Analysis of reports of cases of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2006 to 2013 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for developing effective intervention measures and prevention strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data from report cards of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2013 were arranged using EXCEL tables, and assessed. Statistical analysis was applied to the epidemiological data using SPSS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 2006 to 2013, a total of 32672 cases of pesticide poisoning were reported in Jiangsu Province. Most of the cases were caused by non-occupational poisoning (life poisoning) (72.78%). A majority of patients with pesticide poisoning were 35-54 years old (40.85%) or older than 65 years (15.69%). There were more female patients (58.22%) than male patients (41.78%). Among patients with occupational poisoning, male patients (50.90%) were more than female patients. Among patients with non-occupational poisoning, female patients were more than male patients (38.37%). Pesticide poisoning mainly occurred from July to September. The case-fatality rate of occupational poisoning (0.47%) was lower than that of non-occupational poisoning (7.10%). All 13 cities in Jiangsu Province reported cases of pesticide poisoning. There were more cases in the northern regions than in the southern regions. Pesticide poisoning was mainly caused by organophosphorus insecticides including methamidophos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, omethoate, and parathion, which accounted for 65.58%of all cases. Paraquat had the highest case-fatality rate (10.06%) among all pesticides, followed by tetramine (10.00%), dimethoate or omethoate (7.85%), methamidophos (7.79%), and dimehypo (7.68%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pesticide poisoning cannot be ignored. The management and control should be improved in production and usage of highly toxic pesticides including organophosphorus insecticides, rodenticides, and herbicides. More attention should be paid to the protection of vulnerable groups including women, children, and the elderly.</p>

Effect of fasudil of on rat cardiomyocytes acutely exposed to omethoate / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of fasudil on in vitro cultured cardiomyocytes (CMs) exposed to omethoate and its possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cardiomyocytes were isolated from male SD rats and were then cultured in DMEM conventionally. The CMs were divided into different groups based on the doses of omethoate and fasudil in culture media. After 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of culture, the survival rate of CMs in each group was measured, the CMs in the medium-dose omethoate and medium-dose fasudil groups were subject to shortening amplitude measurement , and the content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture media and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in CMs were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, each omethoate group showed significantly lower survival rate of CMs, which was negatively correlated with the dose of omethoate (P < 0.01). Compared with the normal control group, the medium-dose omethoate and medium-dose fasudil groups showed significantly decreased shortening amplitudes of CMs at all time points (P < 0.01), and the shortening amplitudes of CMs were significantly higher in the medium-dose fasudil group than in the medium-dose omethoate group after 12 h and 24 h of culture (P < 0.01). The LDH level was significantly higher in the medium-dose omethoate and medium-dose fasudil groups than in the normal control group, and the medium-dose fasudil group showed significantly lower LDH level than the medium-dose omethoate group (P < 0.01). Compared with those in the normal control group, the Bcl-2 expression in the medium-dose omethoate and medium-dose fasudil groups was decreased significantly, and the Bax expression in the medium-dose omethoate group was increased significantly (P < 0.01). Compared with the medium-dose omethoate group, the medium-dose fasudil group had significantly increased Bcl-2 expression and significantly decreased Bax expression (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fasudil can inhibit the abnormal expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax) induced by omethoate, which might be one of the factors that reduce the toxic effect of omethoate on CMs.</p>

Dimethoate induced oxidative damage and histopathological changes in lung of adult rats: modulatory effects of selenium and/or vitamin E / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the efficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E to alleviate lung oxidative damage induced by dimethoate, an organophosphorus compound.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult Wistar rats were exposed during 30 days either to dimethoate (0.2 g/L of drinking water), dimethoate+selenium (0.5 mg/kg of diet), dimethoate+vitamin E (100 mg/kg of diet), or dimethoate+selenium+vitamin E.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Exposure to dimethoate caused oxidative stress in lung evidenced by an increase of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl groups and advanced oxidation protein products. An increase in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and a decrease in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, glutathione, non-protein thiols and vitamins C levels were observed. Histopathological changes in lung tissue were noted as emphysema, hemorrhages and hemosiderin deposits. Co-administration of selenium or vitamin E to the diet of dimethoate treated rats ameliorated the biochemical parameters as well as histological impairments. The joint effect of these elements was more powerful in antagonizing dimethoate-induced lung oxidative damage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We concluded that selenium and vitamin E ameliorated the toxic effects of this pesticide in lung tissue suggesting their role as potential antioxidants.</p>

