Mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis / Premature mortality from non-communicable chronic diseases

As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNTs) têm origem não infecciosa e são compostas pelas doenças respiratórias crônicas (DRC), neoplasias malignas ou cânceres (CA), diabetes mellitus (DM) e doenças do aprelho respiratório (DAC). Em todo o mundo, essas doenças são responsáveis por 63% das mortes, correspondendo a 36 milhões de óbitos anualmente e dentre essas, 15 milhôes ocorrem prematuramente em indivíduos com menos de 70 anos de idade. Diante desse cenário, e na perspectiva de enfrentamento das DCNTs, foi instituído em 2011 o Plano de Ações Estratégicas (2011-2022) com meta a reduzir, anualmente, 2% da taxa de mortalidade prematura. Sendo assim, essa revisão traz uma análise dos indicadores estratégicos, comparando dados que comprovem se as metas foram alcançadas e as tendências futuras das DCNTs que compõe o indicador Taxa de mortalidade prematura

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) have a non-infectious origin and are composed of chronic respiratory diseases (CKD), malignant neoplasms or cancers (CA), diabetes mellitus (DM) and diseases of the respiratory system (CAD). Worldwide, these diseases are responsible for 63% of deaths, corresponding to 36 million deaths annually and of these, 15 million occur prematurely in individuals under 70 years of age. Given this scenario, and with a view to tackling NCDs, the Strategic Action Plan (2011-2022) was established in 2011 with the goal of reducing the premature mortality rate by 2% annually. Therefore, this review provides an analysis of strategic indicators, comparing data that prove whether the goals were achieved and future trends in NCDs that make up the indicator Premature mortality rate

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular para infarto agudo de miocardio en San Cristóbal / Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction in San Cristóbal Municipality

Introducción: Las enfermedades no trasmisibles constituyen las primeras causas de muerte en Cuba. Dentro de estas, las enfermedades del corazón son un problema de salud a escala mundial Objetivo: Identificar los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular para infarto agudo de miocardio en la población entre 40 a 60 años. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva de tipo observacional, de corte transversal en el Consultorio Médico de Familia número 35, del Consejo Popular Ciro Redondo; Policlínico Camilo Cienfuegosˮ, San Cristóbal, Artemisa. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 145 pacientes con edades entre 40 y 60 años, residentes de la comunidad rural. La muestra la conformaron aquellos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y las variables seleccionadas para el estudio se recogieron de la historia clínica individual y familiar, en entrevista directa realizada al paciente para dar salida a los objetivos proyectados. Los datos obtenidos se llevaron a tablas de contingencia y fueron evaluados mediante tasas y razones de valoración porcentual acorde a la asociación las variables. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edad de 50 a 60 años y, muy discretamente, el sexo masculino y el color de piel blanca. El riesgo cardiovascular bajo se comportó de igual manera en ambos sexos. El comportamiento de los factores de riesgos modificables estuvo a favor de los malos hábitos alimentarios, existió vínculo entre la intensidad del riesgo cardiovascular y la prevalencia del infarto del miocardio(AU)

Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases are the leading causes of death in Cuba. Among these, heart disease is a global health concern Objective: To identify the main cardiovascular risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in the population between aged 40-60 years. Methods: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional research was carried out in the family medical office # 35 from Ciro Redondo neighborhood, belonging to Camilo Cienfuegos Polyclinic, San Cristóbal Municipality, Artemisa Province. The study universe was made up of 145 patients aged 40-60 years, residents of the rural community. The sample was made up of those who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, while the variables selected for the study were collected from the individual and family medical records, during direct patient interview, in order to fulfill the projected objectives. The obtained data were emptied into contingency tables and assessed through rates, ratios and percentages, according to the association of the variables. Results: The 50-60 age group predominated in the sample, with a slight predominance of males and patients of white skin. Low cardiovascular risk behaved in the same way in both sexes. The behavior of modifiable risk factors was consistent with poor eating habits. There was a link between the intensity of cardiovascular risk and the prevalence of myocardial infarction(AU)

