Síndrome de disfunción del cristalino y su intercambio refractivo / Lens Dysfunction Syndrome and its Refractive Exchange

La capacidad de ver bien es una preocupación para todos, especialmente a medida que se envejece. Los cambios en los ojos con el tiempo son inevitables, pero existen opciones de tratamiento para ayudar a tratar los problemas que pueden aparecer en la visión. El síndrome de disfunción del cristalino se caracteriza por englobar algunas de las alteraciones visuales más comunes relacionadas con la edad y que suelen aparecer a partir de los 40 años. La principal causa del síndrome de disfunción del cristalino es el envejecimiento natural de esta estructura ocular. Los síntomas más comunes son visión borrosa, disminución de la sensibilidad a los colores o dificultad y cambios en la visión cercana. El término es poco usado en Cuba por lo que el objetivo fue realizar una revisión sobre el síndrome de disfunción del cristalino y su intercambio refractivo. Existen diferentes opciones de tratamiento, desde gafas hasta el recambio refractivo del cristalino por una lente intraocular, que se usa cada vez a más temprana edad y que gracias al adelanto tecnológico y aumento de la pericia del médico, constituye un tratamiento eficaz en pacientes pregeriátricos(AU)

The ability to see well is a concern for everyone, especially as one ages. Changes in the eyes over time are inevitable, but there are treatment options to help address the problems that can occur in vision. The lens dysfunction syndrome is characterized as encompassing some of the most common age-related visual disorders that usually appear after the age of 40. The main cause of lens dysfunction syndrome is the natural aging of this ocular structure. The most common symptoms are blurred vision, decreased sensitivity to colors or difficulty and changes in near vision. The term is hardly ever used in Cuba, so the objective was to review the crystalline lens dysfunction syndrome and its refractive exchange. There are different treatment options, from glasses to the refractive exchange of the crystalline lens for an intraocular lens, which is used at an increasingly younger age and which, thanks to technological advances and increased medical expertise, is an effective treatment in pregeriatric patients(AU)

Oftalmopatías: situación epidemiológica de egresos hospitalarios en el Hospital Regional Guillermo Grant Benavente entre los años 2018 y 2021 / Ophthalmopathy: epidemiological situation of hospital discharges at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Regional Hospital between 2018 and 2021

Introducción: La salud visual es de vital importancia para el individuo, habiendo una mayor incidencia de oftalmopatías sobre los 50 años. Pese a su impacto sanitario, Chile carece de estudios epidemiológicos suficientes. La gran variabilidad de sus presentaciones hace importante conocer cuales ameritan el tratamiento intrahospitalario. Objetivo: Describir las principales causas de egresos hospitalarios por enfermedades del ojo y sus anexos en el Hospital Regional Guillermo Grant Benavente entre los años 2018 y 2021. Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico que analizó 1764 egresos hospitalarios por enfermedades del ojo y sus anexos del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente entre los años 2018 y 2021. Los datos corresponden al Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud (DEIS). Resultados: Las patologías más prevalentes fueron: Trastornos De La Coroides Y De La Retina (33%) (TCR) Trastornos Del Cristalino (14,7%), Trastornos De La Esclerótica, Córnea, Iris Y Cuerpo Ciliar (10,2). Trastornos Del Párpado, Aparato Lagrimal Y Órbita (12,7%) (TPAO) Esta última con diferencias estadísticamente significativas para el sexo. Conclusión: Se ve una disminución de la atención hospitalaria desde el año 2020 debido a la pandemia del virus SARS-COV-2. No hay diferencias por sexo, excepto para la TPAO, similar a lo visto en la literatura. La acumulación de oftalmopatías en el rango de población adulta y adulta mayor, refleja un envejecimiento poblacional. Se reconoce además a los TCR como la patología con mayor incidencia. El estudio contribuye a la epidemiologia local, aportando a la falta de conocimientos actualizados, describiendo los diagnósticos más frecuentes de la especialidad.

