“ Doentes e incapazes para marchar”: vida e morte no exército da Companhia Neerlandesa das Índias Ocidentais no Nordeste do Brasil, 1630-1654 / “ Sick and unable to march: ” life and death in the army of the Dutch West India Company in the Northeast of Brazil, 1630-1654

Dos diversos males que infligiram o exército da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais em seus anos de atividade no Brasil, poucos podem ser comparados às doenças. São escassos, todavia, os dados quantitativos apresentados na historiografia para mostrar seu impacto nas tropas. Além dos índices de baixas por doença que ceifavam muitos militares, sabe-se pouco sobre os tratamentos médicos oferecidos, as principais doenças que atingiam a tropa e suas causas. Este artigo traz elementos que ajudam a compreender aspectos pouco trabalhados em termos quantitativos e sistemáticos pela historiografia e demonstra como as doenças afligiam a companhia e embaraçavam suas ações no território.

Of the many evils that were inflicted upon the army of the West India Company in its years of activity in Brazil, few could be compared to diseases. However, there is little quantitative data in the field of historiography regarding the impact of disease on these troops. Apart from the limited amount of information about the diseases that affected many soldiers, little is known about the medical treatments that were available, the main diseases that affected the troops, and what were the causes. This article provides information to understand aspects that have been little studied in quantitative and systematic terms in the field of historiography, and demonstrates how the diseases afflicted the Company and affected its actions in the territory.

New Trends of Medicine Manifested at Naeuiwon in the Late Chosun Period / 의사학

Tonifying method has been used to treat various types of deficiency syndrome in traditional Korean medicine. Tonifying medicinal including ginseng and deer horns is one of the various methods of the treatments, but they are recognized as a representative of traditional Korean remedies nowadays in Korea. That is concerned with the new trends of medicine manifested at Naeuiwon(Royal Infirmary) in the late Chosun period. The period that manifested the tonifying method obviously was the reign of King Youngjo(r.1724-1776). King Youngjo who lived longest among Chosun kings considered tonifying yang very important in keeping him healthy. He had taken a large quantity of ginseng, he and others considered the reason for his longevity as taking ginseng. From that time, the method of tonifying yang became one of the principles in health care and treatment as well. In the 19th century, the theory of tonifying method had been changed, in that tonifying yin was considered more important among Naeuiwon physicians. Tonifying yang alone was thought to be harmful because of its warm and dry nature. The main cause of prevalence of tonifying method in Naeuiwon was the fact that it was safe and had little side effects. The method of health care and treatments of the kings was considered as an ideal model by the ordinary people at that time. The new trends of medicine manifested at Naeuiwon in the late Chosun period had a strong influence on traditional Korean medicine, which emphasized the importance of tonifying method.