Factores de riesgo de trombosis venosa profunda en el personal administrativo de una universidad ecuatoriana / Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in the administrative staff of an ecuadorian university / Fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda no pessoal administrativo de uma universidade equatoriana

Objetivo: describir los factores de riesgo de trombosis venosa profunda en el personal administrativo de una universidad ecuatoriana. Método: investigación cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva, con una muestra censal de 71 trabajadores del área administrativa, en Ambato, Ecuador. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el test que evalúa el manejo de la insuficiencia venosa crónica entre los niveles de atención a la salud. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y el método multivariante de análisis de componentes principales para definir nuevos factores asociados. Resultados: los factores a la TVP son la bipedestación, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, sedestación, coagulación sanguínea, várices congénitas, enfermedades catastróficas, edema, algia, cirugía, anticonceptivos y uso de corticoesteroides. Conclusión: el riesgo de estos pacientes para desarrollar TVP está relacionado con el lugar de trabajo, la movilidad, signos y síntomas que la enfermedad puede causar. En el caso del personal administrativo los factores más asociados a la TVP se relacionan con la posición por largas jornadas de trabajo, no obstante factores de coagulación, patologías previas, signos notorios de la patología, consumo de alcohol y tabaco y el uso de corticoesteroides también aportan en un menor porcentaje al desarrollo.

Objective: to describe the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in the administrative staff of an ecuadorian university. Method: quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive research, with a census sample of 71 workers in the administrative area, in Ambato, Ecuador. For data collection, the test that evaluates the management of chronic venous insufficiency between levels of health care was used. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the multivariate method of principal component analysis to define new associated factors. Results: risk factors for DVT are standing, smoking and drinking alcohol, sitting, blood clotting, congenital varicose veins, catastrophic disease, edema, pain, surgery, contraceptives, and use of corticosteroids. Conclusion: the risk of these patients to develop DVT is related to the workplace, mobility, signs and symptoms that the disease can cause. In the case of administrative staff, the factors most associated with DVT are related to the position due to long working hours, however coagulation factors, previous pathologies, notorious signs of the pathology, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and the use of corticosteroids also contribute to development in a lower percentage.

Real-world nailfold videocapillaroscopy in a referral centre in north-western Colombia: A real-life cohort

Introduction: Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a non-invasive tool for the assessment of peripheral microcirculation, the main indication is the study of Raynaud's phenomenon, poorly standardized outside of this context. There is no clear information in real-life about the rea-sons for referral, the presence of clinical findings of autoimmune diseases, the frequency of patterns of autoantibodies, and specific capillaroscopic findings. Objective: The purpose of this survey is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, paraclinical, and angioscopy findings of a cohort of subjects referred to a capillaroscopy service in North-western Colombia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, from 2015 to 2018. Categorical variables were expressed in frequency and percentage and quantitative variables in mean and standard deviation or median with interquartile range, depending on the distribution of the data. Results: A total of 318 capillaroscopies were performed for the first time. The main referral reason was Raynaud's phenomenon (n = 134; 42.1%). The most frequent baseline capillaroscopic pattern found was normal (n = 123; 38.7%). Of the 12 capillaroscopies that presented a non-specific pattern at a 6-month follow-up, only one (8.3%) progressed to a scleroderma pattern. In the subjects with systemic sclerosis, the most frequent clinical finding was sclerodactyly (n = 34; 37.8%), and 42/44 individuals (95.4%) had positive antinuclear antibodies; the most frequent pattern was centromere (n = 27; 64.3%) Conclusions: In a real-world setting, the main referral reason for capillaroscopy was Raynaud's phenomenon; more than a third of the subjects had normal capillaroscopic findings. Sclerodactyly was the most frequent clinical finding in patients with scleroderma capillaroscopic pattern.

Introducción: La videocapilaroscopia del lecho ungular es una herramienta no invasiva para la evaluación de la microcirculación periférica; la indicación principal es el estudio del fenómeno de Raynaud. Luego de una revisión de la literatura, no hay información clara sobre los motivos de remisión, presencia de hallazgos clínicos de enfermedades autoinmunes, frecuencia de patrones de autoanticuerpos y hallazgos capilaroscópicos específicos. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos sociodemográficos, clínicos, paraclínicos y capilaroscópicos de sujetos remitidos a un servicio de capilaroscopia en el noroccidente colombiano. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 2015 a 2018. Las variables categóricas se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, y las variables cuantitativas en media y desviación estándar o mediana con rango intercuartílico, dependiendo de la distribución de los datos. Resultados: Se realizaron 318 capilaroscopias por primera vez. El principal motivo de remisión fue el fenómeno de Raynaud (n = 134; 42,1%). El patrón capilaroscópico basal más frecuente fue el normal (n = 123; 38,7%). De las 12 capilaroscopias que presentaron un patrón no específico en un seguimiento de seis meses, solo una (8,3%) progresó a un patrón de esclerodermia. En los sujetos con esclerosis sistémica, el hallazgo clínico más frecuente fue la esclerodactilia (n = 34; 37,8%), y 42/44 individuos (95,4%) tenían anticuerpos antinucleares positivos; el patrón más frecuente fue el centromérico (n = 27; 64,3%). Conclusiones: La razón principal de remisión para realizar una capilaroscopia fue el fenómeno de Raynaud; más de un tercio de los sujetos tenían hallazgos capilaroscópicos normales. La esclerodactilia fue el hallazgo clínico más frecuente en pacientes con patrón capilaroscópico de esclerodermia.

