díade mãe-criança com deficiência visual, a partir de dois contextos interativos: uma situação de brincadeira livre e uma situação de brincadeira estruturada, buscando apreender estratégias maternas que facilitam a participação da criança no processo interacional e identificar cenas de atenção conjunta. Foram realizadas observações com uso de filmagem, na residência da díade. Realizou-se uma análise qualitativa dos episódios interacionais. Na situação de brincadeira livre a estratégia materna em dar espaço à criança para iniciar a interação favoreceu a participação infantil. Na situação de brincadeira estruturada observou-se que o comportamento materno de aproximar objetos da criança ou de aproximar a mão da criança dos objetos, além de fazer uso de indicações gerais de como a criança deve utilizar os recursos que dispõe, possibilitou que a criança identificasse os objetos e suas localizações. Evidenciou-se, de um modo geral, que na díade mãecriança com deficiência visual a atenção conjunta vai acontecer por meio do toque e que estratégias de questionar à criança sobre as propriedades dos objetos e de aproximar os mesmos do campo tátil da criança facilitam o reconhecimento e a posterior identificação. Considera-se que estes dados podem fornecer pistas para que intervenções sejam realizadas com o intuito de promover o desenvolvimento da criança com deficiência visual, a partir da interação com a mãe, mas também por meio do uso dos recursos perceptíveis que dispõe, como o tato e a audição.

This study aimed to analyze the interaction between a mother and a child with visual impairment, throughout two different interactive contexts: a free play and a play structured situation. These contexts provided an understanding of the maternal strategies used within the purpose to facilitate the child's participation in the interactional process and also identify potential scenes of joint attention. Observations were conducted in the dyad residence, by the use of film record. Qualitative analyses of the observations were made. In free play situation, maternal strategy to give space for the child to initiate interaction favored child participation. In structured play situation it was observed that the maternal behavior to approach the objects to the child or to approach the child's hand to objects, besides making use of general indications of how the child must use the resources that are available, allowed the child to identify objects and their locations. The results shows that in the mother-child with visual impairment, the scenes of joint attention will occur through the use of touch and that the use of questions made for the child, concerning the properties of objects, facilitates the recognition and subsequent identification. It is considered that these data may provide clues to elaborate interventions whose purpose is to promote the development of children with visual impairment, from the interaction with the mother, but also through the use of resources, such as touch and hearing.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la interacción de una pareja madre-hijo con discapacidad visual, a partir de dos contextos interactivos: situación de juego libre y situación estructurada, tratando de comprender estrategias maternas que faciliten la participación del niño e identificar escenas de la atención conjunta. Las observaciones se realizaron utilizando grabación de las escenas, en la residencia de la pareja. Se hizo un análisis cualitativo de las observaciones. En la situación libre, la estrategia en dar espacio para que el niño inicie la interacción favoreció la participación. En situación estructurada, se observó que el comportamiento maternal de aproximación de los objetos al niño o de aproximación de la mano del niño a los objetos, además de hacer uso de las indicaciones generales de la forma en que el niño tiene que utilizar los recursos de que dispone, permitió al identificar objetos y sus ubicaciones. En la pareja madre-hijo con discapacidades visuales la atención conjunta va a suceder por medio del tacto. Las estrategias de cuestionamiento al niño acerca de las propiedades de los objetos más allá del acto de llevar los niños de lo campo táctil facilitan el reconocimiento y la posterior identificación. Estos datos pueden proporcionar pistas sobre qué intervenciones se llevan a cabo, cuyo propósito es promover el desarrollo de los niños con discapacidad visual, a partir de la interacción con la madre, por medio del uso de los recursos notables que tienen: el tacto y la audición.

Attentional bias modulation by reappraisal in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: an event-related potential study

Affective states influence subsequent attention allocation. We evaluated emotional negativity bias modulation by reappraisal in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) relative to normal controls. Event-related potential (ERP) recordings were obtained, and changes in P200 and P300 amplitudes in response to negative or neutral words were noted after decreasing negative emotion or establishing a neutral condition. We found that in GAD patients only, the mean P200 amplitude after negative word presentation was much higher than after the presentation of neutral words. In normal controls, after downregulation of negative emotion, the mean P300 amplitude in response to negative words was much lower than after neutral words, and this was significant in both the left and right regions. In GAD patients, the negative bias remained prominent and was not affected by reappraisal at the early stage. Reappraisal was observed to have a lateralized effect at the late stage.