Estratificación del riesgo de muerte por enfermedades no transmisibles asociado a la contaminación ambiental en Cuba / Stratification of the emergence risk of non communicable diseases associated with the environmental contamination in Cuba

Introducción: Las enfermedades no transmisibles representan un importante problema sanitario a nivel mundial, sobre todo para los países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: Identificar la variación de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama, de pulmón y de próstata y su posible asociación con la contaminación ambiental. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico a nivel nacional, desde 2000 hasta 2010, tomando como unidad de análisis el municipio. Las enfermedades seleccionadas fueron los tumores malignos, en específico los de mama, de próstata y de pulmón, y se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad acumuladas y tipificadas relacionadas con estos durante este período. Asimismo, se empleó el Sistema de Información Geográfica para confeccionar los mapas de estratificación de riesgo tomando como referencia la tasa nacional y se escogieron las principales fuentes fijas contaminantes de tipo industrial para el análisis de la contaminación atmosférica. Resultados: Fueron elaborados los mapas de estratificación de riesgo de morir por cada una de las enfermedades seleccionadas y se obtuvo el mapa de las principales fuentes fijas contaminantes de tipo industrial; de igual modo, se realizaron otros mapas integrales para explorar la posible asociación entre dichas entidades clínicas y la contaminación ambiental. Conclusiones: El análisis integral de la estratificación del riesgo epidemiológico y ambiental reflejó que los municipios más afectados fueron Mariel, Nuevitas y Moa, así como Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Camagüey y Santiago de Cuba. En Ciudad de La Habana sobresalieron los municipios de Habana Vieja, Regla, Cotorro, San Miguel del Padrón, Arroyo Naranjo, Marianao y Centro Habana.

Introduction: The non communicable diseases represent an important sanitary problem at world level, mainly for the developing countries. Objective: To identify the variation of mortality due to lung, breast and prostate cancer and their possible association with the environmental contamination. Methods: An ecological study at national level was carried out, from 2000 to 2010, taking as analysis unit the municipality. The selected diseases were malignant tumors, specifically those of breast, prostate and lung, and the accumulated typified mortality rates related with these were calculated during this period. Also, the System of Geographical Information was used to make the risk stratification maps, taking as reference the national rate and the main fixed pollutants sources of industrial type were chosen for the analysis of the atmospheric contamination. Results: Maps stratification risk of dying were elaborated for each of the selected diseases and the map of the main fixed pollutants sources of industrial type was obtained; in the same way, other comprehensive maps were elaborated to explore the possible association between these clinical entities and the environmental contamination. Conclusions: The comprehensive analysis of the stratification of the epidemiological and environmental risk reflected that the most affected municipalities were Mariel, Nuevitas and Moa, as well as Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Camagüey and Santiago de Cuba. In Havana the municipalities of Old Havana, Cotorro, San Miguel del Padrón, Arroyo Naranjo, Marianao and Centro Habana stood out.

Mortalidad prematura según causas seleccionadas en el Policlínico 5 de septiembre / Premature Mortality due to Selected Causes in 5 de Septiembre Municipality

