A scary complication: single-center study on management and outcome of cesarean scar pregnancy

Abstract A cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a scary and life-threatening complication of cesarean section (CS). Nevertheless, the incidence of CS is constantly growing. The CSP incidence is 0,15% of pregnancies after CS which represents 6,1% of all ectopic pregnancies in women with condition after CS. Therefore, it should be more present in the clinical daily routine. From mild nonspecific symptoms to hypovolemic shock, diagnosis and therapy must be performed quickly. With the progressive growth of the scar pregnancy, a uterine rupture involves the risk of severe bleeding, and an emergency hysterectomy could be necessary. Prolongation of pregnancy has been successful only in a few cases.We report 11 cases from our hospital in the past 10 years. In the discussion, treatment options of this complication with an increasing incidence, which is associated with serious morbidity and mortality, are presented based on the current literature. Treatment options include drug therapy, but also surgical or combined procedures with radiological intervention.

Intrauterine bony fragments - An unexpected finding in the hysterectomy specimen

Intrauterine bony fragments (IUBF) are an unusual finding in hysterectomy specimen received in a histopathology laboratory. Females harboring IUBF may present non-specific symptoms like vaginal bleeding, leukorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and secondary infertility. Herein we report the case of a 35-year-old female who presented vaginal discharge and bleeding for two years, since when she had an abortion. Later, hysterectomy specimen revealed bone pieces in the uterine cavity.

Six months response rate of combined oral medroxyprogesterone/levonorgestrel-intrauterine system for early-stage endometrial cancer in young women: a Korean Gynecologic-Oncology Group Study / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of combined oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)/levonorgestrel-intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) treatment and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of endometrial aspiration biopsy with dilatation & curettage (D&C) in young women with early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) who wished to preserve their fertility. METHODS: A prospective phase II multicenter study was conducted from January 2012 to January 2017. Patients with grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma confined to the endometrium were treated with combined oral MPA (500 mg/day)/LNG-IUS. At 3 and 6 months of treatment, the histologic change of the endometrial tissue was assessed. The regression rate at 6 months treatment and the consistency of the histologic results between the aspiration biopsy and the D&C were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were enrolled. Nine voluntarily withdrew and 35 patients completed the protocol treatment. The complete regression (CR) rate at 6 months was 37.1% (13/35). Partial response was shown in 25.7% of cases (9/35). There were no cases of progressive disease and no treatment-related complications. A comparison of the pathologic results from aspiration biopsy and D&C was carried out for 33 cases. Fifteen cases were diagnosed as “EC” by D&C. Among these, only 8 were diagnosed with EC from aspiration biopsy, yielding a diagnostic concordance of 53.3% (ĸ=0.55). CONCLUSION: Combined oral MPA/LNG-IUS treatment for EC showed 37.1% of CR rate at 6 months. Considering the short treatment periods, CR rate may be much higher if the treatment continued to 9 or 12 months. So, this treatment is still a viable treatment option for young women of early-stage EC. Endometrial aspiration biopsy with the LNG-IUS in place is less accurate than D&C for follow-up evaluation of patients undergoing this treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01594879

The significance of sonographically thickened endometrium in asymptomatic postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between sonographic, hysteroscopic, and pathological findings in postmenopausal asymptomatic patients with sonographically thickened endometrium. METHODS: The records of postmenopausal patients who attended the Menopause Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary women's hospital in Ankara, Turkey between January 1, 2012 and December 15, 2013 were retrieved. A total of 266 postmenopausal women without vaginal bleeding underwent hysteroscopic evaluation and endometrial sampling. Patients whose pathological records indicated an endometrial thickness equal to or greater than 6 mm (double layer) on transvaginal ultrasonography without any symptoms were included in the study. RESULTS: The most frequently detected focal intrauterine lesions in asymptomatic women were endometrial polyps, which were diagnosed in 168 (63.1%) cases. Twenty-four (9%) patients were diagnosed as having simple hyperplasia, 4 (1%) atypical hyperplasia, and 8 (3%) endometrial adenocarcinoma. Two of the patients with adenocarcinoma were diagnosed based on endometrial polyps, and 6 cases showed endometrial hyperplasia on hysteroscopy, while histological examination showed endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSION: We suggest 10.5 mm as the cutoff value for endometrial thickness and recommend hysteroscopy following dilatation and curettage to increase diagnostic efficacy and provide definitive treatment in asymptomatic postmenopausal women with thickened endometrium.

