Measurement and clinical implications of choroidal thickness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease / Determinação da espessura da coróide suas implicações clínicas em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal

ABSTRACTPurpose:Ocular inflammation is a frequent extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and may parallel disease activity. In this study, we evaluated the utility of a choroidal thickness measurement in assessing IBD activity.Methods:A total of 62 eyes of 31 patients with IBD [Crohn's disease (CD), n=10 and ulcerative colitis (UC), n=21] and 104 eyes of 52 healthy blood donors were included in this study. Choroidal thickness was measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. The Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and the modified Truelove Witts score were used to assess disease activity in CD and UC, respectively.Results:No significant differences in mean subfoveal, nasal 3000 μm, or temporal 3000 μm choroidal thickness measurements (P>0.05 for all) were observed between IBD patients and healthy controls. Age, smoking, CD site of involvement (ileal and ileocolonic involvement), CDAI, CD activity, and UC endoscopic activity index were all found to be significantly correlated with choroidal thickness by univariate analysis (P<0.05). Smoking (P<0.05) and the CD site of involvement (P<0.01) were the only independent parameters associated with increased choroidal thickness at all measurement locations.Conclusions:Choroidal thickness is not a useful marker of disease activity in patients with IBD but may be an indicator of ileal involvement in patients with CD.

RESUMOObjetivos:Inflamação ocular é uma manifestação extra-intestinal comum de doença inflamatória do intestino (IBD) e pode ser paralela a atividade da doença. Neste estudo, investigamos se a espessura da coroideia pode ser útil para avaliar a atividade da IBD.Método:Um total de 62 olhos de 31 pacientes com IBD [10 com doença de Crohn (CD) e 21 colite ulcerosa (UC)] além de 104 olhos de 52 doadores de sangue saudáveis foram incluídos neste estudo. A espessura da coróide foi medida utilizando-se imagens de tomografia de coerência óptica com profundidade aprimorada. O índice de atividade da doença Crohn (CDAI) e o índice de Truelove Witts modificado foram usados para avaliar atividade da doença em CD e UC, respectivamente.Resultados:Não houve diferença significativa entre os pacientes com IBD e controles saudáveis em termos de medições da espessura da coróide subfoveal média em região 3000 μm nasal e 3000 μm temporal (p>0,05). Com base na análise univariada; idade, tabagismo, local do envolvimento em CD (ileal ou íleo-cecal), CDAI, atividade CD e índice de atividade endoscópica da UC foram significativamente correlacionados com a espessura da coróide (p<0,05). No entanto, fumar (p<0,05) e o local de envolvimento em CD (p<0,01) foram os únicos parâmetros independentes associados com um aumento na espessura da coroideia em todos os pontos de medida.Conclusões:A espessura da coroide não é um marcador útil para refletir a atividade da doença em pacientes com IBD, mas pode ser um indicador de envolvimento ileal em pacientes com CD.

Fulminant toxoplasmic retino-choroiditis following intravitreal triamcinolone administration.

We report two cases of fulminant toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) administration. Case 1: A 42-year-old female received IVTA for presumed non-infectious panuveitis. Within 2 months, she developed diffuse macular retinochoroiditis with optic disc edema. Upon starting anti-toxoplasmic therapy (ATT), her intraocular inflammation resolved with catastrophic damage to the disc and macula. Case 2: A 30-year-old male received IVTA for presumed reactivation of previously scarred toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Despite simultaneous ATT, within 6 weeks, he developed extensive, multifocal macular retinochoroiditis. He continued to require ATT for 18 months and later underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil placement for severe epiretinal proliferation. Aqueous tap polymerase chain reactions were found positive for Toxoplasma gondii in both cases. In conclusion, IVTA administration can lead to fulminant toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis even when used with appropriate ATT. Extreme caution should be exercised while administering depot corticosteroids in eyes with panuveitis of unknown origin.

Myopia and inflammation

The correlation between myopia and intraocular inflammation has rarely been explored. The aim of this article is to review myopic changes induced by inflammatory diseases and inflammatory diseases related to myopia, followed by a discussion on inflammatory choroidal neovascularization. Clinical cases are used to illustrate these conditions. The review does not include inflammatory conditions caused by surgical interventions employed for treatment of myopia. Uveitic conditions that can induce a myopic shift include sclero-choroidal inflammation, lens induced myopia due to steroid cataracts, juvenile idiopathic arthritis [JIA] induced myopia, and transient drug induced myopia due to sulfonamides and acetazolamide used for treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis and inflammatory cystoid macular edema, respectively. Most inflammatory conditions related to myopia are conditions involving the choriocapillaris. These include multifocal choroiditis and/or punctate inner choroiditis, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement. It can be hypothesized that fragility of the choriocapillaris due to particular anatomic changes due to myopia, together with unknown immunogenetic factors predispose myopic eyes to primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies

Coroidite toxoplásmica unilateral: apoptose retiniana com migração de células pigmentares / Unilateral toxoplasmic choroiditis: retinal apoptosis with pigment-containing cells migration

No relato de um caso de toxoplasmose, com as lesões secundárias, os autores mostram como devem ser entendidos os achados anatomopatológicos. Em face do avanço da tecnologia e do infindável número de trabalhos correlatos, é importante detalhar o significado de cada alteração nos diversos segmentos das membranas oculares. Essa é a razão da valorização das técnicas clássicas de rotina e do destaque dado às seguintes partes: 1 – A clínica – 2 – a macroscopia, mostrando a gravidade da inflamação ocular. 3 – A microscopia com as etapas para o diagnóstico etiológico, nas quais se procuram correlacionar os achados dos corantes de rotina – HE, azul de toluidina e tricrômico – com as reações específicas imunohistoquímicas para toxoplasma. 4 – Imagens que visam a separar a inflamação da coróide, do processo degenerativo secundário da retina, a apoptose. 5 – Degeneração cistóide da retina e evidência, anatomopatológica, de apoptose retiniana e migração de células do epitélio pigmentar para a retina. 6 – Comentários sobre os significados da retinopatia pigmentar, da retinite pigmentosa e da apoptose

In a report of a toxoplasmosis case with secondary lesions, the authors show how the anatomopathologic findings should be understood. In face of the technological improvements and the great number of related works it is important to specify the meaning of eachchange in ocular membranes. This is the reason for valorization of the classical laboratory practice and the distinction given to the following parts: 1 – The clinic. 2 – Macroscopy showing the graveness of the ocular inflammation. 3 – Microscopy with the stages for etiological diagnosis, in which the authors try to correlate the findings of the routine procedure stains – HE, toluidine blue and trichromic – with the specific immunohistochemical reactions for toxoplasm. 4 – Images that aim at separating clearly the inflammation of the choroid, from the secondary degenerative process of retina, the apoptosis. 5 – Retinal cystoid degeneration and anatomopathologic evidence of retinal apoptosis, and migration of pigment epithelial cells to retina. 6 – Comments on the meaning of pigmentary retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and apoptosis

Fibrose sub-retiniana progressiva e neurite óptica; descriçäo de um caso / Progressive subretinal fibrosis and optic neuritis; description of case

Descrevemos um caso raro de fibrose sub-retiniana progressiva subsequente à coroidite multifocal, associado a uma severa e dramática neurite óptica resistente à prednisona, à droga citotóxica e finalmente à ciclosporina. A literatura foi revista e discutida

Quatro casos de presumível coroidite tuberculosa em pacientes infectados pelo HIV / Four cases of probable tuberculous choroiditis in patients HIV infected

Desde o início dos anos 80 tem-se observado um aumento da associaçäo da infecçäo pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e o paciente infectado pelo HIV ou com AIDS. Quatro pacientes portadores de AIDS, tuberculose e manifestaçöes oculares säo descritos pelos autores. Dois pacientes eram portadores de tuberculose miliar, um com tuberculose pulmonar com padräo radiológico atípico e um paciente com tuberculose ganglionar. Até a presente data, este é o primeiro relato de presumível coroidite tuberculosa em pacientes com AIDS, apesar da alta prevalência da tuberculose no Brasil

Coroiditis tuberculosa diseminada / Diseminated tuberculosis choroiditis

En el presente trabajo, hemos revisado un caso de coroiditis diseminada en una paciente femenina, de 37 años de edad, portadora de lesiones graves e irreversibles de coroides-retina y nervio óptico, que le ocasionaron pérdida casi total de la función visual del ojo izquierdo. El diagnóstico presuntivo de uveitis tuberculosa, se basó en la historia clínica; PPD fuertemente positivo y una respuesta favorable a la isoniazida. Se hace hincapié en que la tuberculosis debe ser considerada por los oftalmólogos como probable etiología en la coroiditis diseminada

Delyed difuse exudative aseptic choroiditis produced by pressure of encircling silastic band without evacuation of subretinal fluid in retinal detachment surgery

1. Although the operation of encircling silastic 3 mm. band without evacuation of subretinal fluid gives a very high percentage of success [more than 90%] in retinal detachment surgery yet after a successful result for 3 to 4 months in 2% of cases an exudative diffuse aseptic choroiditis occurs, giving no perception of light in affected eye inspite of local and general corticosteroids and antibiotics. 2. The complcation has no definite relation to size of retinal tear, type of cautery used [cryo or diathermy], error of refraction or degree of reasonable raised ocular tension got immediately after the operation [about 15 mm. Hg. [Schiotz] above the preoperative level]. 3. As there is no ocular or general cause for such a syndrome it is explained on a vascular basis. Pressure of the ersircling band causes ifijury and dilatation of pressed choroidal