Synergistic effect of dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion mixture on reproduction toxicity in male mice / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the reproduction toxicity of the mixture composed of dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion synergistic effect on male mice, and further explore its possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 105 male mice were divided into 7 groups, including control (0 mg/kg), mix low (10.8 mg/kg), mix medium (21.5 mg/kg), mix high dose (43.0 mg/kg), dichlorvos (5.1 mg/kg), dimethoate (12.6 mg/kg) and malathion (25.3 mg/kg) group. The oral gavage for successive 35 days, and the mice were sacrificed on the 36(th) day. The body weight, and the quantity, activity and morphology of sperms were examined. The levels of sexual hormone were measured, including testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E(2)). Pathological changes of testicle and epididymis were observed by morphology, pathology and electron microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 14 days exposure, the body weights of the mice were lower in the mix-high dose group ((22.40 ± 3.07) g) than those in control group ((26.73 ± 2.82) g) (P < 0.05). After 28 days exposure, the body weights of the mice were also lower in the mix-medium dose group ((30.00 ± 4.93) g) than those in control group ((33.13 ± 3.29) g) (P < 0.05). The sperm counts and sperm motility decreased significantly as the toxic concentration arised. Comparing to control group ((373.33 ± 14.65)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis and (75.17 ± 7.68)%), the spermatozoa count and sperm motility had decreased in mix-medium and mix-high dose groups ((321.17 ± 18.19)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis, (225.00 ± 19.67)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis, and (64.67 ± 9.91)%, (57.83 ± 9.66)%), and the sperm abnormality rates were higher in mix-medium and mix-high groups ((43.33 ± 8.66)‰ and (55.00 ± 13.80)‰) comparing to those in control group ((32.67 ± 8.17)‰). Compared to those in control group (FSH (1.41 ± 0.20), E(2)(17.32 ± 2.72), LH (8.75 ± 1.32) and T (3.45 ± 0.80) nmol/L), the serum level of FSH (3.14 ± 0.62) and (3.85 ± 0.37) nmol/L, E(2) (36.81 ± 6.68) and (43.76 ± 9.82) nmol/L in mix-medium and mix-high dose group increased (P < 0.01), while the level of LH (5.21 ± 1.23) and (4.27 ± 1.09) nmol/L and T (1.37 ± 0.38) and (0.73 ± 0.18) nmol/L decreased (P < 0.01). The morphological and ultramicrostructure results of testicle and epididymis indicated that the mature sperm numbers were decreased, and the cacoplastic sperm head and the tail of spermatozoon were observed in mix-high dose groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion mixture had synergistic reproductive toxicity to the testicle and epididymis structure and function, and thus leading to the process of generation cell cytopoiesis abnormalities, simultaneously the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis were also affected and thus resulted in parasecretion.</p>