Introduction: Eye care is vital for the individual, with a higher incidence of ophthalmopathy over 50 years. Despite its health impact, Chile lacks sufficient epidemiological studies. The great variability of their presentations makes it important to know which ones merit in-hospital treatment. Objective: To describe the main causes of hospital discharges for eye diseases and its adnexa at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Regional Hospital between 2018 and 2021. Material and methods: An ecological descriptive study that analyzed 1,764 hospital discharges for eye diseases and its adnexa from the Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente between the years 2018 and 2021. The data corresponds to the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS). Results: The most prevalent pathologies were: Disorders of the Choroid and Retina (33%) (TCR), Disorders of the Lens (14.7%), Disorders of the Sclera, Cornea, Iris, and Ciliary Body (10.2). Disorders of the Eyelid, Lacrimal Apparatus and Orbit (12.7%) (TPAO) The latter with statistically significant differences for sex. Conclusion: A decrease in hospital care is seen since 2020 due to the SARS-COV-2 virus pandemic. There are no differences by sex, except for PPAO, similar to what has been seen in the literature. The accumulation of ophthalmopathy in the range of the adult population and older adults, reflects an aging population. TCR is also recognized as the pathology with the highest incidence. The study contributes to the local epidemiology and the lack of updated knowledge, describing the most frequent diagnoses of the specialty.

Dysfunctional lens syndrome: a prospective review / Síndrome do cristalino disfuncional: uma revisão prospectiva

ABSTRACT The term dysfunctional lens syndrome has gained acceptance in the field and encompasses natural changes due to aging of crystalline lens. The evolution of diagnostic devices has been a key factor in better staging, understanding and characterizing of these degenerative changes. Even with these technological advances and the use of subjective classifications, such as the classic Lens Opacities Classification System, an objective staging of early dysfunctional lens syndrome has yet to be established. Ocular wavefront aberrometry and objective scatter index, associated with Scheimpflug backscatter densitometry, have proven instrumental in detecting early dysfunctional lens syndrome. Staging of early dysfunctional lens syndrome has been proposed in the literature, but no classification has been recognized worldwide. The purpose of this literature review is to assess the current state of dysfunctional lens syndrome from a technological perspective and propose a new staging system to assist surgeons in making surgical decisions.

RESUMO O termo "síndrome disfuncional do cristalino" tem sido mais aceito na área e engloba mudanças naturais devido ao envelhecimento do cristalino. A evolução dos dispositivos diagnósticos tem sido fator fundamental para melhor estadiamento, compreensão e caracterização dessas alterações. Mesmo com esses avanços tecnológicos e o uso de classificações subjetivas, como o Lens Opacities Classification System , um estadiamento objetivo da síndrome disfuncional do cristalino precoce ainda não foi estabelecido. A aberrometria ocular total e o índice de superfície ocular, associado à densitometria de Scheimpflug, mostraram-se instrumentais na detecção da síndrome disfuncional do cristalino precoce. Embora estadiamentos precoces de síndrome disfuncional do cristalino tenham sido propostos na literatura, nenhum foi reconhecido mundialmente até o momento. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura é avaliar o estado atual da síndrome disfuncional do cristalino a partir de uma perspectiva tecnológica, e propor um novo sistema de estadiamento para auxiliar os cirurgiões na tomada de decisões cirúrgicas.

A case of late-onset capsular block syndrome and its surgical treatment / Um caso de síndrome de bloqueio capsular tardio e uma abordagem cirúrgica

ABSTRACT - Capsular block syndrome is a rare complication of phacoemulsification surgery with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and intraocular lens implantation. Here, we report a case of very late-onset capsular block syndrome that developed 13 years after cataract extraction and present the surgical approach used for its successful treatment.

RESUMO - Síndrome do bloqueio capsular é uma complicação incomum da cirurgia de facoemulsificação com capsulorrexis curvilínea contínua e implante de lente intraocular. Nós relatamos um caso de síndrome de bloqueio capsular de início tardio que se desenvolveu após 13 anos da extração da catarata e apresenta a abordagem cirúrgica utilizada para o sucesso do tratamento.