Intussusception Caused by Colon Cancer in Pregnancy / 대한소화기학회지

Intussusception is a common in pediatric age group. But it is rare in adults. And intussusception caused by tumor account for 1% of bowel obstructions in adult. Intussusception is an extremely rare cause of abdominal pain in pregnancy. In particular, cases of Intussusception due to colorectal cancer during pregnancy have never been reported in Korea. Our patient is a 34 years old woman who presented at 14 weeks of her second pregnancy. She presented with right lower abdominal discomfort and intermittent palpable mass which was usually spontaneously resolved. In the MRI study, pathologic asymmetric wall thickening was still noted and ileocolic intussusception was noted, and in colonoscopy, there was ulcerofungating mass around ileocecal valve which may be a leading point of intussusception. Biopsy was done. Pathologic finding was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Under the patient agreement, we performed dilatation and curettage and laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and lymph node dissection. Now she is receiving a FOLFOX chemotherapy.

Intussusception Caused by Colon Cancer in Pregnancy / 대한소화기병학회잡지

Intussusception is a common in pediatric age group. But it is rare in adults. And intussusception caused by tumor account for 1% of bowel obstructions in adult. Intussusception is an extremely rare cause of abdominal pain in pregnancy. In particular, cases of Intussusception due to colorectal cancer during pregnancy have never been reported in Korea. Our patient is a 34 years old woman who presented at 14 weeks of her second pregnancy. She presented with right lower abdominal discomfort and intermittent palpable mass which was usually spontaneously resolved. In the MRI study, pathologic asymmetric wall thickening was still noted and ileocolic intussusception was noted, and in colonoscopy, there was ulcerofungating mass around ileocecal valve which may be a leading point of intussusception. Biopsy was done. Pathologic finding was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Under the patient agreement, we performed dilatation and curettage and laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and lymph node dissection. Now she is receiving a FOLFOX chemotherapy.

Uterine arteriovenous malformation with repeated vaginal bleeding after dilatation and curettage

Uterine arteriovenous vascular malformation (UAVM) is a disease that causes excessive bleeding. The symptoms do not subside without proper treatment and this can lead to life-threatening situations. The correct diagnosis of UAVM can be complicated if the patient's uterus did not completely discharge everything during abortion (in broader terms, retaining remnants of the products of conception). In this case, Doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography with 3-dimensional rendering were used to analyze the cause of bleeding and provide proper treatment of this patient. Then, uterine artery embolization, dilatation, and curettage were performed safely and successfully. The patient no longer had symptoms of vaginal spotting during the planned follow up care. UAVM is uncommon; however, if reproductive-age women show repeated abnormal vaginal bleeding after dilatation and curettage, a diagnosis of UAVM must be considered based on the medical history and examination.

Phloxine O, a Cosmetic Colorant, Suppresses the Expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Acute Dermatitis Symptoms in Mice

Cosmetics are primarily applied to the skin; therefore, the association of cosmetic dyes with skin diseases or inflammation is a topic of great interest. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin 7-like cytokine that activates dendritic cells to promote Th2 inflammatory immune responses. TSLP is highly expressed in keratinocytes under inflammatory conditions, which suggests that it may play a critical role in the development of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we investigated whether cosmetic dyes influenced the production of TSLP by keratinocytes. Phloxine O, also known as D&C Red No.27, is one of the most common red synthetic pigments and is widely used in colored cosmetics. Our results showed that Phloxine O downregulated phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced production of TSLP in a murine keratinocyte cell line (PAM212). Phloxine O also suppressed TSLP expression in KCMH-1 cells, which are mouse keratinocytes that constitutively produce high levels of TSLP. To investigate the in vivo effects of Phloxine O, we induced TSLP expression in mouse ear skin by topically applying MC903, a vitamin D3 analogue that is a well-known inducer of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms. Topical application of Phloxine O prevented MC903-induced TSLP production in mouse ear skin, attenuated the acute dermatitis-like symptoms and decreased serum IgE and histamine levels in mice. Suppression of TSLP expression by Phloxine O correlated with reduced expression of OX40 ligand and Th2 cytokines in mouse ear skin. Our results showed that Phloxine O may be beneficial to prevent dermatitis by suppressing the expression of TSLP and Th2 cytokines in skin.