Involvement of excitatory amino acid system in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the involvement of excitatory amino acid system in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pure-cultured astrocytes were gained by three passages from primary cultured rat nerve cells, then treated with 10(-6),10(-5),10(-4) mol/L dimethoate for 48 h, 50 micromol/L and 100 micromol/L MK801, a NMDA receptor blocker, was used to intervene the effects induced by 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate. HPLC-FLD was utilized to measure the concentrations of excitatory amino acid (EAA), RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of NR2B, GLT-1, GLAST, GFAP and S100beta mRNA, and immunofluorescence staining method was applied to measure the expression levels of GFAP and S100beta proteins.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression levels of GLAST mRNA in all exposure groups were 67.8%, 68.6% and 76.2% of control level, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05); The concentrations of EAA significantly decreased in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group, as compared with control group (P < 0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group, of S100beta mRNA in 10(-5) mol/L dimethoate group, of GFAP protein in 10(-4) mol/L and 10(-5) mol/L dimethoate groups and S100beta protein in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.01). The expression levels of GLT-1 and GLAST mRNA in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 50 micromol/L or 100 micromol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group (P < 0.01), the expression levels of NR2B mRNA in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 50 micromol/L or 100 micromol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); the concentration of Glu in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 100 micromol/L MK801 group increased significantly, as compared with 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group (P < 0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA and protein in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 50 micromol/L or 100 micromol/L MK801 groups decreased significantly (P < 0.01); S100beta protein expression level in 50 micromol/L MK801 intervention group was significantly higher than thatl in control group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Excitatory amino acid system involved in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate. MK801 was useful to control astrocytes gliosis.</p>

Effect of dimethoate on primary cultured rat cortical neuron / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect and mechanisms of dimethoate on the primary cultured cortical neuronal cell injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cortical neuronal cells were isolated and cultured in serum free medium for 6 days in vitro, and 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 micromol/L dimethoate were added to the medium and intracellular SOD, MDA and GSH. The content of excitatory amino acid was measured after 48 hours. Flow cytometry was used to detect the neuronal cell apoptosis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 48 h, the activity of SOD and the content of GSH decreased [(1.04 +/- 0.02), (0.99 +/- 0.02), (0.96 +/- 0.02), (0.91 +/- 0.02) U/mg pro] [(219.35 +/- 6.79), (205.6 +/- 6.29), (194.06 +/- 2.63), (93.68 +/- 7.56) mg/g pro], and the content of MDA increased obviously with 5, 10, 50 and 100 micromol/L dimethoate [(21.22 +/- 0.29), (24.01 +/- 0.34), (27.15 +/- 1.02), (32.91 +/- 1.39) nmol/mg pro]; The content of Asp from 10 to 100 micromol/L dose group was higher than the control group and the content of Glu from 1 to 100 micromol/L dose group was higher than the control group. The apoptosis rate had great significance between 1 to 100 micromol/L dose groups and control group. When treated with dimethoate, MDA content in neuron was positively correlated with the content of EAAs with the increase of dimethoate. The correlative coefficient was 0.937 and 0.759 respectively (P < 0.01), while it was negatively correlated with the content of GSH. The correlative coefficient was -0.868 and -0.801 respectively (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The oxidative damage and changes of excitatory amino acid content induced by Dimethoate contribute to the primary cultured rat cortical neuron apoptosis.</p>

Delayed death due to organophosphate (dimethoate) intoxication / 대한법의학회지

A 40-years-old man had taken organophosphate (dimethoate) before one day and he was treated with gastric irrigation only in the private hospital for one day. But he was found dead after several hours from discharge. Bereaved families suspected medical mistakes and claimed autopsy. After autopsy, we concluded that he was died by respiratory failure on account of dimethoate intoxication. Generally symptoms of organophosphate poisoning appear immediately, but this case shows unusual course of intoxication. Here in, we reported a delayed death due to organophosphate intoxication with literature review.

