Infecções da pele e de tecidos moles na unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo retrospectivo em um centro terciário / Skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study in a tertiary care center

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o prognóstico, os fatores de risco e a etiologia das infecções da pele e dos tecidos moles na unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma coorte de 1.123 pacientes graves admitidos a uma unidade de terapia intensiva com o diagnóstico de infecção grave de pele ou tecidos moles. Resultados: Foram selecionados 30 pacientes, sendo 20 (66,7%) com fasceíte necrotizante, predominantemente da região perineal; 8 (26,7%) com abscesso cutâneo; e 2 (6,6%) com celulite. A maioria dos pacientes tinha fatores de risco, como imunossupressão e lesões cutâneas. O microrganismo isolado predominante foi Escherichia coli. Pacientes com fasceíte necrotizante na admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior (55%; p = 0,035), assim como aqueles com maior índice de severidade, choque séptico, parada cardiorrespiratória e leucocitose. Organismos resistentes à antibioticoterapia foram comuns, mesmo na ausência de fatores de risco. Quando presente, o fator de risco mais comum foi o uso prévio de antibiótico. Conclusão: Foram identificados fatores de risco e microrganismos diferentes dos classicamente descritos na literatura, além de elevada mortalidade da fasceíte necrotizante e presença de microrganismos multirresistentes na ausência de fatores de risco. Dada a aparente evolução etiológica das infecções da pele e tecidos moles, a identificação de novos fatores de risco e etiologia pode contribuir para uma terapêutica antimicrobiana mais adequada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors that may influence outcomes in patients with severe skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a cohort of 1,123 critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit with a primary or secondary diagnosis of severe skin and soft tissues infection between January 2006 and December 2014. Results: Thirty patients were included, 20 (66.7%) of whom were diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis; in these patients, perineal area involvement was most commonly identified. Abscess was diagnosed in 8 (26.7%) patients, most commonly involving the cervical area. Risk factors such as immunosuppression and previous surgical trauma were commonly observed in this population. The most commonly isolated microorganism was Escherichia coli. Multidrug resistant microorganisms were commonly detected, even in the absence of traditional risk factors; among these patients, previous use of antibiotics was the most common risk factor for drug resistance. The rate of mortality was significantly higher in patients with necrotizing fasciitis (55%, p = 0.035) and associated with disease severity, presence of septic shock, cardiac arrest and leucocytosis. Conclusion: Different risk factors and etiologies of severe skin and soft tissue infections were identified. Necrotizing fasciitis and drug-resistant bacteria were significant predictors of mortality, even in the absence of traditional risk factors. Obtaining a better understanding of trends in the risk factors and microorganisms associated with severe skin infections may help in the determination of prompt treatment and antibiotic choices.

Mycobacterium abscessus skin infection after tattooing - Case report

AbstractMycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that has been affecting people undergoing invasive procedures, such as videosurgery and mesotherapy. This bacterium has global distribution, being found in numerous niches. The frequency of published reports of infection by rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with tattooing procedures has increased in recent years. However, in Brazil there were no case reports of M. abscessus after tattooing in the literature until now. In this paper, we describe the case of a patient with a nine-month history of lesion on a tattoo site. The diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium abscessus was established by correlation between dermatological and histopathological aspects, culture and molecular biology techniques. The patient had significant improvement of symptoms with the use of clarithromycin monotherapy.

Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - Part 1

Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and has been known since biblical times. It is still endemic in many regions of the world and a public health problem in Brazil. The prevalence rate in 2011 reached 1.54 cases per 10,000 inhabitants in Brazil. The mechanism of transmission of leprosy consists of prolonged close contact between susceptible and genetically predisposed individuals and untreated multibacillary patients. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway secretion. The nasal mucosa is the main entry or exit route of M. leprae. The deeper understanding of the structural and biological characteristics of M. leprae, the sequencing of its genome, along with the advances in understanding the mechanisms of host immune response against the bacilli, dependent on genetic susceptibility, have contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis, variations in the clinical characteristics, and progression of the disease. This article aims to update dermatologist on epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic leprosy aspects.