Anaphylactic shock to vaginal misoprostol: a rare adverse reaction to a frequently used drug

Misoprostol is widely used in daily practice for induction of labor and cervical dilatation prior to intrauterine procedures, including dilatation and curettage or hysteroscopy. Anaphylactic shock to intravaginal misoprostol can occur not only in pregnant women, as reported in 2 previous cases, but also in a non-pregnant, perimenopausal woman, as in the case described herein. A 49-year-old woman received vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening prior to hysteroscopic myomectomy and experienced anaphylactic shock. Two 400 μg doses of misoprostol 6 hours apart caused uncontrolled shaking and high fever followed by shock. In conclusion, the possibility of anaphylactic shock should be considered in patients with sudden hypotension following misoprostol administration. Prompt identification and management are crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality following an anaphylactic shock to misoprostol.

Perfil clínico de las pacientes con hemorragia uterina anormal sometidas a legrado uterino instrumental o AMEU y su comparación de costos y eficacia diagnostica en el Hospital Nacional de la Mujer "María Isabel Rodríguez" de enero a diciembre de 2016 / Clinical profile of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent instrumental uterine curettage or AMEU and its comparison of costs and diagnostic efficacy at the "María Isabel Rodríguez" National Women's Hospital from January to December 2016

En la presente investigación da a conocer el perfil epidemiológico que tienen las pacientes con hemorragia uterina anormal y comparar las diversas técnicas de legrados diagnósticos en pacientes que consultan en la unidad de emergencia, consulta externa y dentro de los servicios de hospitalización en el Hospital Nacional de la Mujer "María Isabel Rodríguez" en el periodo de enero a Diciembre del 2016. Permite analizar la eficacia diagnostica entre los legrados por aspiración es decir en este caso por AMEU ya que es con lo que cuenta el Hospital Nacional de la Mujer y los legrados instrumentales comparando los precios de la realización de ambos y su impacto en el presupuesto anual de dicho hospital. Es un estudio comparativo, retrospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal en donde se tomó como universo todos los legrados AMEU e instrumental realizados en el año 2016, la muestra fue 131 legrados instrumentales y 117 legrados tipo AMEU, cuya información recolectada es a través de la revisión de expedientes clínicos y resultados histopatológicos de las muestras para poder comprobar la obtención de células endometriales adecuadas para un diagnóstico, se realizó la recolección de datos en base a un cuestionario y recolectado en una base de datos en Microsoft Excel, en donde posteriormente fueron analizados. Se valoraron costos aproximados con datos del sistema de MINSAL WINSIG 2011 ya que nuestro hospital no cuenta con una base de costos hospitalarios. En donde los legrados por AMEU poseen un costo fijo $121.69, y los legrados instrumentales varían de gran modo ya que el ingreso hospitalario y múltiples interconsultas elevan el costo de hasta de $1000, con resultados diagnósticos entre ambos procedimientos similares. Cabe destacar que las complicaciones descritas para los legrados, en nuestro hospital son mínimas y las cuales no comprometen la vida de las pacientes

Efficacy of Prophylactic Uterine Artery Embolization before Obstetrical Procedures with High Risk for Massive Bleeding