Protective effects of vigabatrin and atropine against dimethoate induced-intoxication in mice / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effects of vigabatrin and atropine against the acute toxicity of dimethoate in male Kun-min mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The therapeutic schedules of vigabatrin (50 or 100 mg/kg) and (or) atropine (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) were performed according to the L(9) (3(4)) orthogonal test table. The survival time, the righting reflex and the onset of muscle fasciculations were observed after the administration of dimethoate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>First, the main effects of vigabatrin, atropine and the interaction between them were statistically significant in the Univariate analysis of the survival time at the alpha level of 0.05 (F(V)= 4.73, P(V)= 0.015, F(A)= 50.88, P(A)= 0.000, F(VxA)= 4.17, P(VxA)= 0.007). The range of atropine was more than double of that of vigabatrin or their interaction (R(A)> 2RV or 2R(VxA)). So not only atropine and vigabatrin but also their combination interaction protected mice against dimethoate lethality. The atropine played the major role in diminishing the lethality induced by dimethoate. Second, only vigabatrin, while not atropine, delayed the mice from dimethoate-induced muscle fasciculation according its statistical results (F(V)= 6.87, P(V)= 0.003, F(A)= 0.03, P(A)= 0.968, F(VxA)= 1.134, P(VxA)= 0.356). It should be noted that vigabatrin could not completely prevent dimethoate induced-muscle fasciculation in the test. At last, both atropine and vigabatrin could maintain the righting reflex in the intoxication, however there was no interaction between them (F(V)= 5.81, P(V)= 0.006, F(A)= 9.05, P(A)= 0.001, F(VxA)= 1.34, P(VxA)= 0.257).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined treatment with atropine and vigabatrin in the organophosphates intoxication seems reasonable and acceptable.</p>

Effects of 90-day oral dimethoate exposure on glutamatergic system and neurobehavioral performance in rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the spatial learning and exploration along with the CNS excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters profiles in adult rats subchronically exposed to the anticholinesterase organophosphorus insecticide dimethoate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were gavaged daily with dimethoate (0, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg via oral) in NS. for 90 days. Morris water maze tasks were used to test the spatial learning and memory in the rats after the dimethoate exposure. Simultaneously, rats were decapitated for the determination of brain cholinesterase AChE activities, glutamate concentrations, and the NMDA receptor NMDA-R densities and affinities in hippocampus.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Latencies to find a hidden escape platform were significantly longer in dimethoate dosed groups than that of the control group in the place navigation tests. Subsequently, the times of crossing the location of platform which had been removed obviously decreased in the highest dose group compared with that of the control in the spatial probe tests (P < 0.05). AChE activity was significantly reduced 42% approximately 78% by all three doses of dimethoate (P < 0.05). Glutamate concentrations were increased significantly 132.9% approximately 134.5% by the two highest doses of dimethoate (P < 0.05). In addition, the NMDA receptor bindings were reduced 21.2% approximately 23.2% with the statistical significance at the same two highest doses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the receptor affinities was reduced 33.1% by the highest dose group (P < 0.05). The lesions of spatial memory were statistically corrected with the decrease of the NMDA-R affinities (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cholinergic lesion as well as the excitatory amino acid system alteration might attribute to the inferior ability in spatial learning and memory in dimethoate subchronically exposed rats.</p>

Different therapeutic efficacy of pralidoxime chloride PAM-Cl on AChE against acute toxicity of methamidophos, dichlorvos and omethoate / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the treatments on the patients with acute methamidophos dichlorvos (DDV) and omethoate poisoning and provide the reliable basis for the rational treatments on these three organophosphorus pesticides poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>101 patients with AOPP in 7 hospitals were divided into three groups: Group A, 59 patients with acute methamidophos poisoning, Group B, 32 patients with acute DDV/dipterex (DEP) poisoning, Group C, 10 patients with acute omethoate/dimethoate poisoning. The levels of erythrocyte AChE and the therapeutic efficacies of pralidoxime chloride (PAM-Cl) were compared among the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The AChE activities of all the three groups were inhibited on level of (9.12 +/- 7.99) U/g Hb (group A), 7.32 +/- 4.62 U/g Hb (group B) and (12.01 +/- 9.53) U/g Hb (group C), among which no significant difference was found (P > 0.05). All the patients recovered from acute cholinergic excitation or crisis after the treatment of PAM-Cl. The erythrocyte AChE activities were obviously reactivated in group A three hours later after admission to hospital, each on level of (11.37 +/- 8.67) U/g Hb, (12.51 +/- 6.98) U/g Hb, (15.90 +/- 7.31) U/g Hb, (18.33 +/- 4.78) U/g Hb and (18.91 +/- 7.00) U/g Hb at the 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd hour and discharge (P < 0.05), and the upgrade tendency was continuous. AChE activities in group B were also reactivated after treatment, each on level of (8.91 +/- 5.89) U/g Hb, (1.31 +/- 6.61) U/g Hb, (13.00 +/- 7.55) U/g Hb, (14.22 +/- 7.80) U/g Hb, (12.78 +/- 7.07) U/g Hb and (16.87 +/- 7.06) U/g Hb at the 3rd, 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd hour and discharge, but the upgrade tendency turned slowly after 12 hours, the inhibited AChE activities were not reactivated in group C from the beginning to the end.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>After the treatment of PAM-Cl, the AChE activities of the patients with acute methamidophos poisoning could be continuously reactivated, the AChE activities of the patients with acute DDV/DEP poisoning could also be reactivated in 12 hours, and then keep stable, but the AChE activities of the patients with acute omethoate/dimethoate poisoning could not be reactivated. However, PAM-Cl has therapeutic efficacy against acute toxicity of all the three organophosphorus pesticides. Oximes should be vigorously used in the treatment of AOPP, including acute omethoate/dimethoate poisoning.</p>