Bacterial infections associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis

Oriental sore occurs mostly in the mediteranian region, North Africa, and the Middle East. Rodents are the main reservoir for the parasite. The wet type caused by L. major is rural and the dry type caused by L. tropica is urban and humans are presumably the only reservoir. Sand fly vectors are involved in all forms. This study aimed to show the most important bacterial infections concomitant with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The study was performed on 75 patients [ages 1 -50 years] from both sexes were attending Skin Diseases Department of Ramadi General Hospital during the period extended from January to June 2000. These patients were clinically diagnosed as patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Skin specimens were taken for bacteriological and parasitological investigations. The same thing was done for specimens from 25 intact individuals resembling the test group as negative controls. Children showed more lesions with Positive cutaneous leishmaniasis, adult females, showed more 1 lesions than adult males. Children showed more bacterial isolates than adults, from both positive and negative 1 lesions. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal isolates took the first rank of isolation in all age groups and both sexes. E. coli and fecal Streptococci were isolated from children only. Bacterial invasion for the skin lesion with cutaneous leishmaniasis complicates the lesion and leads to misdiagnosis, in addition to the delay of healing of the lesion via bacterial end-products. There is a need for accurate diagnostic techniques like polymerase chain reaction [PCR] for both bacterial and parasitic agents, suitable effective antimicrobial therapy, in addition to the antileishmanial agents. Good sanitation of the lesion and community education to prevent infections

Lesiones cutáneas en pacientes con infecciones sistémicas severas agudas o subagudas / Skin lesions in patients with acute or subacute severe sistemic infections

El diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano son determinantes en las infecciones que ponen en riesgo la vida del paciente. Las lesiones cutáneas, orientan a determinar la causa de la infección y son el resultado de diferentes procesos. Este artículo describe las manifestaciones cutáneas de las infecciones sistémicas severas que permiten en numerosas oportunidades, por sus características típicas, llegar al diagnóstico etiológico de las mismas

Reactividad humoral contra Borrelia burgdorferi en pacientes con enfermedades dérmicas y reumáticas

La enfermedad de Lyme (EL) es, después del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, la enfermedad infecciosa más estudiada en los Estados Unidos de América (EUA). En Colombia sólo se ha hecho una publicación de casos reumatológicos seropositivos para Borrelia burgdorferi. Con el objeto de ampliar la información sobre la entidad en nuestro medio, se realizó un estudio prospectivo en individuos con afecciones dérmicas y reumáticas sugestivas de EL, según los criterios del Centro de Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas de EUA, que consultaron a los servicios respectivos del Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paul de Medellín. Se incluyeron 31 pacientes de los cuales 23 tenían enfermedades dérmicas y ocho enfermedades reumáticas. A todos se les determinó la inmunoglobulina G sérica contra tres proteínas de la membrana externa de B. burgdorferi, p100, p41 y p41/1. En todos los pacientes se buscaron anticuerpos anticardiolipina mediante la prueba VDRL. En 19 pacientes con enfermedades dérmicas se practicaron biopsias cutáneas para la investigación de la espiroqueta mediante la coloración de Warthin-Starry. Sólo se encontro un paciente con morfea localizada con reactividad serológica positiva para B. burgdorferib (reactividad para las tres proteínas de membrana), VDRL no reactivo, tinción de Warthin-Starry negativa y sin antecedentes de picadura de garrapata. En otros siete pacientes con morfea localizada y en tres con cuadros reumáticos, la reactividad serológica fue sugestiva (reactividad débil o incompleta). Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio sugieren la existencia de EL en Colombia. Se requieren estudios adicionales para aislar el microorganismo, tanto de pacientes como de vectores y definir el comportamiento eco-epidemiológico de la enfermedad en Colombia.