Efficacy of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in a private tertiary hospital: 10-year experience / Eficácia de sondagem para obstrução congênita de ducto nasolacrimal em hospital terciário privado: 10 anos de experiência

ABSTRACT Objetive: To evaluate the success rate of initial and repeated probing as treatment approach for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in children between 2 and 46 months. Methods: A restrospective review of 73 children diagnosed with CNLDO who underwent probing of the NLD from March 2010 to 2020 was conducted. Data were colected from Hospital Oftalmológico de Anápolis in Anápolis, Goiás. Results: The procedure was performed in 90 eyes. The study sample was constituted of 36 males and 37 females. Bilateral involvement occurred in 18 (24.6%) children whereas 55 (75.3%) of them were unilaterally affected. The age ranges of the patients were divided into 4 groups: A - up to 6 months old (5.5% of the eyes), B - 7 to 12 months (27.5%), group C - 13 to 24 months (39.5%) and group D - older than 24 months (26.4%). The mean age of the sample was 18.6 months. Initial probing obtained an overall success rate of 88.8% and group B showed the best percentage (96%) from all age ranges. The second intervention had a lower outcome, successfuly in 55.5% of the cases. Conclusion: All age ranges showed high success rates for initial probing, although there was a decrease in subsequent procedures outcomes. Our results demonstrate that the success rate for primary probing is not affected by age.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a taxa de sucesso de sondagem inicial e de repetição como abordagem de tratamento para obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal em crianças entre 2 e 46 meses. Métodos: conduziu-se uma revisão retrospectiva de 73 crianças diagnosticadas com obstrução congênita do ducto nasolacrimal que se submeteram à sondagem do ducto nasolacrimal de março de 2010 a 2020. Os dados foram coletados no Hospital Oftalmológico de Anápolis em Anápolis, Goiás. Resultados: o procedimento foi realizado em 90 olhos. A amostra do estudo constitui-se em 36 pacientes do sexo masculino e 37 do sexo feminino. O acometimento foi bilateral em 18 crianças, enquanto 55 (75,3%) delas foram afetadas de forma unilateral. Os pacientes foram divididos em 4 grupos, de acordo com a faixa etária: A- até 6 meses de vida (5,5% dos olhos); B- 7 a 12 meses (27,5%); grupo C- 13 a 24 meses (39,5%) e grupo D- mais que 24 meses (26,4). A média de idade de amostra foi de 18,6 meses. A sondagem inicial teve uma taxa de sucesso global de 88,8%, e o grupo B mostrou a melhor porcentagem (96%) de todas as faixas etárias. A segunda intervenção teve uma taxa de sucesso menor, de 55,5% dos casos. Conclusão: todas as faixas etárias mostraram altas taxas de sucesso na sondagem, embora tenha havido um decréscimo nos resultados dos procedimentos subsequentes. Nossos resultados demonstram que a taxa de sucesso na sondagem primária não é afetada pela idade

