Resección laparoscópica de dilatación quística congénita del conducto cístico en un paciente pediátrico / Laparoscopic Resection of Congenital Cystic Dilatation of the Cystic Duct in a Pediatric Patient

Introducción: La dilatación quística congénita del conducto cístico o dilatación tipo VI de la clasificación de Todani, es una variante rara de dilatación congénita de la vía biliar. Objetivo: Explicar la metodología diagnóstica y terapéutica empleada en un caso pediátrico con esta entidad, y destacar la ventaja de su tratamiento oportuno por vía mínimamente invasiva. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 6 años con sintomatología sugestiva de enfermedad vesicular, referido desde la atención secundaria por sospecha de quiste de colédoco. En el ultrasonido se detectaba una lesión ecolúcida adyacente a la vesícula biliar, sin dilatación de las vías biliares intrahepáticas. Se realizó colangiografía laparoscópica y se confirmó una dilatación quística aislada del conducto cístico, la cual se resecó por vía laparoscópica, igualmente. Conclusiones: La incidencia de la dilatación quística del conducto cístico es muy baja y se puede presentar en niños con sintomatología variable. El diagnóstico generalmente es tardío, puede sospecharse mediante la ecografía abdominal y confirmarse con la colangiografía laparoscópica, aun en ausencia de otros medios diagnósticos más modernos. Su reconocimiento y correcta clasificación permiten realizar el tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo exitosamente, de preferencia por vía laparoscópica(AU)

Introduction: Congenital cystic duct dilatation, or Todani classification type VI dilatation, is a rare variant of congenital bile duct dilatation. Objective: To explain the diagnostic and therapeutic methodology used in a pediatric case with this entity, and to highlight the advantage of its timely minimally invasive treatment. Case presentation: Six-year-old male patient with symptoms suggestive of gallbladder disease, referred from secondary care for suspicion of a common bile duct cyst. Ultrasound showed an echolucent lesion adjacent to the gallbladder, without dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Laparoscopic cholangiography was performed and confirmed an isolated cystic dilatation of the cystic duct, which was resected laparoscopically, likewise. Conclusions: The incidence of cystic dilatation of the cystic duct is very low and may present in children with variable symptomatology. Diagnosis is usually late, can be suspected by abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by laparoscopic cholangiography, even in the absence of other more modern diagnostic tools. Its recognition and correct classification permit a successful definitive surgical treatment, preferably laparoscopically(AU)

Comparative evaluation of three laparoscopic cholecystectomy techniques in rabbit's model

Purpose: The aim of this randomized study was to compare the complications and perioperative outcome of three different techniques of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Changes in the liver function test after LC techniques were investigated. Also, we compared the degree of postoperative adhesions and histopathological changes of the liver bed. Methods: Thirty rabbits were divided into three groups: group A) Fundus-first technique by Hook dissecting instrument and Roeder Slipknot applied for cystic duct (CD) ligation; group B) conventional technique by Maryland dissecting forceps and electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing (EBVS) for CD seal; group C) conventional technique by EBVS for gallbladder (GB) dissection and CD seal. Results: Group A presented a longer GB dissection time than groups B and C. GB perforation and bleeding from tissues adjacent to GB were similar among tested groups. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels increased (p ≤ 0.05) on day 3 postoperatively in group A. By the 15th postoperative day, the enzymes returned to the preoperative values. Transient elevation of hepatic transaminases occurred after LC in all groups. Group A had a higher adherence score than groups B and C and was associated with the least predictable technique. Conclusions: LC can be performed using different techniques, although the use of EBVS is highly recommended.