Craniofacial ossification in rat fetuses following prenatal exposure to dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides

Pesticides, including insecticides, occupy a unique position among many chemicals that man encounters daily for the purpose of pest control in all agricultural programs. In fact, most of such chemicals are not highly selective and constitute potential hazard to many non-target species including man and other animals. The present study aimed to study the teratogenic effects of both dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides on the ossification of craniofacial bones in albino rat fetuses. In this study, fifty female albino rats were allocated to ten groups [5/each group]; control, low dose dimethoate 1/40 LD50 [8.25 mg/kg], medium dose dimethoate 1/20 LD5O [16.5 mg/kg], high dose dimethoate 1/10 LD50 [33 mg/kg], low dose carbosulfan 1/40 LD50 [5.2 mg/kg], medium dose carbosulfan 1/20 LD50 [10.45 mg/kg], high dose carbosulfan 1/40 LD50 [20.9 mg/kg], mixed low doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan, mixed medium doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan, and mixed high doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan. Animals of all groups were sacrificed in the morning of 20[th] day of gestation. Then all specimens were stained with alizarin red stain for evaluation of ossification of skeletal system. The results of the present study revealed that both dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides, had a deleterious effect on the ossification of craniofacial bones and that the most affected bones were supraoccipital, presphenoid, and interparietal bones. These effects were marked in the high doses and mixed low dose groups. It is concluded that the deleterious effects were increased with the increasing dose of either dimethoate or carbosulfan insecticides and that the mixture of low doses had an effect near to that of medium and sometimes high doses

Obstrução urinária aguda por rabdomiossarcoma pélvico / Acute urinary obstruction due to pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma

Os autores relatam um caso raro de obstrução urinária aguda por rabdomiossarcoma pélvico envolvendo a próstata em uma criança de quatro anos e seis meses de idade. São comentados as características desses tumores, as formas de apresentação clínica, os aspectos diagnósticos por imagem — ultra-som, cistografia e tomografia computadorizada —, o tratamento com poliquimioterapia e o prognóstico.

The authors report a rare case of acute urinary obstruction caused by pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in a 4-year-old children. The diagnosis aspects for imaging e some therapeutic considerations are related.