Introducción: El conocimiento de las tendencias de mortalidad prematura en una población puede contribuir a realizar acciones que disminuyan los años de vida potencial perdidos por distintas causas. Objetivo: determinar la tendencia de mortalidad prematura por enfermedad de arterias, arteriolas y vasos, enfermedad cerebrovascular, infarto agudo del miocardio, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y cáncer de mama, próstata, bucal, colon y cérvix en el policlínico 5 de septiembre de Consolación del Sur. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo del total de fallecidos prematuramente n = 313 por las causas seleccionadas, para ello se analizaron, a través de estadística descriptiva, los datos del Registro de Mortalidad de la Dirección Provincial de Salud Pública de Pinar del Río. Resultados: Existió correspondencia entre el incremento de la edad y el aumento de los fallecidos, los más afectados fueron el grupo etario 60-69 años, el sexo masculino y el color blanco de piel. Solo las enfermedades de arterias, arteriolas y vasos, la EPOC y la diabetes mellitus mostraron tendencia al ascenso. El mayor riesgo de morir prematuramente correspondió a los Grupos Básicos de Trabajo 2 y 4, y las causas de mayor tasa fueron la enfermedad cerebrovascular, infarto agudo de miocardio y EPOC. La población estudiada perdió 9,86 años de vida como promedio y el cáncer de cérvix fue la enfermedad que más aportó años de vida potencial perdidos. Conclusiones: Se apreció tendencia a la disminución de mortalidad prematura general por las enfermedades estudiadas(AU)

Introduction: Knowledge about tendencies of premature mortality in a population can contribute to carrying out actions that reduce the number of years of potential life lost due to different causes. Objective: To determine the tendency of premature mortality due to disease of the arteries, arterioles and vessels, cerebrovascular disease, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as breast, prostate, oral, colon and cervical cancer in 5 de Septiembre Polyclinic of Consolación del Sur Municipality. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out with the total number of prematurely deceased (n=313) for the selected causes. For this purpose, the data from the Mortality Registry of the Provincial Directorate of Public Health of Pinar del Río were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: There was a correspondence between increase in age and increase in deaths; the most affected were those in age group 60-69 years, as well as the male sex and white skin color. Only diseases of the arteries, arterioles and vessels, COPD and diabetes mellitus showed an upward tendency. The highest risk for dying prematurely corresponded to the basic work groups 2 and 4, while the causes with the highest rate were cerebrovascular disease, acute myocardial infarction and COPD. The study population lost 9.86 years of life on average and cervical cancer was the disease that accounted for the highest amount of lost years of potential life. Conclusions: There was a tendency towards a decrease in general premature mortality due to the diseases studied(AU)

Mortality from respiratory infections and chronic non-communicable diseases before the COVID-19 pandemic in Cali, Colombia / Mortalidad por infecciones respiratorias y enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles antes de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Cali, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 disease pandemic is a health emergency. Older people and those with chronic noncommunicable diseases are more likely to develop serious illnesses, require ventilatory support, and die from complications. Objective: To establish deaths from respiratory infections and some chronic non-communicable diseases that occurred in Cali, before the SARS-CoV-2 disease pandemic. Methods: During the 2003-2019 period, 207,261 deaths were registered according to the general mortality database of the Municipal Secretary of Health of Cali. Deaths were coded with the International Classification of Diseases and causes of death were grouped according to WHO guidelines. Rates were standardized by age and are expressed per 100,000 people-year. Results: A direct relationship was observed between aging and mortality from respiratory infections and chronic non-communicable diseases. Age-specific mortality rates were highest in those older than 80 years for all diseases evaluated. Seasonal variation was evident in respiratory diseases in the elderly. Comments: Estimates of mortality rates from respiratory infections and chronic non-communicable diseases in Cali provide the baseline that will serve as a comparison to estimate the excess mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Health authorities and decision makers should be guided by reliable estimates of mortality and of the proportion of infected people who die from SARS-CoV-2 virus infection.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de la enfermedad COVID-19 es una emergencia sanitaria. Las personas mayores y aquellos con enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar enfermedades graves, requerir soporte ventilatorio y morir a causa de las complicaciones. Objetivo: Establecer las defunciones por infecciones respiratorias y por algunas enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles ocurridas en Cali, antes de la pandemia de la enfermedad por el SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Durante el periodo 2003-2019, se registraron 207,261 defunciones información obtenida de la base de datos de mortalidad general de la Secretaria de Salud Municipal de Cali. Las defunciones se codificaron con la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y las causas de muerte se agruparon según las guías de la OMS. Las tasas se estandarizaron por edad, son expresadas por 100,000 personas-año. Resultados: Se observó una relación directa entre envejecimiento y la mortalidad por infecciones respiratorias y enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. Las tasas de mortalidad específicas por edad fueron más altas en los mayores de 80 años para todas las enfermedades evaluadas. En las enfermedades respiratorias fue evidente una variación estacional en los ancianos. Comentario: Las estimaciones de las tasas de mortalidad por infecciones respiratorias y enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles para Cali proporcionan la línea de base que servirá de comparación para estimar el exceso de mortalidad que ocasionará la pandemia de COVID-19. Las autoridades sanitarias y los tomadores de decisiones deben guiarse por estimaciones fiables de la mortalidad y de la proporción de infectados que mueren por la infección del virus SARS-CoV-2.