B. F. Skinner e o uso do controle aversivo: um estudo conceitual / B. F. Skinner and the use of aversive control: a conceptual study

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) é frequentemente citado como representante de um posicionamento contrário ao uso de controle aversivo. Entretanto, observa-se certa divergência, na literatura comportamental, quanto à postura de Skinner a esse respeito. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e analisar em quais momentos Skinner prescreve ou adverte sobre o uso do controle aversivo. Um estudo conceitual foi realizado, no qual oito obras (Skinner 1938/1991; 1948/1975; 1953/1989; 1968/1972; 1969/1980; 1971; 1974/2006; 1989) foram analisadas conforme as categorias: 1) a definição de controle aversivo e conceitos envolvidos; 2) os aspectos negativos do controle aversivo e proibições; e 3) os aspectos positivos do controle aversivo e prescrições. Por fim, não foi possível encontrar uma definição específica de controle aversivo, e constatou-se que em determinados momentos Skinner justifica o uso deste tipo de controle, mas não o prescreve genericamente.

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) is frequently cited as having a contrary position on the use of aversive control. However, in certain passages Skinner presents a more flexible opinion about the use of this type of behavioral control. The purpose of the present study was to identify and analyze the passages where Skinner prescribes or warns about such use. A conceptual study was conducted involving eight Skinner works (Skinner 1938/1991, 1948/1975, 1953/1989, 1968/1972, 1969/1980, 1971, 1974/2006, 1989), analyzed according to the following categories: 1) the definition of aversive control and concepts involved; 2) the negative aspects of aversive control and prohibitions; and 3) the positive aspects of aversive control and its recommendations. It wasn't possible to find a specific definition of aversive control and it was observed that at certain moments Skinner justifies the use of aversive control, but does not prescribe it in general.

Prática de gestão e controle da subjetividade dos trabalhadores: a ideologia de encantamento em uma empresa de varejo / Practice management and control of the workers' subjectivity: the ideology of enchantment in a retail company

Este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa do ramo de varejo e aborda a relação entre as práticas de gestão organizacionais e o controle da subjetividade dos trabalhadores. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e está fundamentada em observações, entrevistas, registros fílmicos e análise documental. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a técnica de análise qualitativa de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. A discussão teórica fundamenta-se nas contribuições de autores da Psicossociologia e da Economia Política do Poder. Destacam-se, na empresa estudada, as seguintes práticas que envolvem subjetivamente o trabalhador com a organização: (i) processo de imersão para integração; (ii) rituais de inauguração das novas filiais, com elaboração de hinos pelos próprios trabalhadores; (iii) internalização das normas e regras de conduta, pela participação dos trabalhadores na construção das políticas de encantamento e pela repetição dos objetivos e valores organizacionais; e (iv) elaboração de livros com as histórias de sucesso que imprimem uma formatação da subjetividade ao destacar um ideal comportamental. Como principais resultados, o estudo destaca a efetividade das práticas de controle da subjetividade que focam o engajamento e o envolvimento sedutor e perverso dos trabalhadores pela organização, além da adesão dos trabalhadores via ideologia do encantamento, que se assemelha a uma instância "religiosa"...

This paper presents a case study of a retail company and approaches the relationship between organizational management practices and the control of workers' subjectivity. The research is qualitative and is based in observations, interviews, video records and analysis of documents. The collected data were analyzed following Bardin's proposal for qualitative content analysis. The theoretical discussion is grounded on the contributions from authors of Psychosociology and Political Economy of Power. Within the researched company, the practices that subjectively involve the worker with the organization are: (i) process of immersion for achieving integration between workers; (ii) rituals for inaugurating new branch offices, with anthems composed by the workers themselves; (iii) internalization of norms and rules of conduct through the participation of workers in the creation of policies of enchantment and through the systematic repetition of organizational objectives and values; and (iv) production of books with stories of success, shaping the subjectivity by evidencing an ideal behavior. The main result of this essay is to highlight the effectiveness of practices for controlling the subjectivity that reinforce both the involvement and the seductive and perverse engagement of workers with the organization, and their adherence through an ideology of enchantment which resembles a "religious" instance...