Median nerve compression at elbow level by a proximal cubital artery pseudoaneurysm: a case report

We describe the case of an 82-year-old man who had recently undergone cardiac surgery (quadruple coronary bypass), who consulted due to the appearance of a necrotic eschar on the thumb of the right index finger, together with paraesthesia and hypoaesthesia in the first 3 fingers of the same hand. An ultrasound scan of the right elbow was performed to rule out involvement of the median nerve and an anechoic, thick-walled mass was found, dependent on the wall of the proximal ulnar artery, compatible with a pseudoaneurysm of the same, compressing the nerve. Electromyography showed an acute lesion of the proximal median nerve and angio-CT confirmed the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the proximal ulnar artery. Pseudoaneurysm is a dilatation by rupture of the arterial wall, which does not involve all three layers of the arterial wall and communicates with the vascular lumen. Its development after vascular manipulation is very rare, and it is uncommon for it to act by compressing a nerve structure. In our case, together with vascular surgery, treatment with intralesional thrombin was decided, with good evolution.

Se describe el caso de un varón de 82 arios intervenido recientemente de cirugía cardíaca (cuádruple bypass coronario), que consulta por aparición de una escara necrótica en el pulpejo del dedo índice derecho, junto a parestesias e hipoestesias en los tres primeros dedos de dicha mano. Se realiza una ecografía del codo derecho para descartar afectación del nervio mediano y se objetiva una masa anecoica, de paredes engrosadas, dependientes de la pared de la arteria cubital proximal, compatible con pseudoaneurisma de esta, que comprime dicho nervio. En la electromiografía se evidencia una lesión aguda del nervio mediano a nivel proximal y en el angio-TC se confirma el diagnóstico de pseudoaneurisma de la arteria cubital proximal. El pseudoaneurisma es una dilatación por rotura de la pared arterial, que no implica a las tres capas de esta y se comunica con la luz vascular. Su desarrollo tras una manipulación vascular es muy infrecuente y que actúe comprimiendo una estructura nerviosa es poco común. En nuestro caso, conjuntamente con cirugía vascular se decidió tratamiento con trombina intralesional, con buena evolución.

Schõnlein-Henoch purpura in adults: Report of four cases

Schoenlein-Henoch purpura is a systemic small vessel vasculitis mediated by IgA-1 deposition in organs such as the skin, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract; it has been mainly described in children where it has a favourable prognosis. Although much rarer in adulthood it is associated with an increased risk of severe kidney involvement, gastrointestinal com-plications, and prolonged hospital stay. The therapeutic options are wide and vary according to the degree of involvement of the patient and the organ mainly affected.

La púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch es una vasculitis sistêmica de pequeno vaso mediada por depósito de IgA en órganos como la piel, el riñón y el tracto gastrointestinal. Se ha descrito principalmente en niños, grupo de población en el que tiene un pronóstico favorable. Si bien en la edad adulta es mucho menos frecuente, se asocia con un mayor riesgo de compromiso renal severo, complicaciones gastrointestinales y estancia hospitalaria prolongada. Las opciones terapêuticas son amplias y varían según el grado de compromiso del paciente y el órgano más afectado.

Prevalência de eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19 em um hospital público* / Prevalencia de eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital público / Prevalence of vascular events associated with COVID-19 patients in a public hospital

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência dos principais eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19 admitidos em um hospital público do Recife. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, realizado por meio das bases de dados epidemiológicos e prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes, no período de março de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Resultados: analisaram-se 1122 pacientes, (58,8%) com diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19. Os principais eventos vasculares evidenciados foram: Tromboembolismo Venoso Profundo (4,55%); Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (2,5%); Oclusão Arterial Aguda (0,98%) e Isquemia Crítica de Membro Inferior a mais prevalente, sendo 17,64% dos casos. Conclusão: foi possível apontar a prevalência de eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19, admitidos em um hospital público do Recife, tal como classificar os principais eventos vasculares, sua repercussão e evolução. Assim, o conhecimento acerca do perfil desses pacientes no contexto da pandemia pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área de saúde.

Objective: to verify the prevalence of the main vascular events associated with patients with COVID-19 admitted to a public hospital in Recife. Method: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out through epidemiological databases and electronic patient records, from March 2020 to August 2021. Results: 1122 patients (58.8%) with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19 were analyzed. The main vascular events evidenced were: Deep Venous Thromboembolism (4.55%); Pulmonary Thromboembolism (2.5%); Acute Arterial Occlusion (0.98%) and Critical Lower Limb Ischemia, the most prevalent, being 17.64% of the cases. Conclusion: it was possible to point out the prevalence of vascular events associated with patients with COVID-19, admitted to a public hospital in Recife, as well as to classify the main vascular events, their repercussion and evolution. Thus, knowledge about the profile of these patients in the context of the pandemic can contribute to the development of new research in the health area.