Rueda de prensa semanal sobre COVID-19: palabras de apertura de la Directora, 19 de Mayo de 2020 / Weekly press conference on COVID-19: opening remarks by the Director, May 19, 2020

Hasta el 25 de mayo, se han reportado más de 2,4 millones de casos y más de 143,000 muertes debido a COVID-19 en las Américas.

Dietary changes in the NutriNet Brasil cohort during the covid-19 pandemic / Mudanças alimentares na coorte NutriNet Brasil durante a pandemia de covid-19

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the dietary characteristics of participants in the NutriNet Brasil cohort immediately before and during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS Our data stem from an adult cohort created to prospectively investigate the relationship between diet and morbidity and mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil. For this study, we selected the first participants (n = 10,116) who answered twice to a simplified questionnaire on their diet the day before, the first time when entering the study, between January 26 and February 15, 2020, and the second between May 10 and 19, 2020. The questionnaire inquiries about the consumption of healthy (vegetables, fruits and legumes) and unhealthy (ultra-processed foods) eating markers. Comparisons of indicators based on the consumption of these markers before and during the pandemic are presented for the study population and according to gender, age group, macro-region of residence and schooling. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used to compare proportions and means, respectively, adopting p < 0.05 to identify significant differences. RESULTS For all participants, we found a modest but statistically significant increase in the consumption of healthy eating markers and stability in the consumption of unhealthy food markers. This favorable pattern of dietary changes during the pandemic occurred in most sociodemographic strata. We observed a less favorable changing pattern, with a tendency to increasing consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers, in the Northeast and North macro-regions and among people with less schooling, suggesting social inequalities in the response to the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS If confirmed, the trend of increased consumption of ultra-processed foods in underdeveloped regions and by people with less schooling is concerning, as eating these foods increases the risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes, whose presence increases the severity and lethality of covid-19.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever características da alimentação dos participantes da coorte NutriNet Brasil imediatamente antes e na vigência da pandemia de covid-19. MÉTODOS Os dados deste estudo provêm de coorte de adultos criada para investigar prospectivamente a relação entre alimentação e morbimortalidade por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil. Para este estudo, foram selecionados os primeiros participantes (n = 10.116) que responderam por duas vezes a questionário simplificado sobre sua alimentação no dia anterior, a primeira vez ao ingressar no estudo, entre 26 de janeiro e 15 de fevereiro de 2020, e a segunda entre 10 e 19 de maio de 2020. O questionário indaga sobre o consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável (hortaliças, frutas e leguminosas) e não saudável (alimentos ultraprocessados). Comparações de indicadores baseados no consumo desses marcadores antes e na vigência da pandemia são apresentadas para o conjunto da população estudada e segundo sexo, faixa etária, macrorregião de residência e escolaridade. Testes qui-quadrado e testes t foram utilizados para comparar proporções e médias, respectivamente, adotando-se p < 0,05 para identificar diferenças significantes. RESULTADOS Para o conjunto dos participantes, identificou-se aumento modesto, porém estatisticamente significante, no consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável e estabilidade no consumo de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. Esse padrão favorável de mudanças na alimentação com a pandemia se repetiu na maior parte dos estratos sociodemográficos. Padrão menos favorável de mudanças, com tendência de aumento no consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, foi observado nas macrorregiões Nordeste e Norte e entre pessoas com menor escolaridade, sugerindo desigualdades sociais na resposta à pandemia. CONCLUSÕES Caso confirmada, a tendência de aumento no consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados nas regiões economicamente menos desenvolvidas e por pessoas com menor escolaridade preocupa, pois a ingestão desses alimentos eleva o risco de obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes, cuja presença aumenta a gravidade e a letalidade da covid-19.