Síndrome do bloqueio capsular tardio - relato de dois casos / Capsular block syndrome - report of two cases

Relato de dois casos de síndrome do bloqueio capsular, de ocorrência tardia, nove e cinco anos após facoemulsificação, respectivamente, em um olho com pseudoexfoliação capsular e outro operado de glaucoma, com bolha funcionante. A condição se constituiu na retenção de grande quantidade de líquido esbranquiçado, atrás da lente intraocular, o que levou à redução da AV, de quatro linhas de Snellen, nos dois casos. Houve pronta resolução do quadro com mínima capsulotomia posterior.

Two cases of late capsular block syndrome are reported. They were observed nine and five years after facoemulsification, in one eye with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and the other operated on for glaucoma with a functioning bleb. There was a large amount of milky material behind the intraocular lens, and reduction of the visual acuity (four lines of the Snellen chart in both cases). The condition was promptly resolved through minimal YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

Finite element analysis of neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet incisions for the prevention of anterior capsule contraction syndrome / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Anterior capsular contraction syndrome is a potential complication of continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC). Three neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser relaxing incisions decrease anterior capsular contraction but the mechanism is unknown. The present study analyzed the biomechanical mechanism of three Nd:YAG laser relaxing incisions made to reduce anterior capsular contraction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A three-dimensional control model and a three-dimensional Nd:YAG model of the anterior capsule with an opening diameter of 6 mm were created. Three incisions of 1 mm in length were made centrifugally at intervals of 120° around the opening circle. The stress alterations of the anterior capsule after CCC with and without Nd:YAG relaxation were numerically simulated and compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the control model, the stress was axially uniform in the inner area and relatively high near the inner rim of the opening. Meanwhile, in the Nd:YAG model, the stress level was very low in the inner opening areas, especially near the three incisions. The relaxing incisions in the Nd:YAG model significantly released the relatively high stress on the anterior capsule. Additionally, there was a high stress gradient near the relaxing incisions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Biomechanical effects of stress release may be the preventive mechanism of Nd:YAG incision against anterior capsular contraction syndrome.</p>

Diagnóstico e tratamento do lenticone anterior / Diagnosis and therapy of anterior lenticonus

Relato de caso de um paciente de 18 anos com sindrome de Alport apresentando perda visual progressiva. A biomicroscopia revelou lenticone anterior bilateral. O paciente realizou tomografia de córnea e segmento anterior com o sistema Scheimpflug (Pentacam) e aberrometria e topografia corneana (i-Trace). O paciente foi submetido à facoemulsificação com implante de lente intraocular peça única hidrofóbica (Acrysof® SN60AT). As imagens de Scheimpflug documentaram o lenticone anterior. A aberrometria total mostrou acentuado astigmatismo miópico com acentuada aberração esférica negativa, havendo grande impacto das aberrações de alta ordem (HOA) na conversão da letra E de Snellen. O mapa de integração da aberrometria do olho todo com a topografia corneana mostrou maior semelhança das aberrrações totais com as aberrações intraoculares do que com as aberrações da superfície anterior da córnea. Após a cirurgia, o paciente apresentou acuidade visual corrigida igual a 20/20 em ambos os olhos, as imagens de Scheimpflug revelaram lentes intraoculares tópicas e os mapas diferenciais revelaram resolução da miopia e redução das aberrações da alta ordem (total e interna). Os exames de imagem foram úteis para demonstrar o impacto do lenticone anterior na qualidade visual e a resolução das aberrações ópticas após a cirurgia.

