A linguagem na Demência Frontotemporal: uma análise à luz da Neurolinguística Enunciativo-Discursiva / Language in Frontotemporal Dementia: an analysis in light of Enunciative-Discursive Neurolinguistics

RESUMO Este estudo de caso objetiva analisar longitudinalmente a fala espontânea de um indivíduo com Demência Frontotemporal (DFT). Para isto, foram transcritos e analisados quatro episódios de terapia fonoaudiológica de um indivíduo com DFT entre 2012 e 2014 à luz da Neurolinguística Enunciativo-Discursiva. A análise evidenciou, ao longo da progressão da DFT, as diferentes estratégias semióticas utilizadas pelo indivíduo, como o uso discursivo da repetição e do gesto, bem como o lugar de importância do interlocutor para a promoção do fazer-dizer do indivíduo. Nesse sentido, conclui-se que o reconhecimento, na interlocução, das estratégias utilizadas pelo indivíduo em favor de sua posição de falante é o que viabiliza e legitima esta posição.

ABSTRACT The aim of this case study was to perform a cross-sectional analysis of spontaneous speech of a patient with Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). For this purpose, four speech and language therapy episodes, from 2012 to 2014, were selected, transcribed and analyzed in light of Enunciative-Discursive Neurolinguistics. The analysis showed, as the patient's FTD status progressed, that he used different semiotic strategies, e.g., use of repetition and gesture during speech production. It also highlighted the importance of the interlocutor's role of prompting the patient to express verbal meaning. Thus, it can be concluded that the recognition of the strategies used by the patient in favor of his role as a speaker, during interactions, is what enables and legitimates his role.

Kraepelin's description of chronic mania: a clinical picture that meets the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia phenotype / A descrição de Kraepelin de mania crônica: um quadro clínico que corresponde ao fenótipo da variante comportamental da demência fronto-temporal

ABSTRACT Chronic mania is an under-investigated condition and few reports have associated this disorder with an organic background. The present work examines Kraepelin’s reliable description of chronic mania from a current behavioral neurology viewpoint. Kraepelin had described a cluster of symptoms that are now recognized as core manifestations of the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) clinical phenotype. We also carried out additional reviews of original manuscripts from Kraepelin’s peers, in order to find any case reports that might fulfill the current diagnostic proposal for bvFTD. Even though we failed to find an ideal case, we found some scholars who seemed to agree that chronic mania should be considered a special form of dementia. The present work highlights, through historical data, the possible overlapping features between primary psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms secondary to neurodegenerative conditions.

RESUMO A mania crônica constitui uma condição subinvestigada e alguns trabalhos têm associado esta desordem a um substrato orgânico. O presente manuscrito analisa a descrição fidedigna de Kraepelin de mania crônica a partir de um ponto de vista atual da neurologia comportamental. Concebemos que ele havia descrito um conjunto de sintomas que atualmente é reconhecido como manifestações centrais do fenótipo clínico da variante comportamental da demência frontotemporal (bvFTD). Também realizamos uma revisão adicional de manuscritos originais de pares contemporâneos de Kraepelin, a fim de procurar por um único relato de caso que poderia preencher critério diagnóstico atual de bvFTD. Mesmo que não tenhamos conseguido encontrar um caso perfeitamente exemplar, identificamos que alguns estudiosos da época pareciam concordar que a mania crônica devesse ser considerada uma forma especial de demência. O presente trabalho destaca por meio de dados históricos a sobreposição entre transtornos psiquiátricos primários e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos secundários a doenças neurodegenerativas.

