Algunos elementos de interés acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tormenta tirotóxica / Some elements of interest about the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxic storm

Introducción: La tormenta tirotóxica se produce por la liberación repentina y rápida de hormonas tiroideas al torrente sanguíneo. Constituye la complicación más peligrosa de la tirotoxicosis. Objetivo: Describir los principales elementos de interés acerca del diagnóstico y del tratamiento de la tormenta tirotóxica. Métodos: Se utilizaron como motores de búsqueda los correspondientes a las bases de datos Google Académico, Pubmed y SciELO. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: tormenta tirotóxica, tormenta tiroidea, tirotoxicosis, hipertiroidismo, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se evaluaron y se incluyeron los trabajos de revisión, de investigación y las páginas web que tuvieran menos de 10 años de publicados y que por el título trataban el tema de estudio. Fueron excluidos los artículos que no estuvieran en idioma español, portugués o inglés. En total 34 artículos fueran referenciados. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico y se realiza por la detección de factores desencadenantes. Se suma la exacerbación del cuadro clínico de tirotoxicosis previamente existente, el cual afecta a varios sistemas del organismo como consecuencia del aumento de las hormonas tiroideas circulantes. Lo ideal es prevenir la tormenta tirotóxica, aunque ya establecido el tratamiento no se debe retrasar la terapia de la causa desencadenante y de la causa específica. Deberá estar encaminada a reducir la síntesis y la secreción de las hormonas tiroideas y a minimizar las acciones periféricas de estas. Deberán emplearse diferentes fármacos y otras medidas terapéuticas para tratar las complicaciones sistémicas para complementar el tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Thyrotoxic storm is caused by the sudden and rapid release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. It is the most dangerous complication of thyrotoxicosis. Objective: Describe some elements of interest about the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxic storm. Methods: Search engines corresponding to Google Scholar, Pubmed and SciELO databases were used. The keywords used were: thyrotoxic storm; thyroid storm; thyrotoxicosis; hyperthyroidism; diagnosis and treatment. The review papers, research papers and web pages, which in general, had less than 10 years of publication and that by the title dealt with the subject of study were evaluated and included. Articles that were not in Spanish, Portuguese or English were excluded. A total of 34 articles were referenced. Conclusions: The diagnosis is eminently clinical and is made by the detection of triggers, to which is added the exacerbation of the clinical picture of thyrotoxicosis previously existing, which affects several systems of the body as a result of the circulating thyroid hormones increase. The ideal is to prevent the thyrotoxic storm; although if the treatment is already established, the therapy of the triggering cause and the specific cause should not be delayed. It should be aimed at reducing the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones and minimizing their peripheral actions. Different drugs and other therapeutic measures should be used to treat systemic complications to complement treatment(AU)

Tormenta tiroidea asociada a disfunción multiorgánica / Thyroid storm associated with multiorganic dysfunction

La tormenta tiroidea es una condición infrecuente y potencialmente fatal. En la literatura han sido descritas varias presentaciones inusuales de la misma; sin embargo, la disfunción multiorgánica es rara vez vista. Aquí describimos un caso en una mujer de 36 años de edad con enfermedad de Graves subyacente no diagnosticada hasta entonces, quien inició su sintomatología con una tormenta tiroidea. Su score de Burch y Wartofsky fue de 50/140. Desarrolló falla hepática aguda, falla renal aguda, acidosis láctica, falla cardíaca, bicitopenia, coagulopatía y rabdomiolisis. La disfunción multiorgánica se revirtió gracias a la pronta instauración de los esteroides, ciclofosfamida, plasmaféresis y posterior tiroidectomía. La dificultad reside en reconocer las variadas presentaciones de la enfermedad y ofrecer un tratamiento apropiado cuando se enfrenta a las contraindicaciones o las fallas terapéuticas del tratamiento convencional.

Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal condition. Unusual presentations in patients with thyroid storm have been described but multiorganic dysfunction is uncommonly seen. We describe the case of a 36-year-old woman with unknown underlying Graves´s disease who developed thyroid storm. The thyroid storm score of Burch and Wartofsky was 50/140. This was complicated by acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, lactic acidosis, heart failure, bi-cytopenia, coagulopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The severe multiorgan dysfunction was reversed by prompt institution of steroids, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange before thyroidectomy. Main difficulty lies in recognizing its varied presentations and offering appropriate treatment when physician faces either failure or contraindications of conventional therapy.

