Survey on pesticide use in Crataegi Fructus and analysis of pesticide residues based on LC-ESI-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

In order to study the pesticide residues of the medicinal Crataegi Fructus,this study aims to establish an analysis method for pesticide residues( mainly containing insecticides and fungicides) suitable for the actual situation of medicinal Crataegi Fructus based on the survey of the pesticides of the Crataegi Fructus base,combined with the blind screening results of the LC-ESI-MS/MS pesticide screening platform established by the research team in the early stage. Then,the pesticide residues in medicinal Crataegi Fructus from Shandong,Hebei,Henan,Shanxi,and Liaoning( main cultivation areas) were analyzed. The samples were pretreated by the modified Qu ECh ERS method,i.e.,extracted with acetonitrile-water( 9 ∶1),purified by PSA,C_(18),GCB,silica gel. The detection of pesticides was performed by LC-MS/MS. The ion source was ESI with positive scanning mode,and the linearity of 11 kinds of pesticides in the range of 5-300 μg·kg~(-1) was acceptable( R~2>0. 996 9). All the recoveries of pesticides were within 70. 02%~(-1)12. 0% in the low,medium and high levels,with RSD≤17%. The results showed that the detection rate of carbendazim,chlorpyrifos and difenoconazole is 79%,82%,56%,respectively. Besides,the prohibition pesticide carbofuran were detected in some of the batches,indicating the security risk. This study provides methodological references and basic data for risk assessment of Crataegi Fructus and government regulation.

Differential therapeutic effects of Crataegus aronia and simvastatin on the hepatocyte ultrastructure in hepatic steatosis / Efectos terapéuticos diferenciales de Crataegus aronia y simvastatina sobre la estructura del hepatocito en la esteatosis hepática

Complications of fat accumulation in liver, hepatic steatosis such as liver cirrhosis and liver failure are among the common public health problems. We sought to investigate the damage to the hepatocyte ultrastructure induced by high fat diets (HFD) and compared the therapeutic effects at the cellular level of two antioxidant and lipid lowering agents; Crataegus aronia extracts and simvastatin on hepatic steatosis. Rats were either fed with HFD (model group) or low fat diets (LFD) (control group) for 15 weeks before being sacrificed and therapeutic groups started the treatment with these agents after week 11 until the sacrifice day. Harvested liver tissues were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and liver homogenates were assayed for markers of anti-oxidative stress that are known to be modulated in liver injury. TEM examinations of the model group showed a profound damage to the hepatocytes compared to the control group as demonstrated by steatosis, damaged mitochondria and vaculated cytoplasm, disrupted rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane, dilated intercellular space between hepatocytes, and alterations in lysosomes. In addition, HFD ameliorated the anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) and augmented the oxidative stress TBARS biomarkers. Both Crataegus aronia and simvastatin significantly reduced lipids and TBARS, and treated damage to hepatic cells, but hepatocyte structures were differentially responded to these agents. However, only Crataegus aronia induced GSH (p=0.001). We conclude that HFD-induced hepatic steatosis caused a substantial damage to the hepatocyte's ultrastructures, and Crataegus aronia and simvastatin treatments differentially reversed hepatic injuries.

Las complicaciones de la acumulación de grasa en el hígado, la esteatosis hepática como la cirrosis hepática y la insuficiencia hepática se encuentran entre los problemas comunes de salud pública. Se intentó investigar el daño a la ultraestructura de los hepatocitos inducido por la dieta alta en grasas (DAG) y se compararon los efectos terapéuticos a nivel celular de dos antioxidantes y agentes hipolipemiantes; Extracto de Crataegus aronia y simvastatina sobre esteatosis hepática. Las ratas fueron alimentadas con DAG (grupo modelo) o dieta baja en grasa (DBG) (grupo control) durante 15 semanas antes de sacrificarse y los grupos terapéuticos comenzaron el tratamiento con estos agentes después de la semana 11 hasta el día del sacrificio. Se examinaron los tejidos hepáticos usando microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) y se analizaron homogeneizados de hígado para marcadores de estrés anti-oxidativo, que se sabe están modulados en la lesión hepática. Los exámenes MET del grupo DAG mostraron un grave daño de los hepatocitos en comparación con el grupo control, demostrado por esteatosis, daño mitocondrial y citoplasma vacío, retículo endoplásmico rugoso y liso y membrana nuclear, el espacio intercelular dilatado entre hepatocitos y alteraciones en los lisosomas. Además, DAG mejoró el anti-oxidante glutatión (GSH) y aumentó el estrés oxidativo TBARS biomarcadores. Tanto Crataegus aronia como simvastatina redujeron significativamente los lípidos y TBARS, trataron el daño a las células hepáticas, pero las estructuras de hepatocitos respondieron diferencialmente a estos agentes. Sin embargo, sólo Crataegus aronia indujo GSH (p = 0,001). Concluimos que la esteatosis hepática inducida por HFD causó un daño sustancial a la ultraestructura del hepatocito y los tratamientos de Crataegus aronia y simvastatina diferenciaron las lesiones hepáticas.

Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C content and some pomological characteristics of eleven hawthorn species (Crataegus spp) from Turkey

BACKGROUND: The Hawthorn (Crateagus sp.) mostly occurs around the temperate region of the world with a high number of species, producing a fruit with numerous beneficial effects for human health. The aim of the study was to determine organic acid and sugar contents in the fruit of a number of hawthorn species grown in Erzincan province of Turkey. RESULTS: Citric acid was the predominant organic acid in all hawthorn species and C. pseudoheterophylla had the highest citric acid content (23.688 g/100 g). There were not statistically significant differences among hawthorn species (except C. atrosanguinea Pojark) in terms of fumaric acid content. C. pontica C.Koch had a higher content of vitamin C (9.418 mg/100 g) compared to other species. Fructose was the predominant sugar component in all species and C. monogyna subsp. monogyna Joiq had the highest fructose content (18.378 g/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: The high fruit quality of the studied species indicates the importance of this fruit in human nutrition as a natural source. The study revealed that there were differences in terms of fruit characteristics among hawthorn species and thus better quality hawthorn genotypes can be selected within the species. Hence, this study is considered to be a valuable reference for forthcoming studies. The high fruit quality of the studied species indicates the importance of this fruit in human nutrition as a natural source.