Hidrops vesicular secundario a vólvulo: reporte de un caso / Gallbladder hydrops due to vesicular volvulus: a case report

Resumen Introducción: El vólvulo de vesícula biliar (VVB) es una causa extremadamente rara de colecistitis aguda. Aproximadamente 500 casos han sido reportados en la literatura mundial. Puede generar una obstrucción total del drenaje vesicular e isquemia con alto riesgo de progresar a perforación y peritonitis biliar. Caso clínico: Mujer de 90 años consultó por dolor hipogástrico de inicio súbito, asociado a masa abdominal palpable y dolorosa en flanco y fosa ilíaca derecha. Tomografía axial computada de abdomen y pelvis demostró una acentuada distensión de la vesícula biliar, ubicada por fuera de la fosa vesicular y con un punto sugerente de torsión. Fue sometida a laparotomía exploradora, desvolvulación seguida de colecistectomía, con evolución posoperatoria favorable. Discusión: Para el desarrollo de un VVB se requiere una "vesícula flotante", su cuadro clínico es inespecífico y muchas veces es confundido con una colecistitis aguda litiásica, su diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil pese al estudio con imágenes. La intervención quirúrgica oportuna es el único tratamiento resolutivo, con excelentes resultados. Conclusión: La VVB es una patología rara, representa un desafío diagnóstico tanto para cirujanos como radiólogos.

Introduction: Gallbladder volvulus (GV) is an extremely rare cause of acute cholecystitis. Approximately 500 cases have been reported in world literature. It can lead to total obstruction of the gallbladder drainage and ischemia with a high risk of progressing to perforation and biliary peritonitis. Case report: 90-year-old woman consulted due to hypogastric pain of sudden onset, associated with painful palpable abdominal mass in the flank and right iliac fossa. Computed axial tomography of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated an accentuated distention of the gallbladder, located outside the gallbladder fossa and with a point suggestive of torsion. She underwent exploratory laparotomy, devulvulation followed by cholecystectomy, with favorable postoperative evolution. Discussion: The development of GV requires a "floating gallbladder", its clinical picture is non-specific and is often confused with acute lithiasic cholecystitis. Its preoperative diagnosis is difficult despite the imaging study. Timely surgical intervention is the only resolutive treatment, with excellent results. Conclusion: GV is a rare pathology, it represents a diagnostic challenge for both surgeons and radiologists.

Interpretation of consensus on the surgical management of benign gallbladder diseases (2021 edition) / 中华外科杂志

Benign gallbladder diseases are common diseases in surgery,which are closely related to the occurrence of gallbladder cancer.Currently,nonstandard treatment exited in the surgical management of benign gallbladder diseases in China. Based on relevant domestic and foreign literature,guidelines,and expert consensus,consensus on the surgical management of benign gallbladder diseases(2021 edition) has been formulated. Further,recommendations related to diagnosis and treatment were presented to improve the standardization of surgical diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder diseases in China,so as to eliminate the clinical harm of gallbladder diseases and reduce the incidence rate of gallbladder cancer and prevent the occurrence. After the publication of the consensus,it has aroused heated discussion. This paper will interpret the hot issues.

Consensus on the surgical management of benign gallbladder diseases(2021 edition) / 中华外科杂志

Benign gallbladder diseases are common in surgery department,and the incidence rate is increasing in recent years.Currently,nonstandard treatment existed in the surgical management of benign gallbladder diseases in China.Based on relevant domestic and foreign literature,guidelines,and expert consensus,this consensus expounds on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of common benign gallbladder diseases such as gallstone,cholecystitis,gallbladder polypoid,gallbladder adenomyosis,gallbladder variation and deformity,complications after cholecystectomy.Further,recommendations related to diagnosis and treatment were presented to improve the standardization of surgical diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder diseases in China,so as to eliminate the clinical harm of gallbladder diseases and reduce the incidence rate of gallbladder cancer and prevent the occurrence.

Differential diagnosis of gallbladder polypoid lesions by micro-flow imaging / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the value of micro-flow imaging (MFI) in evaluating blood flow characteristics and differential diagnosis of gallbladder polypoid lesions.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and ultrasound images of 73 patients with gallbladder polypoid lesions, including 24 patients with pathologically confirmed neoplastic polyps (n=24) and 49 with non-neoplastic polyps (n=49). All the patients underwent conventional ultrasound, MFI and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) before cholecystectomy. The blood flow characteristics of the lesions in color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and MFI were compared, and the consistency of the findings by these two modalities with those of CEUS were evaluated by weighted Kappa consistency test. The diagnostic performance of MFI for gallbladder polypoid lesions was assessed.@*RESULTS@#There were significant differences between MFI and CDFI in the evaluation of blood flow characteristics of gallbladder polypoid lesions (χ2=37.684, P < 0.001). MFI showed better performance than CDFI in displaying the blood flow characteristics of the polyps. The consistency in the findings was 0.118 between CDFI and CEUS and 0.816 between MFI and CEUS. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MFI in distinguishing neoplastic polyps from non-neoplastic polyps were 75.00%, 93.88% and 87.67%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#MFI has a good consistency with CEUS in displaying the blood flow characteristics of gallbladder polypoid lesions and can accurately distinguish neoplastic polyps from non-neoplastic polyps, thus providing new ultrasound diagnostic evidence to support clinical decisions on optimal treatments of gallbladder polypoid lesions.