Subchronic effects of fluoxetine on conditioned suppression produced by a hot air blast

Conditioned suppression is an animal model of anxiety disorders that has been broadly used to investigate the behavioral effects of different drugs. However, various methodological variables (e.g., the type of aversive stimulus) that supposedly interfere with the acquisition of conditioned suppression may also contribute to conflicting results among the studied drugs. Additionally, few studies have sought to investigate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The present study investigated the effect of subchronic 5-day administration of 5 mg/kg fluoxetine in the retention of conditioned suppression produced by a hot air blast (HAB). The subjects were 12 albino Wistar rats distributed into an Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG). After sessions were conducted to pair two stimuli, a sound and HAB, fluoxetine (EG) or saline (CG) was administered. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, a test session was conducted. The results showed no difference between groups. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) did not exert anxiolytic effects in this model of conditioned suppression produced by a HAB.

A lógica do mercado e as retóricas de inclusão: articulações entre a crítica Frankfurteana e a Pós-Estruturalista sobre as novas formas de dominação / The market logic and inclusion rethorics: articulations between the frankfurtean and the post-structuralist critique about the new ways of domination

O presente texto objetiva, a partir de uma articulação teórica entre o pensamento frankfurteano e o pós-estruturalista, produzir uma reflexão que contemple o modo como as novas formas de dominação vêm ganhando relevo nas sociedades atuais. Na medida em que ambas as perspectivas lançam suspeitas frente aos anúncios de que estaríamos assistindo a um tempo de maior liberdade, democracia e positivação das singularidades, buscamos realizar uma conjugação destas perspectivas com o propósito de efetivar uma análise crítica dos dispositivos/mecanismos que mascaram o exercício do poder nas formações sociais capitalistas contemporâneas. Para tanto, argumentaremos que a pretensa democracia e liberdade anunciadas pela Sociedade de consumo e pela Indústria Cultural estão a serviço da unidimensionalização do corpo social; do mesmo modo como certos discursos e políticas que militam pela inclusão social e escolar permanecem lidando com a alteridade sob o signo do estereótipo, captura e marginalização, suavizados pelo uso de figuras retóricas.

The present text objectifies producing a reflection that contemplates the way new forms of domination have been standing out in the current societies based on a theoretical articulation between the Frankfurtean and Post-Structuralist thought. As far as both perspectives raise suspicion towards the announcements that we would be seeing an era of greater freedom, democracy and activation of singularities, we search to achieve a conjugation of these perspectives with the proposal of enabling a critical analysis of the mechanisms/devices that conceal and disguise the exercise of power in contemporaneous capitalist social formations. To do so, we argue that the professed democracy and announced freedom by the Consumption Society and Cultural Industry are serving the unidimensionalization of the social organism; the same way certain speeches and policies that militate for the social and scholar inclusion remain dealing with the alterity under the sign of the stereotype, capture and marginalization and softened by the use of rethorical figures.

Psychological well-being in medical students during exam stress-influence of short-term practice of mind sound technology.

Introduction: Medical education is perceived as stressful. As excessive stress hampers students' performance, stress management is required for medical students. This study was aimed to assess the effect of Mind Sound Technology (MST), an intelligence enhancing program, on psychological well-being of medical undergraduates during exam stress. Materials and Methods: Forty-two medical students were recruited and Dukes Health Profile scoring was done at baseline and during Exam Stress (ES). After pre-intervention measurements, the students were randomized into two groups: non-practitioners and MST practitioners. Post-intervention measurement was done at the end of 6 weeks when the students had examination. Results: Students showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in negative health scores like perceived health scores, anxiety, and depression and a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in positive health scores like Self-Esteem, Mental Health Score, Social Health Score, and General Health Score during exam when compared with baseline. MST practice increased positive health scores (P < 0.001) and decreased perceived health score (P < 0.01), anxiety, depression, and anxiety-depression scores significantly (P < 0.001) when compared with ES score. Non practitioners did not show any significant change in any of the scores when compared with ES score. Six weeks of MST practice by medical students have improved the academic scores (P < 0.05) when compared with their non-practitioner counterpart. Conclusion: Thus, practice of MST has helped in coping up the stress that occurs during examination and improved academic performance in medical undergraduates.