Diferenciais por sexo na mortalidade evitável e ganhos potenciais de esperança de vida em São Paulo, SP: um estudo transversal entre 2014 e 2016 / Diferenciales por sexo en la mortalidad evitable e incrementos potenciales en la esperanza de vida en São Paulo, SP, Brasil: un estudio transversal de 2014 a 2016 / Sex differentials in avoidable mortality and potential life expectancy gains in São Paulo, SP, Brazil: a cross-sectional study of the period 2014-2016

Objetivo: estimar o ganho potencial e as diferenças de esperança de vida entre homens e mulheres, caso os óbitos evitáveis por doenças do aparelho circulatório, neoplasias e causas externas fossem eliminados em São Paulo, SP, Brasil, nos anos de 2014 a 2016. Métodos: estudo transversal, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), utilizando tábuas de múltiplo decremento. Resultados: dos 81.087 óbitos pelas doenças selecionadas, 75,1% foram classificados como evitáveis; verificou-se que a eliminação dos óbitos evitáveis por doenças do aparelho circulatório gerou os maiores ganhos potenciais de esperança de vida, seguidos dos ganhos por neoplasias, para as mulheres, e por causas externas para os homens. Conclusão: os óbitos evitáveis geram uma perda de esperança de vida de magnitudes distintas, segundo homens ou mulheres; logo, persistem diferenciais por sexo na mortalidade evitável, produzindo uma série de desafios.

Objetivo: estimar las diferencias en la ganancia potencial y la esperanza de vida entre hombres y mujeres, en el caso de que las muertes evitables por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, neoplasias y causas externas hubieran sido eliminadas en São Paulo, SP, Brasil, de 2014 a 2016. Métodos: datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y de la fundación Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), utilizando tablas de disminución múltiple. Resultados: de las 81.087 muertes por las enfermedades estudiadas, 75,1% se clasificaron como prevenibles; se encontró que la eliminación de las muertes evitables debidas a enfermedades del sistema circulatorio generó las mayores ganancias potenciales en la esperanza de vida, seguidas de las neoplasias para las mujeres y de las causas externas para los hombres. Conclusión: las muertes evitables generan una pérdida de esperanza de vida de diferentes magnitudes, entre hombres y mujeres; por lo tanto, persisten las diferencias de género en la mortalidad evitable, lo que genera una serie de desafíos.

Objective: to estimate potential life expectancy gains and differences between males and females, if avoidable deaths from circulatory system diseases, neoplasms and external causes had been eliminated in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, in the period 2014- 2016. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study using data from the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), using multiple decrement tables. Results: of the 81,087 deaths from the diseases studied here, 75.1% were classified as avoidable; elimination of avoidable deaths due to circulatory system diseases was found to generate the greatest potential life expectancy gains, followed by neoplasms among females and external causes among males. Conclusion: magnitude of lost life expectancy due to avoidable deaths differs between males and females; sex differentials in avoidable mortality therefore persist, producing a series of challenges.