¿Está exenta de consecuencias adversas la perforación iatrogénica de la vesícula biliar durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva? / Iatrogenic gallbladder perforation during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is it exempt from adverse consequences?

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio se llevó a cabo para valorar las consecuencias de la perforación iatrogénica de la vesícula biliar (PIVB), investigando su asociación con complicaciones posoperatorias, uso de antibióticos y drenajes, duración de la cirugía y estancia posoperatoria. Materiales y Método: Se incluyeron 1.703 pacientes con colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva, divididos en dos grupos: con PIVB (Grupo 1; n = 321) y sin PIVB (Grupo 2; n = 1.382). Se compararon los resultados entre ambos grupos. Resultados: El porcentaje de PIVB fue de 18,85%. El vertido aislado de bilis ocurrió en 241 pacientes (14,15%) y el de bilis y cálculos en 80 pacientes (4,64%). La incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico no fue diferente entre ambos grupos. La incidencia de PIVB fue mayor en varones (43,3% vs 31,3%), pacientes con adherencias perivesiculares (17,75% vs. 10,5%) y pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de colecistitis aguda (11,52% vs. 4,92%). La PIVB se asoció significativamente con mayor duración de la cirugía (77,3 vs. 65,4 minutos), mayor uso de drenajes y antibióticos y mayor estancia posoperatoria. No hubo complicaciones tardías. Discusión y Conclusión: La PIVB no aumenta la incidencia de infección, pero se asocia con un mayor uso de drenajes y antibióticos, mayor duración de la cirugía y mayor estancia posoperatoria.

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes in patients with iatrogenic gallbladder perforation (IGP), investigating its association with postoperative complications, use of antibiotics and drains, operative time and postoperative stay. Materials and Method: 1703 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included and divided in two groups: with IGP (Group 1, n = 321) and without IGP (Group 2, n = 1382). We compared the outcomes between both groups. Results: The IGP rate was 18.85%. Isolated bile spillage occurred in 241 patients (14.15%), and stone spillage in 80 patients (4.64%). The incidence of surgical site infections was not different between both groups. The IGP rate was significantly higher in male (43.3% vs 31.3%), in patients with perivesicular adhesions (17.75% vs 10.5%) and in patients with histologic diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (11.52% vs 4.92%). Operative time was significantly longer in patients with IGP (77.3 vs 65.4 minutes). Intraoperative drain and antibiotic use, as well as postoperative stay were, also, significantly higher in patients with IGP. There was not any late complication. Conclusión: Bile and gallstones spillage do not lead to an increase in surgical site infections, but is associated with an increased use of antibiotics and drains, longer operative time and longer postoperative stay.

El impacto de la oesofagogastroduodenoscopia de rutina en el plan de manejo antes de la colecistectomia: un estudio prospectivo / The Impact of Routine Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy on the Management Plan before Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Study