Objetivo: verificar la prevalencia de los principales eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital público de Recife. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado a través de bases de datos epidemiológicas y registros electrónicos de pacientes, de marzo de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Resultados: se analizaron 1122 pacientes (58,8%) con diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19. Los principales eventos vasculares evidenciados fueron: Tromboembolismo Venoso Profundo (4,55%); Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (2,5%); Oclusión Arterial Aguda (0,98%) e Isquemia Crítica de Miembros Inferiores el más prevalente, con el 17,64% de los casos. Conclusión: fue posible señalar la prevalencia de eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19, ingresados en un hospital público de Recife, así como clasificar los principales eventos vasculares, sus repercusiones y evolución. Así, el conocimiento del perfil de estos pacientes en el contexto de la pandemia puede contribuir para el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones en el área de salud.

Effect of SAM junctional tourniquet on respiration when applied in the axilla: A swine model / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#SAM junctional tourniquet (SJT) has been applied to control junctional hemorrhage. However, there is limited information about its safety and efficacy when applied in the axilla. This study aims to investigate the effect of SJT on respiration when used in the axilla in a swine model.@*METHODS@#Eighteen male Yorkshire swines, aged 6-month-old and weighing 55 - 72 kg, were randomized into 3 groups, with 6 in each. An axillary hemorrhage model was established by cutting a 2 mm transverse incision in the axillary artery. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by exsanguinating through the left carotid artery to achieve a controlled volume reduction of 30% of total blood volume. Vascular blocking bands were used to temporarily control axillary hemorrhage before SJT was applied. In Group I, the swine spontaneously breathed, while SJT was applied for 2 h with a pressure of 210 mmHg. In Group II, the swine were mechanically ventilated, and SJT was applied for the same duration and pressure as Group I. In Group III, the swine spontaneously breathed, but the axillary hemorrhage was controlled using vascular blocking bands without SJT compression. The amount of free blood loss was calculated in the axillary wound during the 2 h of hemostasis by SJT application or vascular blocking bands. After then, a temporary vascular shunt was performed in the 3 groups to achieve resuscitation. Pathophysiologic state of each swine was monitored for 1 h with an infusion of 400 mL of autologous whole blood and 500 mL of lactated ringer solution. Tb and T0 represent the time points before and immediate after the 30% volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock, respectively. T30, T60, T90 and T120, denote 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after T0 (hemostasis period), while T150, and T180 denote 150 and 180 min after T0 (resuscitation period). The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored through the right carotid artery catheter. Blood samples were collected at each time point for the analysis of blood gas, complete cell count, serum chemistry, standard coagulation tests, etc., and thromboelastography was conducted subsequently. Movement of the left hemidiaphragm was measured by ultrasonography at Tb and T0 to assess respiration. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using repeated measures of two-way analysis of variance with pairwise comparisons adjusted using the Bonferroni method. All statistical analyses were processed using GraphPad Prism software.@*RESULTS@#Compared to Tb, a statistically significant increase in the left hemidiaphragm movement at T0 was observed in Groups I and II (both p < 0.001). In Group III, the left hemidiaphragm movement remained unchanged (p = 0.660). Compared to Group I, mechanical ventilation in Group II significantly alleviated the effect of SJT application on the left hemidiaphragm movement (p < 0.001). Blood pressure and heart rate rapidly increased at T0 in all three groups. Respiratory arrest suddenly occurred in Group I after T120, which required immediate manual respiratory assistance. PaO2 in Group I decreased significantly at T120, accompanied by an increase in PaCO2 (both p < 0.001 vs. Groups II and III). Other biochemical metabolic changes were similar among groups. However, in all 3 groups, lactate and potassium increased immediately after 1 min of resuscitation concurrent with a drop in pH. The swine in Group I exhibited the most severe hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. The coagulation function test did not show statistically significant differences among three groups at any time point. However, D-dimer levels showed a more than 16-fold increase from T120 to T180 in all groups.@*CONCLUSION@#In the swine model, SJT is effective in controlling axillary hemorrhage during both spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is found to alleviate the restrictive effect of SJT on thoracic movement without affecting hemostatic efficiency. Therefore, mechanical ventilation could be necessary before SJT removal.

Unusual case of a free anterolateral thigh flap partial necrosis in a COVID-19 positive young male following extremity reconstruction / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Free flap procedure provides an overall success rate of 97%, which decreases to 85% in hypercoagulable states. COVID-19, as a pro-thrombotic disorder, therefore seems detrimental to free flap survival. We encountered a case of unique pattern of free flap partial failure in a young male who underwent extremity reconstruction. The patient was diagnosed as COVID-19 positive on the 3rd day post-reconstruction. The flap survived well for the first 7 days post-operatively, but gradually the skin got necrosed and the subcutaneous fat layer was preserved when debriding. To our knowledge, this is the only case in which the skin of the free flap of a COVID-19 positive patient was necrosed almost entirely subsequently, while the subcutaneous fat was relatively preserved.