Consejería en vida sana y cambio de conductas en escolares obesos: intervención controlada en madres/cuidadoras / Counseling on healthy lifestyles and behavioral change in obese school children: controlled intervention in mothers/caretakers

Obesity is the main nutritional problem among Chilean children. Behavioral changes through the stage of change model have been proposed as allow cost prevention alternative that has greater impact than the informative model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of counseling on healthy lifestyles on the behavioral changes of obese children 6 to 9 years of age. A quasi-experimental pilot study including mothers caretakers (N=50) of obese children from public schools was carried out. The intervention consisted in three home-based counseling sessions to the mothers caretakers during a 16-week period. The main results indicated that counseling contributed to decreased daily television time and improved the nutritional quality of the foods brought from home by children from the intervention group compared to children from the control group. Counseling is an effective prevention strategy whose effects need to be confirmed in a randomized study including a larger sample.

La obesidad es el principal problema nutricional de la población infantil en Chile. La modificación de conductas a través del modelo de etapas de cambio se plantea como una alternativa de prevención de bajo costo y de mayor impacto respecto al modelo informativo. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la Consejería en Vida Sana en el cambio de conducta de niños obesos entre 6 y 9 años de escuelas municipalizadas de la comuna de Macul, Región Metropolitana. Para esto se realizó un estudio piloto con diseño cuasi-experimental que incluyó a las madres/cuidadoras (N=50) de estos niños. La intervención consistió en tres sesiones de consejería en el hogar a madres/cuidadoras durante 16 semanas. Los resultados indican que la consejería contribuyó a que los niños del grupo intervenido disminuyeran el tiempo diario de televisión y mejoraran la calidad nutricional de sus colaciones, comparado a lo observado en el grupo control. Se recomienda que se confirme la efectividad de la consejería como estrategia de prevención en un estudio aleatorio con un tamaño muestral mayor.

Proposta de um modelo teórico para a adoção da prática de atividade física / Proposal of a theoretical model to physical activity adoption

A compreensão de como as pessoas adotam um estilo de vida fisicamente ativo constitui um desafio para a implantação de políticas públicas e, ao mesmo tempo, um avanço em termos de promoção da saúde. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi propor a utilização de modelos teóricos quando se estuda a adoção da prática de atividade física. Para isso, dividiu-se o trabalho em três partes. Na primeira, são abordadas as teorias/modelos encontrados na literatura, relacionados à adoção da atividade física. Na segunda, apresenta-se uma proposta de um modelo teórico. E, na terceira parte, comenta-se sobre a utilidade e aplicação dos modelos teóricos nos estudos sobre atividade física e saúde. Espera-se, com este trabalho, chamar a atenção dos pesquisadores para a importância de empregar modelos teóricos, estimulando debates a respeito deste assunto, bem como a disseminação deste conhecimento.

Understanding how the individuals adopt a physically activity lifestyle represents a challenge to the establishment of public policies and, simultaneously, an advance in terms of health promotion. Thus, the objective of the present study was to propose the utilization of theoretical models to investigate the physical activity adoption. The work was divided into three parts. In the first one, it was introduced the theories/models regarding physical activity found in the literature. In the second part, the proposal of the new theoretic model, based on the referred background, is presented. In the third part, some comments concerning utility and application of theoretical model in studies about physical activity and health are made. We hope, with this research work, awake the researches for the importance of employ theoretical models, enhancing debates about this subject, as well as the dissemination of this knowledge.

Sistema automático de análise comportamental em pombos / Automatic behavioral analysis system in pigeons