Introducción: La colecistectomía laparoscópica se ha convertido rápidamente en el procedimiento de elección de rutina para la enfermedad de la vesícula biliar, y actualmente es el procedimiento abdominal mayor que se realiza con mayor frecuencia en los países occidentales; la mayoría de los autores sugieren que es seguro observar a pacientes con cálculos biliares asintomáticos, y que la colecistectomía solo se realiza por aquellos pacientes que desarrollan síntomas. El quince por ciento de los pacientes persiste teniendo síntomas posteriores a la colecistectomía. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso de la esofagogastroduodenoscopía previa a la colecistectomía laparoscópica y su impacto en el manejo. Método: Este fue un estudio clínico prospectivo que involucró a pacientes con cálculos biliares ingresados en el Hospital Docente de Al-Basra, Departamento de Cirugía General desde enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2019. Todos los pacientes fueron seguidos desde el momento del ingreso hasta seis meses después. Estos pacientes se dividieron en siete grupos según la edad. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una ecografía abdominal para diagnosticar la presencia de colelitiasis y descartar otros problemas abdominales. Todos los pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica se sometieron a una endoscopia del tracto gastrointestinal superior antes de la operación. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 1200 pacientes con rango de edad de 21 a 82 años (mujeres, 83,33%, hombres, 16,66%) con colelitiasis. La proporción de mujeres a hombres fue de 5:1. Se observaron hallazgos endoscópicos positivos en 380 (31,6%) pacientes. En estos pacientes se modificó el plan de manejo con hallazgos positivos por endoscopia y se pospuso su cirugía hasta recibir el tratamiento adecuado. Conclusión: El uso rutinario de esofagogastroduodenoscopia previa a la colecistectomía disminuiría la colecistectomía innecesaria en pacientes con colelitiasis y hallazgos endoscópicos positivos, lo que disminuye la persistencia de síntomas post colecistectomía.

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly become the procedure of choice for routine gallbladder disease, and it is currently the most performed major abdominal procedure in Western countries, most authors suggest that it's safe to observe patients with asymptomatic gallstones, with cholecystectomy only being performed for those patients who develop symptoms. Fifteen percent of patients persist to have post cholecystectomy symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the use of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and its impact on the management. Method: This was a prospective clinical study involving patients with gallstone admitted to the Al-Basra Teaching Hospital, Department of General Surgery from January 2016 to December 2019. All patients were followed up from the time of admission until six months later. These patients were divided into seven groups according to age. All patients were having an abdominal ultrasound examination in order to diagnose the presence of cholelithiasis and to exclude other abdominal problems. All patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy underwent upper GIT endoscopy preoperatively. Results: A total of 1200 patient age range from 21 to 82 years were included (women, 83.33%, men, 16.66%) had cholelithiasis. Female to male ratio was 5:1. Positive endoscopic findings were observed in 380(31.6 %) patients. The management plan was changed in these patients with positive findings by endoscopy and their surgery was postponed until they received proper treatment. Conclusion: The routine use of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy prior to cholecystectomy would decrease the unneeded cholecystectomy in patients with cholelithiasis and positive endoscopic findings, which decrease post cholecystectomy persistence of symptoms.

Síntomas prevalentes y factores de riesgo de litiasis biliar en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital de referencia / Prevalent symptoms and risk factors of gallstones in pediatric patients at a reference hospital

Introducción: La litiasis biliar es una patología considerada como poco frecuente en la infancia; sin embargo, el 50% de los adultos jóvenes con enfermedad vesicular presentaron sus primeros síntomas a edades tempranas. Existen pocos estudios en población pediátrica con esta patología en el Paraguay. Objetivos: Determinar los síntomas más frecuentes y la presencia de factores asociados a litiasis biliar en niños y adolescentes en un hospital de referencia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado con datos secundarios de fichas clínicas de pacientes internados entre los meses de enero del 2014 y enero del 2019. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 58 pacientes con diagnóstico de litiasis biliar, 3 (5,2%) en edad pre-escolar, 9 (15,5%) escolares y 46 (79,3%) adolescentes. Fueron del sexo femenino 39/58 (67,2%). En cuanto a las manifestaciones clínicas, 57 (98%) pacientes refirieron dolor abdominal, 30 (51%) presentaron vómitos y el resto en menor proporción cursaron con ictericia, coluria o hipocolia. Con respecto a la situación nutricional, 1 (1,7%) paciente presentó desnutrición y 29 (50%) pacientes sobrepeso u obesidad. En relación con la evaluación de la talla, 5 (8,6%) tenían talla baja. En 4 (6,8%) pacientes hubo antecedentes familiares de litiasis biliar. Ninguno presentó complicaciones. No se observaron casos asociados a uso de nutrición parenteral. 2 pacientes habían recibido antibiótico de amplio espectro. Conclusión: La litiasis biliar fue más frecuente en niñas y en la etapa de la adolescencia, en la mayoría fue idiopática y el dolor abdominal fue la manifestación más frecuente. Conclusión: La litiasis biliar fue más frecuente en niñas y en la etapa de la adolescencia, en la mayoría fue idiopática y el dolor abdominal fue la manifestación más frecuente.