Effect of Polygonati Rhizoma in improving pyroptosis injury of diabetic macroangiopathy via NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the influence of Polygonati Rhizoma on the pyroptosis in the rat model of diabetic macroangiopathy via the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(caspase-1)/gasdermin D(GSDMD) pathway. The rat model of diabetes was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ) combined with a high-fat, high-sugar diet. The blood glucose meter, fully automated biochemical analyzer, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to measure blood glucose levels, lipid levels, vascular thickness, inflammatory cytokine levels, and expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins. The mechanism of pharmacological interventions against the injury in the context of diabetes was thus explored. The results demonstrated the successful establishment of the model of diabetes. Compared with the control group, the model group showed elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), lowered level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c), thickened vascular intima, and elevated serum and aorta levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-18(IL-18). Moreover, the model group showed increased NLRP3 inflammasomes and up-regulated levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in aortic vascular cells. Polygonati Rhizoma intervention reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, inhibited vascular thickening, lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 in the serum and aorta, attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome expression, and down-regulated the expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD, compared with the model group. In summary, Polygonati Rhizoma can slow down the progression of diabetic macroangiopathy by inhibiting pyroptosis and alleviating local vascular inflammation.

Impact of the transforming growth factor-β pathway on vascular restenosis and its mechanism / 中南大学学报(医学版)

As a crucial regulatory molecule in the context of vascular stenosis, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), plays a pivotal role in its initiation and progression. TGF-β, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, can bind to the TGF-β receptor and transduce extracellular to intracellular signals through canonical Smad dependent or noncanonical signaling pathways to regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Restenosis remains one of the most challenging problems in cardiac, cerebral, and peripheral vascular disease worldwide. The mechanisms for occurrence and development of restenosis are diverse and complex. The TGF-β pathway exhibits diversity across various cell types. Hence, clarifying the specific roles of TGF-β within different cell types and its precise impact on vascular stenosis provides strategies for future research in the field of stenosis.

Approach to clinically significant vascular anomalies in children

Vascular anomalies consist of tumours or malformations made up of abnormal growth or collections of blood vessels that can result in functional or cosmetic problems. While many vascular anomalies are present at birth, some do not appear until later in life, making diagnosis more challenging. Although many vascular anomalies are benign, some are associated with serious complications and may involve multiple organ systems. This article highlights the important features of clinically significant vascular anomalies to help physicians promptly identify and refer these cases to a specialised multidisciplinary team for evaluation and management. The discussion includes the various presenting complaints of vascular anomalies in children, namely, rapidly growing birthmarks, painful lesions, seizures/neurological manifestations, bleeding diathesis, cardiac/airway abnormalities and part of an overgrowth syndrome.

Kawasaki disease in Colombia: A systematic review and contrast with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19

Introduction: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis with multisystem involvement. Recently, the increasing incidence of a condition that closely resembles KD in many cases, named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), has set off alarms amid the current worldwide coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Hence, the aim is to conduct a systematic review of the literature about KD in Colombia and contrast it with COVID-19-related MIS-C. Materials and methods: A search was carried out in both international and Latin American electronic databases for publications concerning patients with KD in the Colombian population. Records were then screened by titles and/or abstracts, assessed for eligibility, and reviewed. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The search included studies reporting MIS-C associated with COVID-19, and compared these patients with our findings of KD in Colombia. Results: Out of 36 publications retrieved, 17 were included, representing 120 individuals. Male to female ratio was 1.6, and most patients (90.4%) were aged 5 years or less. Among the main features of KD, fever was the most frequent (96.2% of the patients), while cervical lymphadenopathy was present in only 40.6%. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered in 91.4% cases and 6.2% were resistant. Cardiac involvement was found in around 30%, and 20% had coronary artery lesions. Comparison between MIS-C associated with COVID-19 and KD in Colombia indicates that patients affected by MIS-C were older (72.2% of MIS-C patients > 5 years), had higher rates of cardiac involvement, and required critical care more often. Conclusions: Our findings of KD in Colombia are consistent with the available descriptions of KD in the scientific literature. Given the increasing rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Colombia and Latin America, our study raises awareness about MIS-C in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and its relationship with KD.

Introducción: La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis aguda con compromiso multisistémico. Recientemente, la incidencia creciente de una condición que se asemeja en forma considerable a la EK en muchos casos, denominada síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (SIMS) en niños, ha encendido las alarmas en medio de la actual pandemia mundial de la enfermedad COVID-19. Por consiguiente, nos propusimos realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura acerca de la EK en Colombia y contrastarla con el SIMS relacionado con COVID-19 en niños. Materiales y métodos: Buscamos publicaciones respecto a pacientes con EK en población colombiana, en bases de datos electrónicas tanto internacionales como latinoamericanas. Los registros hallados fueron tamizados por títulos o resúmenes, evaluados para elegibilidad y revisados. Se siguieron las guías Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Posteriormente, buscamos estudios que reportaran SIMS temporalmente asociado con COVID-19 en niños y comparamos estos pacientes con nuestros hallazgos de EK en Colombia. Resultados: De 36 publicaciones encontradas se incluyeron 17, las cuales representaron 120 individuos. La razón hombre a mujer fue de 1,6 y la mayoría de los pacientes (90,4%) tenía 5 anos o menos. Entre las principales características de EK, la fiebre fue la más frecuente (96,2%), mientras que la linfadenopatía cervical estuvo presente solo en el 40,6%. La inmunoglobulina intravenosa se administró en el 91,4% de los casos y 6,2% presentaron resistencia. Se encontró compromiso cardiaco en alrededor del 30% de los pacientes, en tanto que el 20% tuvo lesiones de arterias coronarias. La comparación entre las características clínicas de la EK y el SIMS asociado a COVID-19 mostró que los individuos afectados por el SIMS eran mayores (72,2% con SIMS tenían más de cinco anos), tuvieron mayores índices de compromiso cardiaco y requirieron cuidado crítico con mayor frecuencia. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos de EK en Colombia son consistentes con las descripciones disponibles de esta enfermedad en la literatura científica. Debido al aumento de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Colombia y Latinoamérica, nuestro estudio busca crear conciencia sobre el SIMS en pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19 y su relación con la EK.