Boletim Epidemiológico: mortalidade por doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis em Goiás, 2006 a 2016 / Epidemiological Bulletin: Mortality from non-communicable chronic diseases in Goiás, 2006 to 2016

As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNTs), como as doenças cardiovasculares, doenças respiratórias crônicas (bronquite, asma, DPOC, rinite), hipertensão, câncer e doenças metabólicas (obesidade, diabetes, dislipidemia), podem levar a incapacidades, ocasionando sofrimentos e custos materiais diretos aos pacientes e suas famílias, sem esquecer os custos intangíveis, como os efeitos adversos na qualidade de vida das pessoas afetadas. Produzem custos indiretos significativos para a sociedade e o governo em função da redução da produtividade, perda de dias trabalhados e prejuízos para o setor produtivo

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases (bronchitis, asthma, COPD, rhinitis), hypertension, cancer and metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia), can lead to disabilities, causing suffering and costs. direct materials to patients and their families, without forgetting the intangible costs, such as adverse effects on the quality of life of those affected. They produce significant indirect costs for society and the government due to reduced productivity, lost days worked and losses for the productive sector

Two innovative Brazilian programs relating to road safety prevention. A case study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 Global Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, was dedicated to promoting successful cases and best practices in fighting and preventing noncommunicable disease (NCDs). The global effort undertaken by WHO aims to reduce road traffic deaths in order to meet goal number 3.4 of the sustainable development goals. OBJECTIVES: To describe two Brazilian road safety prevention programs, presented at the WHO 2017 Global Conference: São Paulo Traffic Safety Movement (Movimento Paulista de Segurança no Trânsito) and Safe Life Program of Brasília (Programa Brasília Vida Segura), along with their governance structures, models and results. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a descriptive case study conducted in São Paulo and Brasilia from 2015 to 2018. These programs aimed to reduce the number of deaths caused by road accidents to 8.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in São Paulo by 2020 and in Brasília by 2016; and to reduce harmful use of alcohol by 10% by 2020. METHODS: These two initiatives were designed, managed and operated to bring together government and civil society, i.e. industry, academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc., around the common goal of saving lives. They were collaborative and guided by sharing of best practices, learning and information, thereby making it possible to attain more and better results. Their format enables reproduction in cities across all Brazilian regions. RESULTS: The results attest to the efficacy of the programs implemented in these two cities. In Brasília, the initiative helped reduce the number of traffic-related deaths by 35% (2017). In the same year in the state of São Paulo, 7,600 deaths were avoided. CONCLUSION: Both programs are innovative public policies that deal with health issues caused by the external agents that ultimately account for the rapid increase in days lost to disability. Prevention of external causes of deaths and injuries, such as traffic violence, strongly correlates with changes in habits and actions, especially excessive consumption of alcohol, and with NCDs in Brazil.

Probabilidade de morte prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, Brasil e regiões, projeções para 2025 / Probability of premature death for chronic non-communicable diseases, Brazil and Regions, projections to 2025

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as tendências de mortalidade por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no período de 2000 a 2013 e a probabilidade de morte até 2025. Método: Análise de série temporal de mortalidade das DCNT (doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, diabetes e doenças respiratórias crônicas), com correções para causas mal definidas e sub-registro de óbitos, e a probabilidade de morte por essas doenças. Resultados: Houve declínio médio de 2,5% ao ano no conjunto das quatro principais DCNT no Brasil entre 2000 e 2013, em todas as regiões e unidades federativas. A probabilidade de morte foi reduzida de 30% em 2000 para 26,1% em 2013, e estima-se que caia para 20,5% em 2025. Conclusões: Dada a tendência de queda, prevê-se que o Brasil atinja a meta global de redução de 25% até 2025.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Objective: To analyze the mortality trends for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in the period 2000-2013 and its probability of death until 2025. Method: time series analysis of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease, with correction for ill-defined causes and underreporting of deaths and calculation of probability of death. Results: There was an average decline of 2.5% per year in all four major NCDs in Brazil. There was a decline in all regions and federal units. The reduced likelihood of death by 30% in 2000 to 26.1% in 2013 and expected decline to 20.5% in 2025. Conclusion: From the trend of reduction is expected to reach Brazil reducing overall goal 25% by 2025.

Mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles según condiciones de vida / Mortality due to noncommunicable diseases according to living conditions

Introducción: Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) son las principales causas de mala salud, muerte y discapacidad en todo el mundo. Una primera aproximación para identificar desigualdades en salud es analizar la asociación de las condiciones de vida de los territorios con el patrón diferencial de mortalidad por estas enfermedades. Objetivo: Identificar diferencias en la mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles seleccionadas según condiciones de vida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se calcularon las tasas específicas por estratos. Para el análisis de la mortalidad prematura se calcularon de años de vida potencialmente perdidos en cada estrato. Las tasas fueron ajustadas por el método directo e indirecto. Resultados: La muerte por enfermedades cardiovasculares y los tumores malignos prevalecen en los estratos de condiciones de vida favorable y medianamente favorable, mientras que el riesgo de morir por causas externas es mayor en el estrato desfavorable. Los tumores malignos son la causa de muerte que mayor impacto tuvo en los años de vida potencialmente perdidos, principalmente en el estrato desfavorable. Conclusiones: Se evidenció un patrón diferencial en el riesgo de morir por enfermedades del corazón, los tumores malignos y las causas externas, dado por un exceso de las dos primeras en el estrato favorable y las causas externas en los estratos medianamente favorable y desfavorable, relacionándose directamente con el deterioro de las condiciones de vida(AU)

Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases are the main causes of a poor health, for death and disability worldwide. A first approach to identify health inequalities is to analyze the association between territorial living conditions and the differential pattern of mortality for these diseases. Objective: To identify differences in mortality due to noncommunicable diseases selected based on living conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out. We calculated the specific rates by strata. For the analysis of premature mortality, we calculated the years of life potentially lost in each stratum. The rates were adjusted by the direct and indirect method. Results: Death due to cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors prevail in the strata of favorable and moderately favorable living conditions, while the risk of dying from external causes is greater in the unfavorable stratum. Malignant tumors are the cause of death that had the greatest impact in the years of life potentially lost, mainly in the unfavorable stratum. Conclusions: A differential pattern was observed in the risk of dying from heart diseases, malignant tumors and external causes, due to an excess of the first two in the favorable stratum and external causes in the moderately favorable and unfavorable strata, directly associated with deterioration of living conditions(AU)

Diseño de Intervención Educativa sobre efectos nocivos del tabaco. Consultorio No. 10. Policlínico Manuel Piti Fajardo. Cárdenas. 2016 / Design of educational intervention on noxious effects of the tobacco. Medical Consultation nr. 10. Policlínic Manuel Piti Fajardo. Cárdenas. 2016

RESUMEN Introducción: el tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable en el mundo. Se considera la mayor epidemia en el siglo XX, favorecida por la diversidad de factores complejos que estimulan el hábito constituyendo un reto de la Salud Pública mundial el lograr disminuirlo. Objetivo: diseñar una intervención educativa para incrementar conocimientos sobre los efectos nocivos del tabaco. Materiales y métodos: investigación de Desarrollo en Sistema y Servicios de Salud que clasifica como un estudio, observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que se inserta en el Programa Ramal Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles. El universo de estudio144 pacientes fumadores comprendidos en las edades de 19 años y más, la muestra 48 pacientes, seleccionada por muestreo simple aleatorio. Resultados: incidencia de fumadores en edades de 60 años y más en el sexo masculino y los grupos de edades de 30 a 39 años del femenino, predominan los niveles técnico medio y preuniversitario, la edad de comienzo en edades de 15 a menos de 20 años correspondiéndose la presencia del hábito familiar con la edad de comienzo. Es significativa la asociación de hipertensión arterial en ambos sexos, en el sexo femenino el comportamiento de la hipertensión arterial, la cardiopatía isquémica y la enfermedad obstructiva crónica ocupan lugares relevantes. Los motivos que condicionan el hábito de fumar son: la reducción de tensión, la manipulación y el esparcimiento y los conocimientos acerca de los efectos nocivos del tabaco son adecuados. Conclusiones: los pacientes no tienen percepción de riesgo aunque solicitan ayuda profesional. Se diseñó la propuesta de intervención educativa (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: tobacco smoking is the main cause of avoidable death in the world. It is considered the biggest epidemics in the XX century favored by the diversity of complex factors stimulating the habits; its reduction is a challenge for the Public Health around the world. Objective: to design an educational intervention for improving knowledge on the noxious effects of tobacco. Materials and methods: research of Development in Health Systems and Services that classifies as a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study inserted in the Branch Program on Chronic, Non-communicable Diseases. The universe was 144 smoking patients aged 19 years and more, and the sample 48 patients chosen by simple randomized sampling. Results: the incidence was higher in male smokers aged 60 years and more, and in female ones aged 30-39 years; the predominant scholarship was technicians and senior high school; the age of beginning smoking was in the range from 15 and 20 years, corresponding the age of beginning smoking with the presence of the habit in the family context. The association to arterial hypertension is significant, and the behavior of arterial hypertension, ischemic hearth disease and obstructive chronic disease occupy relevant places among female patients. The motives conditioning the smoking habit are the reduction of tensions, manipulation and leisure; knowledge on tobacco noxious effects is appropriate. Conclusions: patients do not have risk perception, although they ask for professional help. The proposal of educative intervention was designed (AU).