Introduction: Gallstones are considered infrequent in childhood; however, 50% of young adults with gallbladder disease had their first symptoms during this period. There are few studies in the pediatric population about this pathology in Paraguay. Objectives: To determine the prevalent symptoms and the presence of predisposing factors in children and adolescents with gallstones at a referral hospital. Materials and methods: it is a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive, observational study; based on clinical records of patients hospitalized between January 2014 and January 2019, non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases of patients who meet the inclusion criteria. Results: 58 patients with the diagnosis of gallstones were found, of which 3 (5.2%) were preschool children, 9 (15.5%) children and 46 (79.3%) adolescents. There was a predominance of females 67.2% (39/58) over males 33% (19/58). As for clinical manifestations, 57 patients (98%) reported abdominal pain, 30 (51%) vomiting and a lesser extent coursed with jaundice, dark urine or hypocolia. Regarding the nutritional profile, 1 patient (8,6%) presented malnutrition and 29 (50%) were overweight or obese. In relation to height, 5 (8.6%) were short stature. Only 4 patients (6.8%) had a family history of gallstones. None of them had complications or were associated to parenteral nutrition. 2 patients had received broad spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: Gallstones occurred mainly in female adolescents. In most cases was idiopathic and, abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom.

Síndrome de Klipper-Trenaunay-Weber con compromiso vesical y uterino tratado por vía endoscópica y endovascular / Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with vesical and uterine involvement treated by endoscopic and endovascular routes

El síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (SKTW) es una rara malformación venosa que, en general afecta a los miembros inferiores y, más raramente, a los superiores. Se caracteriza por formaciones angiomatosas cutáneas, várices e hipertrofia del miembro afectado. El compromiso genitourinario es sumamente infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 14 años. Ingresó por hematuria macroscópica de 48 h de evolución y metrorragia con grave compromiso hemodinámico. Se encontraba en estudio por presentar un hemangioma en el miembro inferior izquierdo que se extendía hasta la región pelviana. La uretrocistofibroscopía demostró la presencia de múltiples lesiones angiomatosas diseminadas en forma amplia en la vejiga, algunas de ellas con sangrado activo. La angioresonancia mostró una voluminosa formación hipervascularizada en contacto con la pared vesical a la cual desplazaba y fístulas arteriovenosas a nivel pelviano y en el miembro inferior izquierdo confirmando el diagnóstico etiológico. Se realizó una embolización arterial selectiva de los territorios ilíacos interno y externo e inmediatamente después una endocoagulación láser de los focos angiomatosos sangrantes. La hematuria remitió completamente en las 24 h posteriores al procedimiento. La metrorragia asociada al SKTW fue controlada mediante la utilización de análogos LHRH y progestágenos.

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare venous malformation that generally affects the lower limbs and, more infrequently, the upper limbs. It is characterized by cutaneous angiomatous formations, varicose veins and hypertrophy of the affected limb. The involvement of the genitourinary tract is extremely infrequent. We expose the case of a 14 years old female patient who was admitted for macroscopic hematuria of 48 hours of evolution and metrorrhagia with severe hemodynamic decompensation. The patient was under study for presenting a hemangioma in the lower left limb that extended to the pelvic region. Urethrocystofibroscopy showed the presence of multiple wide-spread angiomatous lesions in the bladder, some of them with active bleeding. The angio-resonance showed a voluminous hypervascular formation in contact with the bladder wall showing several arteriovenous fistulas at the pelvic level and in the left lower limb confirming the etiological diagnosis. A selective arterial embolization of the internal and external iliac territories was performed and then, a laser endocoagulation of the bleeding angiomatous foci was carried out. The hematuria completely stopped within 24 hours later of the procedure. The metrorrhagia associated with KTWS was controlled by the use of LHRH analogs and progestogens.