Dimethoate 40 percent organosphosphorous pesticide toxicity in Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae, Characiformes) eggs and larvae

Os testes de toxicidade com os primeiros estágios de vida de peixes são de elevada importância no que se refere ao comprometimento das fases de crescimento, reprodução e sobrevivência dos organismos em ambientes poluídos, constituindo uma ferramenta importante para um adequado monitoramento ambiental. Entretanto, um pequeno número de bioensaios desta natureza tem sido desenvolvido no Brasil. O curimbatá (Prochilodus linetaus) é um peixe da ordem Characidae de grande interesse comercial e muito abundante na América do Sul. A espécie foi utilizada para testar diferentes concentrações de dimetoato 40%, um pesticida organofosforado inibidor da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) utilizado em grande escala no Brasil. A CL50 (48h) para ovos é superior a 16,0 µg.L-1; entretanto para larvas recém-eclodidas foi significativamente mais baixa (11,81 µg.L-1 , variando de 10.23 a 13,65) de acordo com o teste-t para amostras independentes (p = 0.03). A CL50 para larvas com 3 dias de vida foi de 10,44 µg.L-1 (8,03-13,57), apresentando-se similar ao resultado encontrado para larvas recém-eclodidas (p = 0.76). A mobilidade das larvas foi reduzida na presença deste pesticida.

Effect of dimethoate on serum monoamines neurotransmitters in rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of dimethoate on the monoamine Neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and its metabolite (3, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC) in the serum of rats and furthermore to explore the non-cholinergic mechanism of organophosphate induced toxicity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Groups of rats were treated with saline and 38.9, 83.7 and 180 mg/kg dimethoate respectively and were decapitated at the different time course from 0.5 to 24 hours after the administration. The monoamines neurotransmitters were determined by the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with the electrochemical detection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum concentrations of DA (8.42% - 248.42% of the control), DOPAC (17.22% - 68.21% of the control) increased, according with the DM dosage and the exposure time, while the levels of NE (9.65% - 38.26% of the control) and E (11.00% - 32.62% of the control) contents decreased at the same time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings indicate that dimethoate induced toxic effects can alter the monoamine levels at the different dosage and the time exposure in the serum of rats. It suggests that some non-cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in the dimethoate intoxication.</p>

Effect of dimethoate on the expression of heat shock protein 70 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of human beings / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of dimethoate on the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of human beings and to explore the feasibility of HSP70 in biomonitoring among workers exposed to organophosphorous pesticides.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from subjects, comprising 11 people of the control group and 35 workers of the exposure group exposed to dimethoate. Flow cytometry was used for detecting both the basic level and the level of the dimethoate-induced expression of HSP70. The activity of whole blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was examined at the same time. Then the potential influential factors to HSP70 expression and AChE activity were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The basic level of HSP70 expression in the exposure group and the control group was 41.24% +/- 10.45% and 23.97% +/- 4.29% respectively. The activity of AChE in these two groups were (125.23 +/- 7.97) and (145.36 +/- 8.78) U/ml respectively. Both differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Among the exposure group, the basic level of HSP70 expression of the two categories comprising operators and packers, were 47.34% +/- 11.87% and 38.05% +/- 8.20% respectively (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AChE activity between these two categories. The factors that had significant influence on the HSP70 basic level of the exposure group were the health condition, the environmental concentration of dimethoate and the exposure time in order, according to their significance of influence. At least 88% variance of HSP70 could be explained by these factors. The only factor that could influence AChE activity significantly was the exposure time, and it could only explain about 12% variance of AChE activity. After the treatment of dimethoate in vitro, the level of the induced expression of HSP70 in the control group was significantly higher than that of the exposure group (P < 0.01). The increasing order was the control group, the group of packers and the group of operators according to the increasing extent and there were significant difference among them (P < 0.01). The factors that could significantly influence the change ratio of HSP70 expression were the environmental concentration and the exposure time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HSP70 is a potential index that can reflect the individual and environmental conditions of workers exposed to dimethoate comprehensively.</p>

Determination of pesticide residues in Khat leaves by Solid-phase extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