Takayasu arteritis associated with focal and segmentary glomerulosclerosis

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a large vessel vasculitis that affects young people, related to cardiovascular outcomes and chronic kidney disease. We present the case of a 20-year-old male with a diagnosis of TA, who developed chronic kidney disease, impaired renal blood flow was ruled out, renal biopsy was compatible with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis of a collapsing variety, other possible aetiologies were excluded. The mechanisms that mediate this association have not been determined, immune-mediated mechanisms are proposed. According to our review, this is the second reported case of this association and the first with a collapsing variety.

La arteritis de Takayasu es una vasculitis de grandes vasos que afecta a personas jóvenes y se relaciona con desenlaces cardiovasculares y enfermedad renal crónica. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 20 arios, con diagnóstico de arteritis de Takayasu, que desarrolla enfermedad renal crónica. Se descartan alteraciones en el flujo sanguíneo renal, en tanto que la biopsia renal resulta compatible con glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria de variedad colapsante. Se excluyeron otras posibles etiologías. No se han determinado los mecanismos que median en esta asociación; se proponen mecanismos inmunomediados. Según nuestra revisión, se trata del segundo caso reportado de esta asociación y el primero con variedad colapsante.

Case report: Takayasu arteritis in a newborn, 5-years follow-up

Takayasu Arteritis (TA) is classified as a large vessel vasculitis, it primarily affects aorta and principal branches. The clinical presentation in pediatric patients is odd and there a few literature about it. The case is about a feminine patient hospitalized after birth with diagnosis of patent ductus arterious (PDA), abnormal widening of the descending aorta, aneurysm of the aortic arch. It is kept under close surveillance for 5 years, with imaging improvement in treatment with methotrexate and immunoglobulin, however she presented relapses on two occasions where the caliber decreased in descending aorta and left iliac artery. We can conclude that Identifying AT findings is important for early diagnosis, medical management, and proper monitoring specifically in pediatric patients where little literature is available.

La arteritis de Takayasu (AT) se clasifica como una vasculitis de grandes vasos desarrollándose sobre todo en aorta y ramas principales. Su presentación en pacientes pediátricos es rara y existe muy poca información en la literatura. Se trata de una paciente femenina hospitalizada al nacimiento, a quien se diagnostica ductus arterioso persistente (DAP), dilatación de aorta descendente y aneurisma de arco aórtico. Se mantiene bajo vigilancia estrecha durante cinco arios, con mejoría imagenológica en tratamiento a base metrotexato e inmunoglobulina, sin embargo, presenta recaídas en dos ocasiones, donde se observa disminución del calibre de aorta descendente y arteria iliaca izquierda. Se puede concluir que el identificar los hallazgos de la AT es importante para realizar un diagnóstico temprano, manejo médico oportuno y vigilancia adecuada, en específico en pacientes pediátricos, de quienes se tiene poca información en la literatura.

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: An atypical simulator. Report of 3 cases and a narrative review of the literature

Objectives: To report the clinical manifestations and therapeutic schemes established in three patients with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, as well as to describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic options. Methods: A literature review was performed using Google scholar and PubMed and MeSH terms. There was no limit on the publication date or language for the selection of the articles. Results: Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa is an uncommon small and medium-sized vessel vasculitis, and is rarely reported in Colombia. Although its pathophysiology is unknown, it is considered to be mediated by the deposition of immunocomplexes in the walls of blood vessels. It can be triggered by infectious agents and be associated with autoimmune diseases. The cutaneous manifestations mainly include subcutaneous painful nodules, livedo reticularis, and ulcers. Myalgia, arthralgia, peripheral neuropathy, and fever can also be present. It represents a diagnostic challenge. Treatment is not standardized and is guided according to the severity. Conclusions: Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa is a rare entity, with a wide variety of cutaneous manifestations. There is still no specific diagnostic test. Its diagnosis represents a challenge for the dermatologist, and requires multidisciplinary management, in which the rheumatologist plays a fundamental role.