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of prophylactic uterine artery embolization (UAE) before obstetrical procedures with high risk for massive bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 29 female patients who underwent prophylactic UAE from June 2009 to February 2014 was performed. Indications for prophylactic UAE were as follows: dilatation and curettage (D&C) associated with ectopic pregnancy (cesarean scar pregnancy, n = 9; cervical pregnancy, n = 6), termination of pregnancy with abnormal placentation (placenta previa, n = 8), D&C for retained placenta with vascularity (n = 5), and D&C for suspected gestational trophoblastic disease (n = 1). Their medical records were reviewed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of UAE. RESULTS: All women received successful bilateral prophylactic UAE followed by D&C with preservation of the uterus. In all patients, UAE followed by obstetrical procedure prevented significant vaginal bleeding on gynecologic examination. There was no major complication related to UAE. Vaginal spotting continued for 3 months in three cases. Although oligomenorrhea continued for six months in one patient, normal menstruation resumed in all patients afterwards. During follow-up, four had subsequent successful natural pregnancies. Spontaneous abortion occurred in one of them during the first trimester. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic UAE before an obstetrical procedure in patients with high risk of bleeding or symptomatic bleeding may be a safe and effective way to manage or prevent serious bleeding, especially for women who wish to preserve their fertility.

Persistent low-level elevation of serum human chorionic gonadotropin after termination of pregnancy: a rare case of peritoneal trophoblastic implant

Peritoneal trophoblastic implant can occur after treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Similarly, after termination of intrauterine pregnancy, trophoblastic implants are rare but can be a complication of perforation during dilatation and curettage. We report an extremely rare case of trophoblastic implant on the myometrium, ovarian surface, and peritoneal wall 4 months after uncomplicated dilatation and curettage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of peritoneal trophoblastic implant following dilatation and curettage without uterine perforation. Knowledge of this case is useful for the management of patients with persistent low-level elevation of serum human chorionic gonadotropin after termination of pregnancy.

Dilatation and curettage is more accurate than endometrial aspiration biopsy in early-stage endometrial cancer patients treated with high dose oral progestin and levonorgestrel intrauterine system / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether less invasive endometrial (EM) aspiration biopsy is adequately accurate for evaluating treatment outcomes compared to the dilatation and curettage (D&C) biopsy in early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) patients treated with high dose oral progestin and levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study with patients younger than 40 years who were diagnosed with clinical stage IA, The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade 1 or 2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma and sought to maintain their fertility. The patients were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate 500 mg/day and LNG-IUS. Treatment responses were evaluated every 3 months. EM aspiration biopsy was conducted after LNG-IUS removal followed D&C. The tissue samples were histologically compared. The diagnostic concordance rate of the two tests was examined with κ statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-eight pairs of EM samples were obtained from five patients. The diagnostic concordance rate of D&C and EM aspiration biopsy was 39.3% (κ value=0.26). Of the seven samples diagnosed as normal with D&C, three (42.8%) were diagnosed as normal by using EM aspiration biopsy. Of the eight samples diagnosed with endometrioid adenocarcinoma by using D&C, three (37.5%) were diagnosed with endometrioid adenocarcinoma by using EM aspiration biopsy. Of the 13 complex EM hyperplasia samples diagnosed with the D&C, five (38.5%) were diagnosed with EM hyperplasia by using EM aspiration biopsy. Of the samples obtained through EM aspiration, 46.4% were insufficient for histological evaluation. CONCLUSION: To evaluate the treatment responses of patients with early-stage EC treated with high dose oral progestin and LNG-IUS, D&C should be conducted after LNG-IUS removal.

Hypotensive Response Magnitude and Duration in Hypertensives: Continuous and Interval Exercise / Magnitude e Duração da Resposta Hipotensora em Hipertensos: Exercício Contínuo e Intervalado

Background: Although exercise training is known to promote post-exercise hypotension, there is currently no consistent argument about the effects of manipulating its various components (intensity, duration, rest periods, types of exercise, training methods) on the magnitude and duration of hypotensive response. Objective: To compare the effect of continuous and interval exercises on hypotensive response magnitude and duration in hypertensive patients by using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Methods: The sample consisted of 20 elderly hypertensives. Each participant underwent three ABPM sessions: one control ABPM, without exercise; one ABPM after continuous exercise; and one ABPM after interval exercise. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) were monitored to check post-exercise hypotension and for comparison between each ABPM. Results: ABPM after continuous exercise and after interval exercise showed post-exercise hypotension and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP for 20 hours as compared with control ABPM. Comparing ABPM after continuous and ABPM after interval exercise, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP was observed in the latter. Conclusion: Continuous and interval exercise trainings promote post-exercise hypotension with reduction in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP in the 20 hours following exercise. Interval exercise training causes greater post-exercise hypotension and lower cardiovascular overload as compared with continuous exercise. .