Case report of a 18-year-old male patient with Alport's syndrome, who presented with renal failure and hearing loss reporting a progressive loss of vision acuity. Slitlamp examination revealed bilateral anterior lenticonus. The patient underwent pre and post-operative corneal and anterior segment tomography with a rotating Scheimpflug system (Pentacam), integrated whole eye (individual laser beam ray tracing) and corneal surface (Placido) wavefront aberrometry (i-Trace). Phacoemulsification and single piece hydrophobic IOL implantation (Acrysof® SN60AT) was performed uneventfully in both eyes. Pre op Scheimpflug well decomented the anterior lenticonus. Total aberrometry showed myopic astigmatisms with high negative spherical aberrations OU; higher order aberrations (HOAs) greatly influenced the conversion of Snellen E letters. Total aberrations and corneal topographies integration maps OU demonstrated high levels of intraocular aberrations which had more similarity with whole eye aberrations than anterior corneal aberrations. After surgery, BCVA was 20/20 in both eyes. Scheimpflug images revealed topic intraocular lens and the differential maps showed resolution of myopia and decrease of the total ocular HOAs as well as from the internal optics. Adjunctive advanced diagnostic tools were useful to demonstrate the anterior lenticonus and its optical impact along with the resolution of the aberrations post operatively.

Anterior internal lenticonus accompanied by congenital nuclear cataract / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Internal lenticonus is a very rare morphologic abnormality of crystalline lens which has been reported in only several cases in the literature. We herein reported the clinical characteristics and surgical findings of the anterior internal lenticonus accompanied by congenital nuclear cataract. Cataract extraction accompanied with intraocular lens implantation was uneventfully performed, and a good visual outcome was achieved in this case. Viral infection during embryonal and fetal period might account for the formation of the anterior internal lenticonus and congenital nuclear cataract in our case.

Clear lens extraction and intraocular lens implantation in a case of microspherophakia with secondary angle closure glaucoma.

Phacoemulsification with implantation of single-piece acrylic foldable intraocular lens (IOL) in a 19-year-old boy with microspherophakia, high myopia and angle closure glaucoma is described. The associated myopia and angle closure glaucoma was severely compromising the quality of life. Post-surgical visual recovery was 20/20 with sustained normal intraocular pressure. Management of such cases at times calls for innovations in current surgical technique.

Intraocular lens calcification; a clinicopathologic report

To describe the clinical and pathological features of a case of hydrogel intraocular lens [IOL] calcification. A 48-year-old man underwent explantation of a single-piece hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens in his left eye because of decreased visual acuity and milky white opalescence of the IOL. The opacified lens was exchanged uneventfully with a hydrophobic acrylic IOL. Gross examination of the explanted IOL disclosed opacification of the optic and haptics. Full-thickness sections of the lens optic were stained with hematoxylin and eosin [H and E], von Kossa and Gram Tworts'. Microscopic examination of the sections revealed fine and diffuse basophilic granular deposits of variable size within the lens optic parallel to the lens curvature but separated from the surface by a moderately clear zone. The deposits were of high calcium content as evident by dark brown staining with von Kossa. Gram Tworts' staining disclosed no microorganisms. This report further contributes to the existing literature on hydrogel IOL calcification

Exfoliação capsular verdadeira: relato de dois casos / True capsular exfoliation: report of two cases

Relatamos dois casos de exfoliação verdadeira da cápsula, acontecendo em pacientes idosos sem história de exposição prolongada a altas temperaturas ou passado de inflamação intra-ocular. Os aspectos biomicroscópicos, anátomo-patológicos e possíveis implicações cirúrgicas são comentados.

We report two cases of true capsular exfoliation occurring in elderly patients with no known history of prolonged heat exposure or intraocular inflammation. The biomicroscopic aspects, histopathologic findings and possible surgical implications are discussed.