Valoración de prosodia espontánea afectiva y análisis de discurso en pacientes con esquizofrenia y demencia frontotemporal (DFT) variante lingüística / Spontaneous speech prosody and discourse analysis in schizophrenia and Fronto Temporal Dementia (FTD) patients

La esquizofrenia y la demencia frontotemporal (DFT) variante lingüística comparten características de lenguaje tales como la dificultad para acceder al léxico, la desorganización del discurso con múltiples interrupciones, reformulaciones, pausas y retractaciones. En el caso de los pacientes esquizofrénicos, estas dificultades revelan fallas para expresar el afecto, mientras que en los pacientes con DFT variante lingüística refleja un problema lingüístico. Métodos: El presente estudio, a través de un análisis de una serie de casos valorados tanto en la Clínica de memoria como en la Unidad de Salud Mental del HUSI-PUJ (Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio), con evaluación lingüística adicional (análisis de discurso y análisis acústico), presenta características distintivas de la DFT en sus variantes lingüísticas y la esquizofrenia que permiten guiar al especialista en la búsqueda de marcadores tempranos de un diagnóstico diferencial. Resultados: En el 100%de los pacientes con DFT variante lingüística, hay dificultades para comprender estructuras lingüísticas de tipo complejo e importantes problemas de fluidez del discurso. En los pacientes con esquizofrenia se encuentran importantes alteraciones en la expresión de los elementos suprasegmentales del habla e interrupciones en el discurso. Conclusiones: Se presenta como una evaluación lingüística en profundidad permite revaluar algunas de las modalidades de valoración del discurso y la prosodia de los pacientes con demencia y esquizofrenia; indica que algunos elementos del discurso son útiles para orientar el diagnóstico y correlacionar el deterioro funcional en la cotidianidad de la práctica del psiquiatra.

Patients with schizophrenia and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) in their linguistic variants share some language characteristics such as the lexical access difficulties, disordered speech with disruptions, many pauses, interruptions and reformulations. For the schizophrenia patients it reflects a difficulty of affect expression, while for the FTD patients it reflects a linguistic issue. Methods: This study, through an analysis of a series of cases assessed Clinic both in memory and on the Mental Health Unit of HUSI-PUJ (Hospital Universitario San Ignacio), with additional language assessment (analysis speech and acoustic analysis), present distinctive features of the DFT in its linguistic variants and schizophrenia that will guide the specialist in finding early markers of a differential diagnosis. Results: In patients with FTD language variants, in 100% of cases there is a difficulty understanding linguistic structure of complex type; and important speech fluency problems. In patients with schizophrenia, there are significant alterations in the expression of the suprasegmental elements of speech, as well as disruptions in discourse. Conclusions: We present how depth language assessment allows to reassess some of the rules for the speech and prosody analysis of patients with dementia and schizophrenia; we suggest how elements of speech are useful in guiding the diagnosis and correlate functional compromise in everyday psychiatrist's practice.

Frontotemporal dementia: clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging description / Demencia frontotemporal: descripción clínica, neuropsicológica e imaginológica

Objetivo: To describe the relation between the clinical, neuropsychological, and brain imaging findings in a group of patients with fronto temporal dementia. Methods: A sample of 21 patients was collected, and their charts, cognitive profiles, and brain imagines were reviewed; all patients were evaluated as outpatients at the Hospital Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle, in Cali, Colombia. Results: The mean age was 59.8 years old, the time elapsed between the beginning of the symptoms and the diagnosis was 2.7 years, the more frequent variant was the behavioral one, the main alteration at the magnetic resonance imaging was the frontotemporal atrophy, and the more frequent alteration on the brain SPECT was the frontotemporal hypo perfusion. On the cognitive evaluation the main finding was the normal scoring in praxis, which was related to a temporo parietal hypo perfusion at the brain SPECT (p <0.02). Mimnimental either CLOX were useful as screening tests.

Objetivo: Describir la relación entre los hallazgos clínicos, neuropsicológicos e imagenológicos en un grupo de pacientes con el diagnóstico de DFT. Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas, pruebas cognitivas e imágenes cerebrales estructurales y de perfusión de 21 pacientes del Hospital Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 59.8 años, el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad fue de 2.7 años, la variante más frecuente fue la comportamental, la alteración más frecuente en la RMN fue la atrofia frontotemporal y en el SPECT fue la hipoperfusión frontotemporal. El hallazgo más importante fue el rendimiento normal del 61.9% de los pacientes en pruebas de praxis, la cual se relacionó con alteración en la perfusión temporo parietal en el SPECT (p <0.02). El minimental ni el clox sirvieron como pruebas de tamizaje.