Fundamento: Embora se saiba que o exercício promova hipotensão pós-exercício, até o momento não há argumentações consistentes sobre os efeitos da manipulação de seus diversos componentes (intensidade, duração, intervalos de descanso, tipos de exercício, métodos de treinamento) na magnitude e duração da resposta hipotensora. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos dos exercícios dinâmicos, contínuo e intervalado, sobre a magnitude e duração da resposta hipotensora em hipertensos por meio da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA). Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 20 idosos hipertensos. Cada participante realizou três sessões de MAPA, sendo uma controle (sem exercício), uma após exercício contínuo e uma após exercício intervalado. O monitoramento de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), pressão arterial média (PAM), frequência cardíaca (FC) e duplo produto (DP) foi realizado para verificação da hipotensão pós-exercício e comparação entre cada MAPA. Resultados: As MAPAs após exercício contínuo e intervalado demonstraram hipotensão pós-exercício e redução significativa (p < 0,05) de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP por 20 horas, na comparação com a MAPA controle. Na comparação entre as MAPAs após exercício contínuo e intervalado, verificou-se redução significativa (p < 0,05) de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP após exercício intervalado. Conclusão: Os exercícios contínuo e intervalado promovem hipotensão pós-exercício, com redução significativa de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP ao longo das 20 horas subsequentes à atividade. O exercício intervalado gera maior magnitude de hipotensão pós-exercício e menor sobrecarga cardiovascular, medida por menor DP. .

Cisto dentígero de grandes dimensões: acesso intraoral e reabilitacão / Dentigerous cvst: intra-oral occess ond rehobilitotion

O cisto dentígero é uma lesão ósseo-destrutiva, classificada como cisto odontogênico de de­ senvolvimento de etiopatogênia desconhecida. É o segundo cisto odontogênico mais frequente nos maxilares. Apresenta radiograficamente imagem radiotransparente, unilocular, observados geralmente em exames de rotina ou pelo atraso de erupção de um dente. Acomete indivídu­ os nas três primeiras décadas de vida, apresenta crescimento lento e indolor. As modalidades terapêuticas mais utilizadas são a marsupialização, descompressão e enucleação, porém o tra­ tamento varia conforme a idade, tamanho do cisto, proximidade com estruturas anatômicas e condições clinicas do dente envolvido. Sendo assim o objetivo desse artigo é relatar um caso clinico com inusitada reabsorção radicular desde o seu diagnostico até a fase de reabilitação e preservação...

The dentigerous cyst is abone destructive lesions classified as odontogenic cyst develo­ pment of unknown etiopathogenesis. It is the second most common odontogenic cyst in the jaws. Presents radiographically radiolucent image, unilocular usually seen in routine screening or the eruption delay of a tooth. Affects individuais in the first three decades of life, its growth is slow and painless. The most common therapeutic modalities are marsupialization, decompres­ sion and enucleation, but treatment varies according to age, cyst size, proximity to anatomical structures and clinical conditions of the involved tooth. Thus the aim of this paper is to report a clinical case since its diagnosis until the phase of rehabilitation and proservation...

