Defectos bucodentales en personas con síndrome de Down: una prioridad en salud bucal / Oral-dental defects in people with Down's syndrome: a priority in oral health

RESUMEN El síndrome de Down con frecuencia se acompaña de defectos bucodentales que comprometen la función masticatoria y fonatoria del paciente. Las acciones de prevención y promoción de salud bucal, el diagnóstico precoz y seguimiento de estas enfermedades, contribuyen al logro del verdadero enfoque interdisciplinario que demandan estos pacientes, para lograr una plena inclusión social. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre el tema, con el objetivo de estructurar los referentes teóricos relacionados con los principales defectos bucodentales -congénitos y adquiridos- que afectan a la población con síndrome de Down, para lograr la prevención de estos defectos y el incremento de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Los defectos bucodentales congénitos más frecuentes encontrados en la trisomía 21, fueron la microdoncia, la macroglosia y la erupción dental tardía. La enfermedad periodontal fue el defecto adquirido de mayor presentación, al que se asocian diversos factores de riesgo, muchos modificables. Las intervenciones tempranas en salud bucal pueden incrementar la calidad de vida de los niños y adultos que padecen este trastorno, ayudándolos a lograr un pleno desarrollo como seres humanos (AU).

ABSTRACT Down's syndrome is frequently accompanied by oral-dental defects compromising the masticatory and phonatory function of the patients. Oral health promotion and prevention actions, precocious diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases contribute to achieving the true interdisciplinary approach these patients demand to reach their full social inclusion. A bibliographic search on the theme was carried out, with the objective of structuring the theoretical referents related to the main oral-dental defects -congenital and acquired-, affecting the population with Down's syndrome to reach these defects prevention and increasing these patients' life quality. The congenital oral-dental defects more commonly found in trisomy 21 were microdontia, macroglossia, and delayed tooth eruption. Periodontal disease was more frequently found acquired defect, to which several risk factors are associated, many of them modifiable. Early interventions in oral health may improve the life quality of these children and adults, helping them to achieve a full development as human beings (AU).

Conhecendo o HTLV e suas implicações no atendimento odontológico / Getting to know HTLV and their implications during dental care

Os vírus T Linfotrópico humano representam um grupo de retrovírus que possuem tropismo por linfócitos T e são transmitidos pelas vias parenteral, vertical e sexual. Foram identificados os tipos 1, 2, 3 e 4 sendo que o vírus T Linfotrópico humano -1 tem sido o mais associado ao desenvolvimento de doenças nos pacientes infectados. A estimativa global é de que 15 a 20 milhões de pessoas estejam infectadas pelo vírus T Linfotrópico humano -1. No Brasil o vírus é endêmico, apresentando o maior número absoluto de casos no mundo e sendo incluído na triagem hematológica realizada nos hemocentros. As principais doenças associadas ao vírus T Linfotrópico humano -1 são a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto e a paraparesia espástica tropical. A única manifestação bucal associada ao vírus T Linfotrópico humano é o linfoma de células T do adulto, sendo que alguns autores apontam para a possibilidade de pacientes com paraparesia espástica tropical também apresentarem a síndrome de Sjõgren relacionada à infecção pelo vírus. O fato de o vírus T Linfotrópico humano ser um vírus contagioso e com capacidade oncogênica requer a atenção do cirurgião-dentista tanto no manejo odontológico quanto no diagnóstico de possíveis doenças associadas.

The human T-lymphotropic viruses represent a group of retroviruses that possess tropism for T lymphocytes and are transmitted parenterally, vertically and sexually. Four types have been identified, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Type 1 has been most frequently associated with disease in infected individuals. It is estimated that 15 to 20 million people are affected by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. In Brazil, the virus is endemic, presenting the greatest absolute number of cases in the world and included in blood bank screening tests. The main diseases associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 are adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis. The only oral manifestation associated with human T-lymphotropic virus is adult T-cell lymphoma. Some authors believe it is possible for some patients with tropical spastic paraparesis to also present virus-related Sjõgren?s syndrome. Since human T-lymphotropic virus is contagious and potentially oncogenic, it demands attention from the dental surgeon not only for dental management but also for diagnosing associated diseases.