Objetivos: Reportar las diferentes manifestaciones clínicas y los esquemas terapéuticos instaurados en 3 pacientes con poliarteritis nudosa cutánea. Así mismo, describir la fisiopatología, el cuadro clínico, los criterios diagnósticos y las opciones terapéuticas. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en Google Académico y PubMed utilizando términos MeSH. En la selección de la bibliografía, la búsqueda no se limitó por fecha de publicación ni por idioma, debido al escaso número de reportes. Resultados: La poliarteritis nudosa cutánea es una vasculitis de pequeño y mediano vaso, infrecuente, poco reportada en Colombia. Su fisiopatología no es del todo conocida, se considera mediada por el depósito de inmunocomplejos en las paredes de vasos sanguíneos; puede ser desencadenada por agentes infecciosos y asociarse con enfermedades autoinmunes. Las manifestaciones cutáneas incluyen principalmente nódulos subcutáneos dolorosos, livedo reticular y úlceras. A nivel extracutáneo podrían encontrarse mialgias, artralgias, neuropatía periférica y fiebre. El diagnóstico representa un desafío. El tratamiento no está estandarizado y es guiado según la severidad de la patología. Conclusión: La poliarteritis nudosa cutánea es una entidad poco frecuente, con una amplia variedad de manifestaciones cutáneas. Hasta el momento, no contamos con una prueba diagnóstica específica. Su diagnóstico representa un reto para el dermatólogo y requiere un manejo multidisciplinario, en el cual el reumatólogo desempeña un papel fundamental.

Small vessel vasculitis, different renal outcomes in pediatric patients. Case reports

Vasculitis mainly affects the walls of the blood vessels, and is an uncommon disease in the pediatric population. In general, they are classified according to the EULAR / PreS consensus in children and in adults according to the Chapel-Hill consensus conference. ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is part of small-vessel disease and is represented by granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and others. The representative renal histopathological findings are focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescents, variable interstitial inflammation, absence of immune complexes, or small deposits of immunoglobulins. Clinically, AAV can manifest with hematuria, proteinuria, high blood pressure, and/or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. GPA can severely affect the kidney in 75% of cases. In MPA, renal involvement (75-90%) can be rapid and severe with the possibility of requiring renal replacement therapy in more than half of the patients. Furthermore, up to 25% of patients may have high blood pressure, and the mortality at one year can be up to 85%. In EGPA the renal involvement is usually mild. Three pediatric cases of AAV with different renal outcomes are presented, including the need for renal replacement therapy with the recovery of renal function, kidney transplantation, and death, followed in a fourth level of care institution in Colombia.

Las vasculitis, patologías cuyo hallazgo principal es la afectación de las paredes de los vasos sanguíneos, se presentan de forma infrecuente en la población pediátrica. En general, en niños se clasifican de acuerdo con el consenso de la EULAR/PReS, y en adultos, según la Conferencia de Consenso de Chapel-Hill. Las vasculitis asociadas con ANCA (VAA) hacen parte de las vasculitis de pequeños vasos y están representadas por la granulomatosis con poliangeítis (GPA), la granulomatosis eosinofílica con poliangeítis (EGPA) y la poliangeítis microscópica (PAM), entre otras. A nivel renal, los hallazgos histopatológicos representativos son la glomerulonefritis focal necrotizante con media luna, inflamación intersticial variable, ausencia de complejos inmunes o pequeños depósitos de inmunoglobulinas. Clínicamente, las VAA pueden manifestarse con hematuria, proteinuria, hipertensión arterial o glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva. La GPA puede afectar de forma severa el riñón en el 75% de los casos, mientras que, en la PAM, el compromiso renal (75-90%) puede ser rápido y severo con posibilidad de requerir terapia de reemplazo renal en más de la mitad de los pacientes. Además, hasta el 25% de los casos puede tener hipertensión arterial, con una mortalidad a un ario de 85%. En la EGPA, el compromiso renal suele ser leve. Se presentan 3 casos pediátricos de VAA con diferentes desenlaces renales, que incluyen necesidad de terapia de reemplazo renal con recuperación de función renal, trasplante renal y muerte, seguidas en una institución de IV nivel del suroccidente colombiano.

Experiencia inicial de un equipo multidisciplinario para el manejo de anomalías vasculares complejas / Initial experience of a multidisciplinary approach for the management of complex vascular anomalies

Introducción: Las anomalías vasculares (AV) están constituidas por un amplio espectro de alteraciones en los vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos, incluidos los tumores y las malformaciones vasculares. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la experiencia inicial de un grupo multidisciplinario para el manejo de las anomalías vasculares complejas en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Metodología: El presente estudio observacional de pacientes pediátricos, presentados y analizados en un grupo de anomalías vasculares en Ecuador, desde noviembre de 2019 hasta mayo de 2022. Se recopilaron los diagnósticos según la clasificación de la Sociedad Internacional para el Estudio de las Anomalías Vasculares, localización de la lesión, trata-miento ofrecido, complicaciones y evolución; se excluyeron los pacientes con hemangioma infantil no complicado y hemangioma congénito. Resultados: Se incluyeron 45 pacientes con anomalías vasculares de los cuales, 53% fueron femenino y 47% masculino. La edad promedio al momento de la presentación fue de 5.9 años, un 78% tenían malformaciones vasculares y 22% tenían tumores vasculares. Las mal-formaciones vasculares de tipo venosa fueron las más frecuentes con un 22%. La malformación más frecuente fue venosa en cabeza/cara (29%) y linfáticas (16%). El 89% de los pacientes presentaron por lo menos un síntoma y el tratamiento más usado fue la escleroterapia en un 36.36%. Conclusión: Es el primer reporte realizado en Ecuador de un equipo multidisciplinario que atiende AV complejas en niños según la bibliografía revisada, afirmando que las AV son un gran reto debido al amplio espectro de patologías que las conforman. El equipo multidisciplinario garantiza el manejo completo en los casos de AV complejo logrando un adecuado diagnóstico, para así ofrecer las mejores opciones terapéuticas para el paciente pediátrico.