Comparação de eficácia entre as sondas monocanalicular e bicanalicular no tratamento da obstrução congênita das vias lacrimais / Efficacy of monocanalicular versus bicanalicular intubation in the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a taxa de sucesso da intubação monocanalicular ou bicanalicular em pacientes com obstrução congênita do ducto lacrimonasal (OCDLN), levando-se em consideração a taxa de sucesso, a dificuldade do procedimento e o custo dos tubos. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 54 prontuários, totalizando 58 vias lacrimais com diagnóstico de OCDLN, que realizaram intubação das vias lacrimais monocanalicular ou bicanalicular com tubos de silicone. Anamnese, exame oftalmológico geral, testes específicos, como o Teste do Desaparecimento do Corante (TDC) e Teste de Observação de Fluoresceína na Orofaringe (TOFO), e, caso necessário, exames complementares como a dacriocistografia, foram utilizados para diagnóstico e inclusão na pesquisa. Foram tratados com intubação os pacientes sem resposta adequada ao tratamento prévio, ou seja, que permaneceram com sintomas de secreção e epífora contínua após a realização de massagem de Crigler e sondagem. Resultados: A intubação monocanalicular foi realizada em 27 vias lacrimais e a intubação bicanalicular, em 31 vias lacrimais. A taxa de sucesso foi alta em ambos os métodos, com melhora em 26 (96,3%) vias lacrimais com sonda monocanalicular e em 30 (96,8%), com sonda bicanalicular (p=0,718). As duas técnicas apresentaram 100% de sucesso nos pacientes com até 2 anos e acima de 4 anos de idade (p=1). A taxa de sucesso entre os 2 e 4 anos de idade foi de 91,5% para as monocanaliculares e 87,5% para as bicanaliculares, (p=0,652). Conclusão: o presente estudo não mostrou diferença significativa no sucesso da intubação quando utilizando sondas mono ou bicanaliculares. A intubação monocanalicular mostrou-se de mais fácil execução, ao passo que o tubo bicanalicular possui menor custo.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate and to compare the success rate of monocanalicular or bicanalicular intubation in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO) carriers in terms of success rate, difficulty of the procedure, and cost of the tubes. Methods: fifty-four CNDO carriers with 58 obstructed lacrimal vies (LV) who were submitted to lacrimal system intubation using mono or bicanalicular stent had their medical records analyzed. A clinical history, a general ophthalmologic examination, specific tests such as the fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT) and observation test of fluorescein in the oropharynx (OTFO) were used for diagnosis and inclusion in the study. Patients who continued exhibiting discharge and continuous epiphora after previous treatment, Crigler massage and probing, were treated surgically with intubation. Results: Monocanalicular intubation was performed on 27 LV and bicanalicular intubation was performed on 31 LV. High success rates were observed, with improvement in 26 (96.3%) with monocanalicular intubation and in 30 LV (96.8%) with bicanalicular intubation (p=0.718). Furthermore, both techniques were 100% successful in patients up to 2 and over 4 years of age (p=1). The success rates between 2-4 years of age were 91.6% in monocanalicular intubation and 87.5% in bicanalicular intubation (p=0.652). Conclusion: The success rate using monocanalicular or bicanalicular intubation to treat CNDO had no significant difference in the studied children. Furthermore, the monocanalicular tube was easier to use, while the bicanalicular tube had a lower cost.

Anisometropia and refractive status in children with bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Objective: To evaluate the state of refraction in children with bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction [CNLDO]

Study Design: Descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from April 2014 to April 2016

Methodology: Children with bilateral CNLDO were studied. Patients' refractive status were evaluated by performing cycloplegic refraction, followed by appropriate management plan. The refractive errors of both eyes were noted and compared for any significant anisometropia

Results: One hundred and seventeen [n=117] children with median age [IQR] of 32 [12] months having bilateral CNLDO were enrolled. Children with bilateral CNLDO had insignificant interocular difference in terms of spherical equivalent [SE] and cylindrical refractive errors [p>0.05]. The rate of the anisometropia [>/=1 D difference between the two eyes] was 5.98% [n=7] in children with bilateral CNLDO

Conclusion: Performing cycloplegic refraction routinely in patients with bilateral CNLDO is not as urgent as compared to ones with unilateral CNLDO. Further, avoidance of early surgical intervention in children with bilateral CNLDO will spare the parents from the emotional trauma and positively influence the health economics worldwide

Síndrome de Goltz / Goltz's syndrome

El síndrome de Goltz, o hipoplasia dérmica focal, es un desorden multisistémico raro que involucra la piel, el sistema músculo-esquelético, los ojos, el pelo, las uñas y el riñón, entre otros, con considerable variación en los rasgos clínicos. El examen oftalmológico del caso que se presenta corresponde a una niña con microftalmia en el ojo izquierdo, obstrucción del conducto nasolagrimal en el ojo derecho y coloboma de iris y del nervio óptico del ojo microftálmico, además de esotropia sensorial. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por genética como una hipoplasia dérmica focal que, a pesar de ser poco común, debemos conocerlo para poderlo identificar si se presentara en nuestra consulta(AU)