Este trabalho apresenta o projeto e os testes de um equipamento para registro automatizado da amplitude e da latência da resposta de sobressalto acústico em pombos. O sistema desenvolvido é formado por uma câmara experimental, com uma célula de carga acoplada ao piso para ser utilizada como sensor de força, circuitos para geração de estímulos (luz, som ou choque) e circuitos de condicionamento e interfaceamento dos sinais a um microcomputador utilizado para controle, armazenamento e análise dos dados. O software para controle do sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando-se linguagem C para operar em plataformas DOS ou Windows, com rotinas de controle para o protocolo experimental (número, duração e taxa de repetição dos estímulos) e rotinas gráficas para apresentar as curvas de amplitude da resposta em relação ao tempo, armazenamento dos dados no disco e processamento. Os dados são armazenados em arquivos e podem ser analisados estatisticamente com outros aplicativos computacionais. Foram realizados testes comportamentais com pombos e ratos, expostos a 20 estímulos sonoros (1 kHz, 100 dBA, duração de 1 s e taxa de repetição de 30 s). Os animais do grupo controle permaneceram na caixa durante 30 minutos sem receber estímulos. A amplitude do sobressalto, medida em kgf, foi registrada durante 4 s e analisada em janelas temporais de 1 s imediatamente após o som. Os testes com ratos apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos da literatura e indicaram a eficiência do sistema. Comparativamente aos ratos, os pombos apresentaram menor amplitude e maior latência e indicaram diferenças comportamentais entre as duas espécies. O equipamento mostrou-se adequado para as investigações neurobiológicas e comportamentais que usam modelos animais.

This work presents the design and testing of an apparatus for automatic recording of the magnitude and latency of acoustic startle response in pigeons. This system includes one experimental chamber with a load cell coupled to its floor (which is used as a force sensorto measure the amplitude of the response to the stimulus), stimuli generation circuits (light, sound or shock) and interfacing circuits (to a microcomputer that is used for control, storage and data analysis). The software used to control the system was developed using C language and runs under DOS or Windows operational systems. There are routines to implement the experimental protocol (number, duration and repetition rate of stimuli) and graphics routines to show the amplitude of the startle response curves as a function of time. The data may be saved in the disk for further statistical analysis with other programs. Behavioral tests with exposure to 20 tone-pulses (1 kHz, 100 dBA, 1 s, every 30 s) were carried out with pigeons and rats. The control group animals remained in the chamber during 30 min without receiving any acoustic stimulation. The magnitude of startle was recorded (in kgf) during 4 s andanalyzed in temporal windows of 1 s. The tests with rats corroborate the literature and indicate the efficiency of the system. Compared to rats, the pigeons presented lower magnitude and longer latency of acoustic response, indicating behavioral differences between the two species. The equipment was considered adequate for neurobiological and behavioral investigations which use automatic recording of acoustic stimuli responses.

Evaluación del efecto de una intervención conductual en la agresividad escolar / Assessment of the effect of a behavioral intervention in school aggression

Se investiga el efecto que tiene una intervención conductual aplicada en la sala de clases, en el desarrollo de conductas disruptivas entre primero y tercero básico. Para esto, se diseñó un estudio cuasi-experimental longitudinal que permitió evaluar los efectos de la aplicación del programa del Juego del Buen Comportamiento (JBC) en las conductas disruptivas de 45 niños de dos colegios municipalizados del sector Oriente, en comparación con un grupo equivalente que no recibió la intervención (compuesto por 104 escolares). Los resultados indicaron que la aplicación del JBC en 1º y 2º básico, se relaciona con una disminución de los problemas de desobediencia y/o agresión, deficiencia cognitiva e inmadurez emocional en 3º básico. Además, el programa se relaciona con una protección y/o prevención de la ocurrencia de estos problemas en el grupo intervenido. Se discuten algunos desafíos metodológicos del presente estudio y las implicancias de estos resultados para investigaciones futuras, y algunas expectativas de seguimiento de estos resultados en sexto básico.

Child-management techniques. Are there differences in the way female and male pediatric dentists in Israel practice?

The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the management techniques used by Israeli female and male pediatric dentists. All 112 participants of the meeting of the Israeli Society of Dentistry for Children that was held in February 1999 received a questionnaire which sought information regarding age, sex, behavioral and pharmacological methods used to treat children, having a course in nitrous oxide, general anesthesia, and feelings towards pediatric patients. No differences between female and male dentists were found regarding most management techniques. The majority of dentists used tell-show-do, and gave presents at the end of the appointments. Hypnosis was the least used technique. Papoose board was more prevalent among male dentists than among female dentists. Most dentists reported having the parents present during treatment, and more male dentists used their assistance when restraint was needed. General anesthesia was significantly more prevalent among males than among females (p = 0.01). One-third of the dentists reported feeling aggression toward the pediatric patient. Although not statistically significant, more female dentists reported about feeling aggression than male dentists. Most dentists felt authority towards the pediatric patient. Our findings imply that female and male dentists use similar management techniques when treating children