Introduction: Vascular Anomalies (VA) are constituted by a wide spectrum of alterations, including tumors and vascular malformations, pediatric patients with vascular anomalies will usually benefit from the contributions made by a multidisciplinary team approach. The aim of this study was to describe the initial experience of a multidisciplinary approach group for the management of complex vascular anomalies in pediatric patients. Methodology: This observational study of pediatric patients (< 18 years), presented and analyzed in a group of vascular anomalies in Ecuador, from November 2019 to May 2022. Diagnoses were compiled according to the classification of the Society International for the Study of Vascular Anomalies, location of the lesion, treatment offered, complications and evolution; patients with uncomplicated infantile hemangioma and congenital hemangioma were excluded. Results: A total of 45 patients with vascular anomalies were included, of which 53% were female and 47% male. The mean age at presentation was 5.93 years, 78% had vascular malformations, and 22% had vascular tumors. Venous vascular malformations were the most frequent with 22% and lymphatic malformations 16%. The most frequent location was head/face affected by venous-type vascular malformations with 29%. At least one symptom was present in 89% of the patients, the most used treat-ment was sclerotherapy in 36.36%. Conclusión: It is the first report made in Ecuador of a multidisciplinary team that treats complex VA in children according to the reviewed bibliography, affirming that VA are a great challenge due to the wide spectrum of pathologies that comprise them. The multidisciplinary team guarantees complete management in complex VA cases, achieving an adequate diagnosis, in order to offer the best therapeutic options for the pediatric patient.

Estrategias para enseñar sobre autocuidado a personas con úlceras vasculares venosas: una revisión integrativ / Strategies for Teaching Self-care to People with Venous Ulcers: An Integrative Review / Estratégias para o ensino do autocuidado a pessoas com úlceras vasculares venosas: uma revisão integrativa

Introducción: las úlceras vasculares son lesiones que se desarrollan principalmente en miembros inferiores, se acompañan de dolor continuo e incapacitante, dificultan la movilidad, alteran la propia imagen corporal y pueden interferir en las actividades de la vida diaria. Las úlceras venosas son graves, ocasionadas por insuficiencia venosa crónica e hipertensión venosa permanente, y la persona que las padece debe recibir cuidados de enfermería integrales, que contribuyan al autocuidado. Objetivo:describir las estrategias que debe tener en cuenta el profesional de enfermería para la promoción del autocuidado en personas con úlceras vasculares venosas. Metodología: revisión integrativa de la literatura. Se realizó búsqueda en bases de datos y recursos electrónicos: Medline a través de PubMed Health, Epistemonikos y SciELO. Se incluyeron artículos de investigación y de revisión relacionados con el problema en estudio, publicados en inglés, portugués o español en el periodo 2010-2020. Estudio sin riesgo, se respetan los derechos de autor. Resultados: se analizó una muestra constituida por 41 publicaciones. Los temas principales producto del análisis fueron: proceso de atención de enfermería y autocuidado, familiarizándose con la úlcera venosa y las opciones terapéuticas, conocimiento de la terapia de compresión, práctica de los estilos de vida saludables. Conclusiones: el cuidado de enfermería al paciente con úlcera venosa debe comenzar por reconocer a la persona desde una perspectiva holística y en reciprocidad con su entorno, lo que implica un proceso de atención integral que va más allá de la úlcera y valora al paciente como un sujeto activo en el cuidado, para que se familiarice con su herida y esté en capacidad de detectar señales de mejoría o de alarma, así como de conocer la terapia de compresión y opciones terapéuticas y de llevar a su cotidianidad la práctica de estilos de vida saludables

Introduction: Venous ulcers are lesions developed mainly on the lower limbs. They cause continuous and disabling pain, impair mobility, alter self-image, and interfere with daily life activities. Venous ulcers are serious. They are caused by chronic venous insufficiency and permanent venous hypertension. People suffering from venous ulcers should receive comprehensive nursing care that contributes to self-care. Objective: To describe the strategies nursing professionals should consider for promoting self-care in people with venous ulcers. Method: Integrative review of the literature. Databases and electronic resources were searched: Medline using PubMed, Health, Epistemonikos, and SciELO. Research and review articles related to the study problem, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 2010 and 2020, were included. This is a risk-free study, and copyrights were respected. Results: A sample of 41 publications was analyzed. The main themes derived from the analysis were the nursing care process and self-care, getting familiar with venous ulcers and therapeutic options, knowledge of compression therapy, and practice of healthy lifestyles. Conclusions: Nursing care for patients with venous ulcers should begin by recognizing a person from a holistic perspective and reciprocally with their environment. This approach implies a comprehensive care process that goes beyond the ulcer and values patients as active subjects of care so that they become familiar with their wounds and detect signs of improvement or warning. They can also know about compression therapy and therapeutic options and take the practice of healthy lifestyles into their daily lives.