Tormenta tiroidea: una urgencia endocrinológica / Thyroid storm: an endocrinological urgency

Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves's disease (GD) and infections are the most important precipitating factor. A woman of 33 years with history of hyperthyroidism, hypertension and morbid obesity. She was treated with propylthiouracil for one year, and then suspended controls and treatment 2 years ago. Consult for 2 weeks characterized by dyspnea, cough and expectoration, plus an episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. In postictal state, persists with dyspnea and chest pain, which is brought to the emergency room. It is hypotensive, with fever and tachycardia, SatO2 60% on room air. It is intubated and connected to invasive mechanical ventilation. It evolves with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, requiring cardioversion twice, recovering sinus rhythm. Imaging studies reported bilateral lung disease. CT scan brain and lumbar punture are normal. As is treated as septic shock lung focus. Among its tests: TSH 0.01 mIU/L, T4 T 23.9 ug/dL, T4L 4.77 ng/dL, T3 5.38 ng/ml, with Wartofsky Score: 90. It is managed as TS, treatment is initiated with methimazole, Propranolol, Hydrocortisone. Thyroid ultrasound shows: Goiter with cold nodules. In addition has positive TRAb. She recovers both of system cardiovascular and their respiratory infection. The patient is prepared with amiodarone and lugol for total thyroidectomy. Concordant biopsy with GD.

Emergencias endocrinas en pediatría: diagnóstico y manejo / Diagnosis and management of endocrine emergencies in pediatrics

The study of endocrine emergencies in childhood is important due to their high mortality and residual morbidity, that can be reduced with an adequate diagnosis and/or therapy. In this article, we review hypoglycemia, adrenal crisis, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and thyroid storm in children, with focus on initial diagnostic approach and management.

Tempestade tireoidiana / Thyroid storm

A tempestade tireoidiana ou crise tireotóxica é uma emergência endocrinológica que ameaça a vida. Caracteriza-se por taquicardia, febre e disfunções cardiovascular, gastrointestinal e neurológica. A patogenia dessa complicação não está bem estabelecida, mas provavelmente é multifatorial. O diagnóstico é clínico, pois não ocorre diferença, comparada aos níveis hormonais do hipertireoidismo não-complicado. Além de medidas gerais, o tratamento envolve o bloqueio da produção da secreção e dos efeitos periféricos do hormônio tireoidiano

Crise tireotóxica / Thyroid storm

A crise tireotóxica é uma condição clínica, grave, resultante da exacerbação abrupta do estado hipertireóideo, na qual ocorre descompensação de um ou mais órgãos. Incide com maior freqüência em pacientes com doença de Graves, apesar de poder ocorrer em pacientes , com adenoma tóxico ou bócio multinodular tóxico. A apresentação clínica mais comum inclui febre (geralmente >38,5 GRAUS’C), taquicardia (desproporcional à febre), disfunções gastrointestinais (náuseas, vômitos, diarréia e em casos graves, icterícia), anormalidades neurológicas (variando de confusão a apatia e coma) e hipertensão, seguida de hipotensão e choque. Apesar de ser rara, o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento agressivo são necessários para evitar o desfecho fatal, que ocorre em 10 por cento a 75 por cento dos pacientes hospitalizados

Tormenta tiroidea: enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico / Thyroid crisis: therapeutics and diagnosis approach

La tormenta tiroidea representa el grado extremo de una descompensación de la tirotoxicosis y se presenta generalmente en pacientes hipertiroideos que suspenden el tratamiento. Clínicamente se reconoce que ciertas manifestaciones como la hiperpirexia, alteración del estado mental y evidencia de compromiso multisistémico pueden considerarse signos premonitorios de una tormenta tiroidea. El diagnóstico se establece básicamente sobre criterios clínicos y la desición de iniciar el tratamiento en casos de urgencia no debe de esperar a que los resultados de laboratorio estén disponibles. El manejo terapéutico de la tormenta tiroidea debe estar dirigido a tres aspectos básicos: tratamiento antitiroideo, tratamiento de sostén para prevenir o revertir las posibles alteraciones homeostásicas y el tratamiento de los factores precipitantes.