Neodymium YAG Laser and Surgical Synechiolysis of Iridocapsular Adhesions

PURPOSE: Several articles have been published on the successful elimination of iridolenticular synechiae after cataract extraction with a neodymium YAG laser (Nd:YAG laser) and surgical synechiolysis during cataract surgery, but the indications recommending which method is proper to use for specific kinds of adhesions have not yet been established. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 106 patients who had undergone Nd:YAG laser or surgical synechiolysis between January 2002 and December 2007 in our clinic. Laser synechiolysis was performed in the synechiae not exceeding the extent of one clock hour and reaching only to the iris sphincter, whereas surgical synechiolysis was performed in other diffuse and/or thick synechiae. RESULTS: Surgical synechiolysis was performed in 93 eyes, and YAG laser synechiolysis was done in 21 eyes. Increases in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were observed in 61 eyes (53.51%). Intraocular pressure spikes after the procedure were present in only 4 eyes, and all of them were transient except for 1 eye, which needed additional glaucoma eyedrops. CONCLUSIONS: With suitable indications, laser or surgical synechiolysis can be performed safely, and a small rise in visual acuity may also be expected.

Anterior lenticonus, sensorineural deafness and nephritis in Alport's syndrome in Yemeni patient

We report a case of Alport's syndrome presented with anterior lenticonus, sensorineural deafness and early nephritis. Bilateral anterior lenticonus was diagnosed using biomicroscope slitlamp and combined with curvature myopia using autorefractometer and A-san biometry. Audiometry showed sensorineural deafness and microscopic urine analysis showed early nephritis.We describe Alport's syndrome in a Yemeni patient with no family history of the disease. Patients with nephritis and not properly diagnosed as Alport's syndrome by early ophthalmic assessment can develop renal failure later on

Pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis: a case report.

We describe a rare case of pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis, a unilateral neurocristopathy. The membrane represents ectopic iris on the lens with abnormal iris stroma and anterior chamber angle from aberrant induction, migration or regression of neural crest cells. The membrane can be progressive. Catastrophic vision loss from angle closure can occur and may be controlled with surgery. This subject needed treatment for amblyopia.

Potential prophylactic role of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on experimentally induced cataract in rats

Nitric oxide [NO] has been related to numerous eye diseases such as cataract. In the present study, we investigated and compared the prophylactic role of selective and nonselective nitric oxide synthase [NOS] inhibitors on the development of selenite induced cataract in rats. The study comprised seven groups; of which four groups served as controls. Cataract was induced in three groups by a single subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite [4mg/kg] in 13-days old Lewis rats. One group was left untreated. The other two groups were treated with aminoguanidine or L-NAME [N G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester] in a dose of 60mg/kg/day orally for nine days and treatment started two days before selenite injection. Slit lamp examination was done daily to detect lens opacity. Biochemical analysis of lenses was done seven days after selenite injection and included concentrations of nitrite, glutathione, calcium and soluble proteins, in addition to, Cellogel electrophoresis of soluble lens proteins. Ophthalmologic and biochemical results revealed a noticeable prophylactic role of both drugs on selenite cataract development after seven days of selenite injection. In addition, it was observed that aminoguanidine had a better protective role than L-NAME. It can be concluded that NO had an important role in the development of selenite induced cataract in rats since inhibitors of NOS could prevent the development of selenite cataract

Anterior "lenticonus" in exfoliation syndrome.

Presence of exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is associated with an increased risk of complications during cataract surgery. This risk is, in part, dependent on the severity of XFS. We describe a central bulge ("lenticonus") in the anterior lens capsule of some eyes with XFS. This finding is associated with very fragile zonules and a high risk for intraoperative zonular dialysis.

Patologías oftalmológicas más frecuentes en la consulta pediátrica del preescolar y escolar / More frequent ophthalmologic pathologies in the pediatric consultation of the preschool and school child

A continuación se revisarán de manera muy esquemática las patologías oculares más frecuentes en el preescolar y escolar, y también algunas patologías que si bien no son muy frecuentes, si son importantes diagnosticarlas y tratarlas precozmente, idealmente antes de los 8 años, es decir, antes de la maduración total del sistema visual, de lo contrario el pronóstico de ese niño se empobrece, su visión no alcanza una normalidad y va a terminar con una ambliopía. por lo tanto, es muy importante destacar el rol de la derivación temprana de aquellos pacientes que presentan alguna patología ocular importante como una ptosis palpebral, estrabismo o algún problema refractivo importante, entre otros, para prevenir el compromiso visual posterior.