The purpose of this investigation is to develop a simple method for the assessment of pesticides in Khat leaves; Catha edulis FORSK. (Celastraceae) shrub; chewed by about 60of the Yemeni people; producing amphetamine-like psychostimulation. The first procedures involve solid-phase extraction using Adsorbexr RP-C18 and Bakerbondr RP-C18 disposable cartridges with 40acetonitrile for elution. Isocratic and gradient analysis was carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography using different stationary phases to analyse methidathion; peconazole and dimethoate. An UltrasphererODS RP-18-column with UV-detection at 210 nm and 80/20(v/v) acetonitrile/water as mobile phase (isocratic) was used to determine the content of methidathion; peconazole and dimethoate (detection limit 20-25 ng). The method was validated with fortified samples at pesticide concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Average recoveries ranging from 97.9 and 101.6with a relative standard deviation(RSD) of 1.7-3.8. Each recovery analysis was repeated four times. Limits of detection ranged from the analytical procedures were applied to 5 samples of khat and no detectable amounts of pesticides were found in any sample under the conditions described

Biochemical effects of some organophosphorus pesticides on the ovaries of albino rats.

An evaluation of the toxic effects of three organophosphates; monocrotophos, dimethoate and methyl parathion on female reproduction was made by biochemical estimations of cytoplasmic and membrance bound proteins, lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol in the rat ovaries after treatment with their low residual level doses (LD50 1/8-1/5) to three groups of six rats each for 90 days. All the three pesticides caused degenerative changes in the ovaries as evidenced by a significant decrease in the concentration of cytoplasmic as well as membrane bound proteins, total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol. The observations are thus indicative of the reproductive toxicity caused by organophosphates at cellular and molecular level in the ovaries of rats.

Occurrence of Fungal Species and Mycotoxins from Decayed Sugarcane (Saccharrum officinarum) in Egypt

Seventy-three fungal species belonging to forty-three genera were isolated from 40 samples of Saccharrum officinarum (collected from Naage-Hamadi canal in Qena Governorate, Egypt). Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Mucor and Pythium were the most common genera on the two isolation media. The dominant species of Aspergillus were A. niger, A. flavus, A. ustus, A. terreus and A. wentii. Some species were dominant on 40 g/l sucrose such as Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Emericella nidulans, Trichoderma viride, Torula herbarum and Mamaria echinoeotryoides, while the dominant species on 10 g/l glucose were Mucor circinelloides, Aspergillus niger, Torula herbarum and Trichoderma viride. Mycotoxins including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, zearalenone and diacetoxyscirpenol were detected in the examined samples of Saccharrum officinarum. The mycelial growth of A. flavus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme and Torula herbarum decreased with the increase in Dimethoate concentrations, although 25 ppm was less effective than the higher levels of the insecticide (75~200 ppm). Dimethoate stimulated the activity of Go-T in A. niger, F. moniliforme and T. harbarum, while the Go-T activity was inhibited in A. flavus with the Dimethoate treatments.

Effect of Dimethoate (Rogor 30% EC) on the brain neurosecretory cells of third instar grubs of Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae).

The brain neurosecretory cells of III instar grubs of Oryctes rhinoceros were exposed to insecticide Dimethoate (Rogor 30% EC) in the laboratory condition. The sublethal doses (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5%) of Rogor at time intervals of 8, 16 and 24 h have produced marked changes in the structure and the secretory activities of medial and lateral neurosecretory cells. Rogor stimulates the synthetic activity of these cells at the initial stages of its action and results in the accumulation of neurosecretory materials (NSM) in the cytoplasm. The decreased neurosecretion at later stages of the action was due to its transportation through the axons before the death of treated grubs. Similarly, vacuolization, shrinking and degeneration of cells were also observed in treated grubs.

Enzymatic changes induced by some organophosphorus pesticides in female rats.

An evaluation of toxic effects of three organophosphorus pesticides viz. monocrotophos, methyl parathion and dimethoate given orally daily for 90 days was done in terms of enzymatic changes in plasma and liver of female albino rats. A significant decrease was observed in the level of esterases in plasma with all the three pesticides. The activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and aminotransferases increased significantly in plasma and significantly or marginally in liver with these pesticides. The results are thus indicative of the cellular toxicity of these organophosphates even after their subchronic administration in low doses for a long period.