Introdução: As úlceras vasculares são lesões que se desenvolvem principalmente nos membros inferiores, são acompanhadas de dor contínua e incapacitante, dificultam a mobilidade, alteram a própria imagem corporal e podem interferir nas atividades da vida diária. As úlceras venosas são graves, causadas pela insuficiência venosa crônica e hipertensão venosa permanente, e a pessoa que as sofre deve receber cuidado de enfermagem integral que contribua para o autocuidado. Objetivo: Descrever as estratégias que o profissional de enfermagem deve levar em consideração para promover o autocuidado em pessoas com úlceras vasculares venosas. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura. Realizou-se busca nas bases de dados e recursos eletrônicos: Medline por meio do PubMed Health, Epistemonikos SciELO. Foram incluídos artigos de pesquisa e revisão relacionados ao problema em estudo, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, no período 2010-2020. Estudo sem risco, os direitos autorais são respeitados. Resultados: Foi analisada uma amostra de 41 publicações. Os principais tópicos resultantes da análise foram: processo de atenção de enfermagem e autocuidado, familiarização com a úlcera venosa e as opções terapêuticas, conhecimento da terapia compressiva, prática de estilos de vida saudáveis. Conclusões: O cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente com úlcera venosa deve começar por reconhecer à pessoa desde uma perspectiva holística e em reciprocidade com seu meio, o que implica um processo de atendimento integral que vai além da úlcera e valoriza ao paciente como sujeito ativo no cuidado para que ele se familiarize com sua ferida e seja capaz de detectar sinais de melhora ou alarme, bem como aprender sobre terapia compressiva e as opções terapêuticas e praticar estilos de vida saudáveis em sua vida diária.

Avaliação de risco para lesões decorrentes do posicionamento cirúrgico em cirurgias cardíacas / Risk evaluation for injuries due to surgical positioning in cardiac surgery

Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de risco decorrentes do posicionamento cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, documental, descritivo, realizado em um hospital filantrópico em Salvador, Bahia. A amostra foi composta de 258 pacientes que se submeteram a cirurgias cardíacas entre janeiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Utilizou-se um formulário com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e a Escala de Avaliação de Risco para Desenvolvimento de Lesões Decorrentes do Posicionamento Cirúrgico (ELPO). Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente, utilizando-se tabelas com frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: Dos pacientes, 59,7% eram do sexo masculino; 53,1% foram submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio; 69,8% foram classificados como grau 3 segundo a American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA III); 68,2% tinham índice de massa corporal alterado para mais; todos os pacientes foram submetidos a anestesia geral e posicionados em supina, com os membros em posição anatômica; 63,2% tiveram tempo de cirurgia acima de 4 horas; todos utilizaram colchão de visco elástico e coxins; 60,5% exibiam doença vascular. A pontuação da ELPO revelou 90,7% dos pacientes com baixo risco de desenvolver lesões por posicionamento. Conclusão: Segundo avaliação por meio da ELPO, os pacientes apresentaram baixo risco para lesão de pele durante as cirurgias cardíacas, resultado atribuído ao uso de colchão de polímero viscoelástico nas mesas cirúrgicas.

Objective: To assess the risk levels resulting from surgical positioning in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Method: This is an observational, cross-sectional, documentary, descriptive study carried out in a philanthropic hospital in Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. The sample consisted of 258 patients who underwent heart surgery between January 2018 and January 2019. A form with sociodemographic and clinical variables and the Risk Assessment Scale for the Development of Injuries Due to Surgical Positioning (ELPO) were used. Data were analyzed quantitatively, using tables with absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Among the patients, 59.7% were men; 53.1% were submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting; 69.8% were classified as stage 3 according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA III); 68.2% had higher body mass index; all patients were submitted to general anesthesia and positioned in the supine position, with the limbs in anatomical position; 63.2% had over 4 hours of duration of surgery; all used viscoelastic mattress and pads; and 60.5% had vascular disease. The ELPO score showed 90.7% of patients at low risk of developing positioning injuries. Conclusion: According to the ELPO evaluation, patients were at low risk of developing skin injury during cardiac surgeries, a result attributed to the use of a viscoelastic polymer mattress on the operating tables.

Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de riesgo derivados del posicionamiento quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal, documental, descriptivo, realizado en un hospital filantrópico de Salvador, Bahía. La muestra estuvo conformada por 258 pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía cardiaca entre enero de 2018 y enero de 2019. Se utilizó un formulario con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y la Escala de Evaluación de Riesgo para el Desarrollo de Lesiones Procedentes del Posicionamiento Quirúrgico (ELPO). Los datos fueron analizados cuantitativamente, utilizando tablas con frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: 59,7% de pacientes del sexo masculino; 53,1% fueron sometidos a revascularización miocárdica; 69,8% ASA III; 68,2% con índice de masa corporal cambiado a más; todos los pacientes sometidos a anestesia general y posicionados en decúbito supino, con los miembros en posición anatómica; 63,2% con tiempo de cirugía mayor a 4 horas; todos usaron colchones y cojines viscoelásticos; 60,5% tenían enfermedad vascular. La puntuación ELPO mostró un 90,7% de pacientes con bajo riesgo de desarrollar lesiones de posicionamiento. Conclusión: De acuerdo con una evaluación utilizando la ELPO, los pacientes tenían un bajo riesgo de lesiones en la piel durante las cirugías cardíacas, resultado atribuido al uso de un colchón de polímero viscoelástico en las mesas quirúrgicas.