Role of surgical therapy in the management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of adjuvant surgical procedures in the management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). METHODS: In a retrospective review of medical records at the Severance Hospital, we identified 174 patients diagnosed with GTN between 1986 and 2006. Of the 174 patients, 129 (74%) were assigned to the nonmetastatic group, and 45 (26%) to the metastatic group; of the metastatic group patients, 6 were in the low-risk group and 39 were in the high-risk group. Thirty-two patients underwent 35 surgical procedures as part of the GTN treatment. The procedures included hysterectomy, lung resection, craniotomy, uterine wedge resection, uterine suturing for bleeding, salpingo-oophorectomy, pretherapy dilatation and curettage, adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, and uterine artery embolization. RESULTS: Of the 32 patients who underwent surgical procedures, 28 (87%) survived. Eleven patients underwent surgery for chemoresistant disease after receiving one or more chemotherapy regimens. Twelve patients underwent procedures to control tumor hemorrhage. Nine (81%) of 11 patients with chemoresistant disease survived, and 8 patients who underwent salvage surgery for chemoresistant disease received further chemotherapy. Of 21 patients who underwent hysterectomy, 19 (90%) achieved remission. All of three patients who had resistant foci of choriocarcinoma in the lung achieved remission through pulmonary resection. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant surgical procedures, especially hysterectomy and pulmonary resection for chemoresistant disease, as well as procedures to control hemorrhage, are pivotal in the management of GTN.

[Effectiveness of Misoprostol for induction of first-trimester miscarriages; experience at a single tertiary care centre in Oman]

Objectives: Non-invasive methods of inducing a miscarriage are now considered an effective alternative to surgical evacuation [dilatation and curettage]. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of misoprostol in the termination of first-trimester miscarriages

Methods: This prospective study was conducted between October 2009 and September 2010 and assessed all patients admitted to the Royal Hospital in Muscat, Oman, for the termination of first-trimester miscarriages during the study period. All patients received misoprostol and the rates of successful termination were measured. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a short questionnaire

Results: A total of 290 women were included in the study. Termination with misoprostol was successful in 61.38% of the subjects. Of the remaining subjects requiring additional surgical evacuation [n = 112], 58.93% required evacuation due to failed termination with misoprostol and 65.18% underwent early evacuation [

Conclusion: Misoprostol was a well-tolerated drug which reduced the rate of surgical evacuation among the study subjects. This medication can therefore be used safely in the management of incomplete miscarriage

Comparison of manual vaccum aspiration and sharp curettage in the treatment of first trimester abortions

To compare the safety and efficacy of manual vaccum aspiration and sharp curettage in the treatment of first trimester abortions. Randomized controlled trial. Department of gynecology, Social Security Hospital Shahdra Lahore in collaboration with Family Health Hospital Johar Town Lahore, from May 2007 to May 20102. Six hundred women admitted with the diagnosis of first trimester less than or equal to 12 weeks abortions were randomly assigned, 300 to manual vacuum aspiration [MVA] and 300 to traditional sharp curettage. Diagnosis of abortion was confirmed by last menstrual period, physical examination and ultrasonography. In total of 600 patients, 300 randomly assigned to MVA and another 300 patients assigned to sharp curettage managemet were having mean age of 31.8 and 33 yrs respectively. mean parity was in both groups, mean gestational age 8.9 and 8.2 weeks, mean duration of procedure was 6.4 and 5.8 minutes, duration of hospital stay was 4 and 40 hrs, missed abortion in 47% and 43% patients, incomplete abortion in 53% and 57% patients, cervical dilatation was needed in 1% against 53%, 10% against 8% experienced mild pain in both groups, no patient of incomplete evacuation against 0.6%, uterine perforation in none against 0.3%, excessive bleeding was experienced by 0.3% against 0.6% patients in both groups, and patient satisfaction rate was 99% against 99.4% in the two groups respectively. in the management of first trimester pregnancy loss, MVA offers a quick solution to the problem with reduced hospital stay and lower rate of complications

Sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel para o tratamento da menorragia idiopática / Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia

A DOENÇA: Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da doença: A menorragia é clinicamente definida como a perda sanguínea, durante o período menstrual, excessiva em quantidade ou número de dias (definidos como habituais naquela mulher). O sangramento excessivo é considerado na maioria dos casos, aquele que envolvem uma perda de sangue menstrual maior que 80 ml. Em um sentido mais amplo, a menorragia também é definida como a perda excessiva de sangue menstrual que interfere com a qualidade física, social, emocional e /ou material de uma mulher. Isso pode ocorrer por si só ou em combinação com outros sintomas. Esta condição não está associada com uma mortalidade significativa, no entanto, trata-se de causa comum de procura ao ginecologista. Deve-se distinguir a menorragia de outros diagnósticos ginecológicos comuns. Isso inclui a metrorragia (perda sanguínea, de origem corporal, fora do período menstrual), menometrorragia (perda sanguínea irregular e prolongada) e polimenorréia (sangramento com intervalos menores do que 21 dias). Muitas vezes estes termos recebem descrições e definições conflitantes. Em boa parte das mulheres que sofrem de menorragia, as patologias ou causas que levam à perda excessiva de sangue não podem ser identificadas, justificando dessa forma a denominação menorragia idiopática. . Esse diagnóstico é firmado após a realização de exames diagnósticos, como a ultrassonografia, e o descarte de outras condições que poderiam levar à desregulação ou sangramento em excesso, como endometriose, terapia de reposição hormonal, dentre outros. Outras causas como complicações da gestação (ectópica, aborto), doenças pélvicas (mioma, pólipo endometrial ou cervical, adenomiose, cervicite, grave infecção vaginal, carcinoma do trato reprodutivo, hiperplasia endometrial), doenças sistêmicas (distúrbios hemostáticos, distúrbios da tireóide, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, insuficiência renal crônica, insuficiência hepática) e causas iatrogênicas (hormonioterapia, contraceptivos injetáveis, medicamentos como tranquilizantes, antidepressivos, anticoagulantes e corticoides) também devem ser afastadas. Os dados epidemiológicos da menorragia idiopática são bastante imprecisos, pela própria subjetividade ou dificuldade em se determinar um sangramento menstrual excessivo. Assim, os estudos trazem acometimentos entre 8,0-51,6% de mulheres com uma maior prevalência em mulheres com idade mais avançada. No Brasil, não há uma estatística nacional sobre a doença, mas um estudo realizado em 2011 na cidade de Pelotas-RS mostrou que a prevalêcia de mulheres com menorragia atendidas pelo SUS de 2006 a 2011 foi de 35,3%, com maior prevalência entre as mulheres mais velhas e com elevado número de gravidezes. TRATAMENTO RECOMENDADO: O tratamento médico da menorragia pode envolver tratamentos farmacológicos ou cirúrgicos, e a escolha do tratamento adequado deve levar em conta algumas condições individuais das mulheres, como idade, doença concomitantes, tratamentos anteriores, opção pela fertilidade e o próprio custo do tratamento, que estará relacionado à sua adesão ao tratamento. Como alternativas de tratamento para a menorragia temos: Antiinflamatórios não esteróides, Contraceptivos orais, Terapia com prostagênio, Agonistas do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina, Danazol, Estrogênios conjugados, Ácido tranexâmico, Sistema intra-uterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG), Curetagem, Ablação endometrial, Histerectomia. A TECNOLOGIA: Levonorgestrel - O levonorgestrel é um progestógeno com atividade anti-estrogênica utilizado em ginecologia de diversas formas: como componente progestogênico em contraceptivos orais e na terapia de reposição hormonal ou isoladamente para contracepção em pílulas contendo somente progestógeno e implantes subdérmicos. O lenorgestrel também pode ser administrado na cavidade uterina por meio de um endoceptivo (SIU) possibilitando o uso de doses menores, com liberação diretamente no órgão-alvo. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Além da análise dos estudos apresentados pelo demandante, a Secretaria-Executiva da CONITEC realizou busca na literatura por artigos científicos, com o objetivo de localizar a melhor evidência científica disponível sobre o tema. Para isso, foi considerada a estratégia de busca descrita no Quadro 3, tendo como principal critério de inclusão o tipo de estudo considerado a melhor evidência para avaliar a eficácia de uma tecnologia para tratamento, isto é, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). Outro critério de inclusão foi estudos que avaliassem a eficácia e/ou segurança do dispositivo intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel no tratamento de Menorragia Idiopática. Alguns critérios de exclusão foram estabelecidos: registros de ensaios controlados em andamento, revisões narrativas, estudos sobre outros medicamentos que não o de interesse, estudos que incluam outras indicações do medicamento, estudos de biologia molecular ou ensaios pré-clínicos (com modelos animais), estudos fase I/II, estudos sem grupo comparador, relatos ou séries de casos, e estudos escritos em outro idioma que não inglês, português ou espanhol. Não houve restrições com relação à data de publicação, sendo resgatados artigos até a data de 29/01/2013. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: As evidências atualmente disponíveis sobre eficácia e segurança do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel 52mg mostram que o produto apresentou-se como alternativa possível a mulheres com menorragia idiopática, com resultados de redução do sangramento menstrual superior ao das terapias farmacológicas existentes e, em termos de melhora na qualidade de vida, similares ao da histerectomia, alternativa cirúrgica padrão-ouro com 100% de eficácia. No entanto, a evidência comparando diretamente os desfechos entre o uso do SIU-LNG e a histerectomia ainda é escassa, e não demonstrou superioridade em relação à histerectomia sob qualquer aspecto, sugerindo-se que estudos de longo prazo sejam realizados para avaliar as taxas de permanência e satisfação com o dispositivo, e se o tratamento cirúrgico está sendo de fato evitado ou apenas postergado. Mesmo considerando o fato de que a opção pelo SIU-LNG é menos invasiva e com menor potencial para complicações do que o procedimento cirúrgico da histerectomia, observou-se nos estudos uma alta taxa de descontinuação do uso do SIU-LNG pelas mulheres e posterior opção pela cirurgia. Considerando todas as limitações metodológicas e de impacto orçamentário, os resultados sugerem que a tecnologia demandada, no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, não apresentou superioridade clínica e pode não ser mais custo-efetiva que a histerectomia, procedimento padrão já incorporado ao SUS, com similaridade em relação aos aspectos de qualidade de vida, além de maior eficácia. Assim, o conjunto de argumentos à disposição configura-se como insuficiente para assegurar que a incorporação do produto, dentro da indicação e escopo oferecidos, apresenta reais e inequívocas vantagens para o sistema de saúde público brasileiro. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Na 15º reunião ordinária, os membros do plenário da CONITEC discutiram todas as contribuições da consulta pública, no entanto nenhuma delas trouxe informações ou dados relevantes para a mudança da decisão. Houve consenso que o SIU-LNG não se aplica a toda a população-alvo apresentada pelo demandante, e que o SUS dispõe de outras opções terapêuticas farmacológicas para o tratamento desta condição, nos casos em que não é necessária a histerectomia. Assim, os membros da CONITEC presentes na 15º reunião ordinária, ratificaram, por unanimidade, a deliberação de não recomendar a incorporação do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel 52mg para o tratamento da menorragia idiopática. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 31, de 3 de julho de 2013 - Torna pública a decisão de não incorporar o sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel para o tratamento da menorragia idiopática no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