Vesícula en porcelana: un interesante hallazgo incidental. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Porcelain gallbladder an interesting incidental finding. Case report and literature review / Vesícula em porcelana: um achado incidental interessante. Apresentação de caso e revisão de literatura

RESUMEN Se realizó la comunicación de un caso recientemente diagnosticado en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán" de La Habana. El caso que se presenta correspondió con un paciente masculino de 73 años de edad que en el estudio autópsico se reveló la presencia de vesícula en porcelana, la cual, según la literatura, su identificación es un diagnóstico incidental durante el estudio del paciente por otro padecimiento, en su mayoría neoplásico o en la autopsia. Su relación con el cáncer de vesícula presenta controversias. La vesícula en porcelana es una entidad caracterizada por la calcificación intramural de la vesícula, tiene una incidencia reportada de 0,06 a 0,8 % de las colecistectomías realizadas. Se realizó revisión de la literatura en bases de datos, MEDLINE, PubMed, ELSEVIER y SciELO, con un total de 26 publicaciones encontradas entre 1999 y 2018.

ABSTRACT The communication of a newly diagnosed case was carried out at the "Joaquín Albarrán" Surgical Clinical Teaching Hospital in Havana. The case presented corresponded with a 73-year-old male patient who in the autopsy study revealed the presence of a porcelain gallbladder, which, according to the literature, its identification is an incidental diagnosis during the study of the patient for another condition, mostly neoplastic or at autopsy. His relationship with gallbladder cancer is controversial. The porcelain gallbladder is an entity characterized by intramural gallbladder calcification, has a reported incidence of 0.06 to 0.8% of the cholecystectomies performed. We reviewed the literature in databases, MEDLINE, PubMed, ELSEVIER and SciELO, with a total of 26 publications found between 1999 and 2018.

RESUMO A comunicação de um caso recentemente diagnosticado foi realizada no Hospital de Ensino Clínico Cirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán", em Havana. O caso apresentado correspondeu a um paciente do sexo masculino, 73 anos, que no estudo de autópsia revelou a presença de uma vesícula na porcelana, a qual, segundo a literatura, sua identificação é um diagnóstico incidental durante o estudo do paciente para outra condição, principalmente neoplásico ou na autópsia. Sua relação com o câncer de vesícula biliar é controversa. A vesícula biliar de porcelana é uma entidade caracterizada pela calcificação intramural da vesícula biliar, com incidência relatada de 0,06 a 0,8% das colecistectomias realizadas. Revisamos a literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, PubMed, ELSEVIER e SciELO, com um total de 26 publicações encontradas entre 1999 e 2018.

Adenomiomatosis vesicular en un adolescente, una afección muy rara / Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder in an adolescent, a very rare condition

La adenomiomatosis vesicular es una enfermedad degenerativa adquirida que se caracteriza por proliferación epitelial con hipertrofia de la capa muscular y formación de trayectos fistulosos, conocidos como senos de Rokitansky-Aschoff. La adenomiomatosis se diagnostica principalmente mediante ecografía. No se conocen cabalmente la patogenia, la patología ni las indicaciones para cirugía de esta afección. Es sumamente rara en niños. En este artículo, presentamos el caso de un varón de 17 años con adenomiomatosis vesicular tratado adecuadamente con una colecistectomía laparoscópica

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is an acquired, degenerative disease characterized by epithelial proliferation with hypertrophy of the muscularis layer with forming of sinus tracts, termed Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. Adenomyomatosis is diagnosed mainly by ultrasonography. The pathogenesis, pathology, and indications for surgery in this condition are not well understood. It is an extremely rare condition in children. We present a case of a 17-year boy with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder successfully managed with laparoscopic cholecystectomy,

Hallazgos y propuesta de sistematización de las variaciones quirúrgicamente importantes de la arteria cística en un estudio in vivo en 2000 colecistectomías laparoscópicas ambulatorias / Findings and proposal for systematization of surgically important variations of the cystic artery based on an in vivo study of 2000 outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomies

Realizar un estudio anatómico in vivo con la especial y pequeña disección quirúrgica durante una colecistectomía laparoscópica sobre las variaciones de la arteria cística. Estudio prospectivo de 38 meses, en 2000 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica programada, sin signos de inflamación aguda, ni alteración que impida disección y correcta evaluación del triángulo hepatocístico. Se disecó quirúrgicamente identificándose la arteria cística y posible duplicación, eran clínicamente importantes aquellas con diámetro mayor a 1,5 mm, requerían maniobra hemostática. Se anotaron los hallazgos en planilla especial a los fines del presente estudio. En 1831 casos había arteria única en medio del triángulo hepatocístico. Hubo 169 variaciones (8,45 %). En 97 casos: doble vascularización, con una arteria en situación normal y otra ubicada lateralmente al triangulo hepatocístico. En 44 pacientes había una arteria única lateralmente al conducto cístico que no lo cruzaba nunca. En 22 casos existía una arteria cruzando el colédoco y el cístico entrando en el triángulo. En 6 oportunidades una doble arteria, una en el triángulo hepatocístico y otra lateralmente que no cruzaba el cístico ni colédoco. En una oportunidad se observó una sola arteria importante que salía directamente de la placa cística entre segmento 4 y 5, y en otro caso solo pequeñas arterias proveniente de la placa cística. Podemos dividirlas en arterias únicas o dobles, en base exclusiva a la necesidad de maniobra hemostática. Podemos decir que las variaciones estarán presentes en aproximadamente 1/12 casos y necesitará una maniobra hemostática especial en 1/20 casos.

This is an anatomical study with the special and small dissection of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the surgically important variations of the cystic artery. A prospective, 19-month study was conducted in 2000, including consecutive patients undergoing programmed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, without signs of acute inflammation, or alteration, that would prevent dissection and correct evaluation of the cystohepatic triangle. It was surgically dissected, identifying the main cystic artery and its possible collateral arteries. Those with a diameter greater than 1.5 mm being considered as clinically important, requiring haemostatic maneuver (clipping and / or electrocoagulation). The findings were recorded on a special form for the purposes of this study. The classic, single-artery arrangement in the middle of the cystohepatic triangle was found in 1831 cases. The variations found were 169 (8.45 %). In 97 cases there was double vascularization, with one artery in normal position and another outside the cystic duct. In 44 patients, a single artery that did not cross the cystic was observed. In 22 cases an artery outside the cystic but crossing it before the duct. In 6 cases a double artery, one in the cystohepatic triangle and another outside the triangle, did not cross the cystic or the bile duct. In one instance, a single major artery was seen emerging directly from the cystic plaque between segments four and five. These can be divided into single or double arteries, based exclusively on the need for hemostatic maneuver. Knowledge of anatomical variations of the cystic artery is important for the surgeon. The variation presents in 1 of 12 cases, and requires a special hemostatic maneuver in 1 of 20 cases.

Complete gallbladder duplication: seventh report in world literature

Gallbladder duplication results from a rare abnormality of embriogenesis and is twice as common in women as in men. The signs and symptoms of double gallbladder cholecystitis are the same as those of single gallbladder cholecystitis: strong pain in the epigastric region and right hypochondrium, which may irradiate to the back and be accompanied by nausea and/or vomiting, Murphy positive sign, and pain on palpation of these regions; plastron may also be present. For this reason, many cases are still diagnosed intraoperatively, making surgery difficult and increasing the possibility of biliary tract injury. We report the case of a female patient with epigastric and dorsal pain for 4 days, which worsened with the ingestion of salty and fatty foods and was accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Physical examination showed a positive Murphy sign. A complete abdominal ultrasound examination showed gallbladder duplication, both lithiasic. Magnetic resonance cholangiography confirmed the duplication of the gallbladder and cystic ducts, with a single main biliary tract and acute lithiasic cholecystitis in both gallbladders. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy of both vesicles was performed without complications, and the patient was discharged 3 days after the procedure. (AU)

Minimally Invasive Single-Site Cholecystectomy in Obese Patients: Laparoscopic vs. Robotic