Goltz syndrome or focal dermal hypoplasia is a rare multisystemic disorder involving the skin, the musculoskeletal system, the eyes, the hair, the nails and the kidney among others, with considerable variation in clinical features. The ophthalmological examination of the case presented in this paper shows a girl who has microphthalmia in the left eye, nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the right eye and coloboma of the iris and optic nerve in the microphthalmic eye in addition to sensory esotropia. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic studies and it was focal dermal hypoplasia, which is a rare disease but we should learn about it to be able to identify it if some patient with the disease goes to our service(AU)

Obstrução congênita de vias lacrimais: série de casos de sondagem e intubação / Congenital lacrimal obstruction: case series of probing and intubation

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a idade da intervenção cirúrgica em pacientes portadores de obstrução congênita das vias lacrimais e o sucesso obtido pelos mesmos. Métodos: Foram estudados 94 prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de obstrução congênita de vias lacrimais, assistidos no setor de oculoplástica do Hospital de Olhos do Paraná, no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2012. Para diagnóstico e inclusão na pesquisa foram realizados a anamnese, exames oftalmológico geral e específico utilizando o Teste de Milder e o Teste de Obtenção de Fluoresceína na Orofaringe. Para determinar o tipo de intervenção (sondagem ou intubação) foram utilizados os critérios do serviço. Na análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado e o teste t de Student e adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Quando comparados os resultados por idade, independente do tratamento, não houve associação significativa (p=0,223) entre a taxa de melhora e a idade. Conclusão: No presente estudo não houve diferença significativa entre a intervenção cirúrgica e as faixas etárias abordadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationship between age at surgery in patients with congenital lacrimal obstruction and success achieved by them. Methods: We studied 94 medical records of patients diagnosed with congenital lacrimal obstructions, assisted at the oculoplastic sector of the Hospital de Olhos do Paraná, in the period january 2006 to december 2012. For diagnosis and inclusion in the study, the clinical history were made, overall and specific ophthalmologic examination, with the tests: Milder and Observation Test of Fluorescein in the Oropharynx. To determine the type of intervention (probing or intubation) service criteria were used. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square and Student’s t test were used. Significance level of 5 % was adopted. Results: When comparing the results by age, regardless of treatment, there was no significant association (p = 0.223) between the rate of improvement and age. Conclusions: In the present study shows, there is no significant difference between the surgical interventions within the age groups addressed.

Dacriocistocele congênita: relato de caso e conduta / Congenital dacryocystocele: case report and treatment

A dacriocistocele representa uma rara anomalia congênita da região medial da órbita, causada pela obstrução distal (ao nível da válvula de Hasner) e proximal (ao nível da válvula de Rosenmüller) da via lacrimal, com subsequente dilatação do saco lacrimal. Recebe o nome de mucocele, quando seu conteúdo representa muco, ou amniocele, quando o seu conteúdo é preenchido por fluido amniótico. Acomete somente 0.1% das crianças, com obstrução do ducto lácrimonasal, sendo comumente unilateral e mais frequente no sexo feminino e com predisposição familiar. O diagnóstico é realizado pelas características clínicas: lesão cística tensa, abaixo do tendão cantal medial, de coloração azulacinzentada, rósea ou vermelha acompanhada por epífora desde o nascimento. No entanto podemos utilizar exames de imagem para diagnosticar esta anomalia congênita tais como: tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e ultrassonografia.

The dacryocystocele represents a rare congenital anomaly in the medial region of the orbit caused by distal obstruction (Hasner valve) and proximal (valve Rosenmüller) of the lacrimal system causing dilation of the lacrimal sac. Mucocele is called when the content is mucus and amniocele when the content is filled with amniótico fluid. The incidence is only 0.1% in children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. It is commonly unilateral and more frequent in women with familial predisposition. The diagnosis is made by clinical features: tense cystic lesion below the medial canthal tendon, blue-gray, pink or red color with epiphora since birth. However we can use image tests to diagnose this congenital anomaly such as tomography computerized, magnetic resonance and ultrasonography.