[Evaluation of the effect of vaginal misoprostol on cervical priming in patients candidate for dilatation and diagnostic curettage: a randomized clinical trial]

Dilatation of cervix is essential in case of dilatation, curettage, and hysterectomy. Complications encountered during the procedure are partly related to difficulty in cervical dilatation. Also, it is important to find materials which can facilitate passage through the cervix. The present study was done with the objective of evaluating the effect of vaginal misoprostol on cervical priming in patients who are candidate for dilatation and curettage. This study was performed as a randomized clinical trial on 60 women who were candidate for dilatation and curettage. In 30 patients [case group], misoprostol 200micro g [one tablet] was inserted into posterior fornix of vagina 4 hours before operation, whereas in other 30 patients [control group], placebo was used. Then, two groups were compared in terms of their need to use Hegar dilator thinner than number 5 for dilatation of cervix, the duration of operation, and curettage. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test. The confidence coefficient was 95%, and the significance level was considered p<0.05. There was no significant difference between the patients of two groups in age, parity and previous mode of delivery. Hegar dilator thinner than number 5 for dilatation of cervix was used in 4 patients [13/3%] of the case group and 11 persons [36/7%] of the control group [p<0/05]. The mean duration of dilatation and curettage was 8.9+1.9 minutes in the control group and 5.6+1.39 minutes in the case group, that was significantly different [p<0.05]. According to the results of this study, vaginal misoprostol can be a suitable drug for cervical priming before dilatation and curettage; it also facilitates dilatation of cervix