Factores asociados a la mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles en Colombia, 2008-2012 / Factors associated to mortality by non-communicable diseases in Colombia, 2008-2012

RESUMEN Introducción. Las enfermedades no transmisibles son la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad en el mundo. Objetivo. Describir la tendencia de la mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles y explorar la asociación con ciertos factores de riesgo en Colombia entre el 2008 y el 2012. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y se analizó la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad a partir del registro oficial de estadísticas vitales (certificados de defunción) entre el 2008 y el 2012. Resultados. Durante el periodo de estudio, 727.146 defunciones se atribuyeron a enfermedades no transmisibles, y 58,5 % de ellas ocurrieron en hombres menores de 75 años. La tasa de mortalidad durante el periodo de estudio fue de 319,5 muertes por 100.000 habitantes. La tendencia mostró un patrón de descenso estadísticamente significativo, aunque muy leve (-3 %), en todo el territorio nacional. Por cada mujer fallecida por lesiones de causa externa (no relacionada con enfermedad o edad), cinco hombres fallecieron en las mismas circunstancias (razón de probabilidades, OR=5,295; IC95% 5,143-5,454). Las cinco primeras causas de muerte fueron: las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, las agresiones, los tumores malignos, las enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores y los accidentes de transporte. Conclusiones. Las causas de mortalidad difirieron significativamente según el sexo y la edad. Las principales causas de muerte en Colombia fueron las enfermedades del corazón y las agresiones (homicidios). La mortalidad por lesiones de causa externa fue mayor en los hombres de todas las edades que en las mujeres, y la mayor probabilidad de morir se concentró en el grupo de 15 a 45 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of premature mortality and disability in the world. Objective: To describe the trend pattern and to explore which risk factors were associated with mortality rates in Colombia from 2008 to 2012. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted to analyze mortality rate trends from the official vital statistics (death certificates) from 2008 to 2012. Results: Between 2008 and 2012 there were 727,146 deaths due to non-communicable diseases, and 58.5% of them occurred among men aged less than 75 years. The mortality rate during the study period was 319.5 deaths per 100,000 people. The trend showed a statistically significant decline in mortality rates (-3%) across the country. For each woman who died due to external causes (i.e., not related to illness or old age), five men died under the same circumstances (OR=5,295; IC 95%: 5,143-5,454). The five most important causes of mortality were heart diseases, injuries due to aggressions, malignant tumors, chronic lower respiratory diseases and road traffic accidents. Conclusion: The cause of death differed significantly by sex and age. The main causes of death in Colombia were heart diseases and injuries (homicide). Mortality was higher among men of all ages than among women, but 15 to 45 year-old males were more likely to die due to external causes.