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is treatment method for management of benign gallbladder diseases. Further attempts are made to operate single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the procedure remains technically difficult, especially in obese patient. Recently, a robotic surgical system for minimal invasive surgery was introduced to overcome the limitations of conventional laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: From April 2009 to August 2017, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with single-site, minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) cholecystectomy with high BMI (>25 kg/m2). We analyzed general characteristics and perioperative outcomes between the single-fulcrum laparoscopic cholecystectomy group and the robotic single-site cholecystectomy (RSSC) group. RESULTS: Operation time (57.56±11.10 vs 98.5±12.28 p<0.001) was significantly longer and postoperative pain score (3.61 vs 5.15 p=0.000) was significantly higher in the robotic single-site cholecystectomy (RSSC) group, but the actual dissection time (25.85±11.09 vs 25.79±13.35 p=0.978) was not significantly different between the two approaches. Iatrogenic gallbladder perforation, (13 vs 6 p=0.005), patients undergoing RSSC showed a significantly smaller amount than did those undergoing single-fulcrum laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SFLC). CONCLUSION: It is difficult to say for certain that RSSC is clearly better than SFLC in obese patients. However, because of the technical convenience and efficiency of surgery with RSSC, RSSC can be practically worthwhile. Further study is mandatory.

Single Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in a Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis: A Case Report

The use and application of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been regarded as a first-choice treatment option for benign gallbladder disease, even if patients have situs inversus totalis. Furthermore, surgical procedures in general are becoming less invasive, because of both patient and surgeon preferences for reduced trauma and improved cosmetic outcomes attributable to minimized incisions. A 37 years old man was aware of situs inversus totalis with chronic cholecystitis. The operation was successfully performed without any specific complications. Single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in an experienced operator, is possible even in patients with situs inversus totalis.

Asymptomatic Cholecystocolic Fistula Diagnosed Accurately before Surgery / 대한췌담도학회지

Cholecystocolic fistula (CCF) is a rare and late complication of gallbladder disease. The cause of CCF is known to be peptic ulcer, gallbladder disease, malignant tumor, trauma, and postoperative complications. The proper treatment method is to perform cholecystectomy and to identify and alleviate the CCF. However, cholecystectomy is not always possible owing to technical difficulties and disease severity. CCF is difficult to diagnose preoperatively, and CCF operation without an accurate preoperative diagnosis can lead to a more complicated surgery and cause surgeons to face more difficult situations or to endanger patients' lives. We report a case of asymptomatic CCF successfully treated with laparoscopic surgery after accurate diagnosis before surgery.

Comet tail artifact on ultrasonography: is it a reliable finding of benign gallbladder diseases?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the comet tail artifact on ultrasonography can be used to reliably diagnose benign gallbladder diseases. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the clinical findings, imaging findings, preoperative ultrasonographic diagnoses, and pathological diagnoses of 150 patients with comet tail artifacts who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with pathologic confirmation. The extent of the involved lesion was classified as localized or diffuse, depending on the degree of involvement and the anatomical section of the gallbladder that was involved. This study evaluated the differences in clinical and imaging findings among pathologic diagnoses. RESULTS: All gallbladder lesions exhibiting the comet tail artifact on ultrasound examination were confirmed as benign gallbladder diseases after cholecystectomy, including 71 cases of adenomyomatosis (47.3%), 74 cases of chronic cholecystitis (49.3%), two cases of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (1.3%), and three cases of cholesterolosis (2.0%); there were two cases of coexistent chronic cholecystitis and low-grade dysplasia. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the clinical and ultrasonographic findings, with the exception of gallstones (P=0.007), among the four diseases. There were no significant differences in the average length, thickness, or number of comet tail artifacts among the four diagnoses. No malignancies were detected in any of the 150 thickened gallbladder lesions. CONCLUSION: The ultrasonographic finding of the comet tail artifact in patients with thickened gallbladder lesions is associated with the presence of benign gallbladder diseases, and can be considered a reliable sign of benign gallbladder disease.

A Comparative Study of Needlescopic Grasper Assisted Single Incision versus Three Port versus Pure Single Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

This study compared the surgical outcomes of single-incision with needlescopic grasper (nSILC) versus three-port (TPLC) versus pure single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomies (pSILC). The present study showed similar surgical outcomes between the pSILC and nSILC procedures. However, the operative time for the nSILC group was longer than that for the TPLC group but shorter than that for the pSILC group. Therefore, nSILC is a feasible surgical procedure for patients with benign gallbladder disease compared to TPLC and an effective approach to overcome the limitations of pSILC.