Congenital dacryocystocele: diagnosis using ante and post-natal ultrasonography / Dacriocistocele congênita: diagnóstico ultrassonográfico ante e pós-natal

Congenital dacryocystocele is an unusual type of nasolacrimal obstruction. Treatment with antibiotics or surgical removal is practiced to reduce the risks of infection (acute dacryocystitis) and potentially lethal septicemia. Here, we report a case of congenital dacryocystocele, antenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis (intrauterine), and postnatal reassessment.

A dacriocistocele congênita é um tipo incomum de obstrução lacrimal. Devido ao risco de se tornar infectada (dacriocistite aguda) e potencialmente letal com septicemia, podemos tratá-la com antibióticos e remoção cirúrgica. Relatamos um caso de dacriocistocele congênita com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico antenatal (intrauterino) e reavaliação pós-natal.

Tratamento das obstruções congênitas do ducto nasolacrimal / Management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados do tratamento da obstrução nasolacrimal congênita com a massagem hidrostática de Crigler. MÉTODOS: Cento e oitenta e seis crianças com idade de até 32 meses com obstrução nasolacrimal congênita foram estudadas retrospectivamente de 1990 a 2005. O procedimento foi repetido três vezes em cada sessão, com intervalo de uma semana entre as sessões. A análise foi realizada com o programa informatizado EPI INFO versão 6.04. A significância estatística foi avaliada pela aplicação dos testes do qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: A faixa de idade predominante nos dois sexos foi de 1 a 5 meses (56,4 por cento), a localização foi bilateral em 36,3 por cento, do lado direito em 34,1 por cento e do lado esquerdo em 29,6 por cento. A epífora estava presente em 100 por cento dos casos e secreção em 56,5 por cento. Curaram com uma sessão 43,6 por cento dos casos, com duas 23,3 por cento, com três 17,4 por cento e com 4 e 5 ou mais sessões 5,8 por cento e 9,0 por cento dos pacientes, respectivamente. Os 14 pacientes que não responderam a massagem foram tratados com sondagem. CONCLUSÃO: A massagem hidrostática de Crigler é efetiva para a obstrução nasolacrimal congênita.

PURPOSE: To present the success rate in treating congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with hydrostatic pressure (Crigler method). METHODS: Clinical data from 186 children aged up to 32 months treated from 1990 until 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The procedure was repeated up to 3 times at a one week interval. Using EPI INFO version 6.04 software for analysis, data were tabulated and statistical significance was evaluated by applying chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Leading age group was 1 to 5 months old (56.4 percent) for males and females. Affection was bilateral in 36.3 percent, 34.1 percent on right side and 29.6 percent on the left side. All cases had epiphora and 56.5 percent presented mucopurulent discharge. Cure was achieved with one massage for 43.6 percent, 23.3 percent with two, 17.4 percent with three and, with 4 and 5+ sessions in respectively 5.8 percent and 9.0 percent. Those 14 cases who did not respond to massage were treated with probing. CONCLUSION: The Crigler method was effective in managing congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction cases.

Late probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

To report the results of late nasolacrimal duct probing in patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction [NLDO]. This retrospective study was performed on a consecutive series of patients with congenital NLDO who underwent late [after 15 months of age] nasolacrimal duct probing for the first time. Over a period of five years, 158 patients including 75 [47.4%] male and 83 [52.6%] female subjects with mean age of 3 +/- 4.2 years [range, 15 months to 37 years] underwent initial probing for NLDO. Nasolacrimal duct probing was performed unilaterally in 78% and bilaterally in 22% of the patients. Success rate was 75% overall, 72% in unilateral cases and 83% in bilateral instances. Success rate was not correlated with age at intervention. Nasolacrimal duct probing seems to be reasonably successful for treatment of congenital NLDO in patients older than 15 months who are seen for the first time. Silicone intubation or dacryocystorhinostomy should be reserved for refractory cases

comparison of probing with air injection and probing with irrigation in children with congenital nasolachrymal duct obstruction

Congenital nosolachrymal duct obstruction is one of the common disorders characterized by tearing and mucoid or mucopurulent discharge in children. The most common site of obstruction is the Hasner Value. About 20% of infants suffer from tearing which spontaneously improves within the first year of life in 90%. As there is no risk of aspiration with the air injection, it was adopted for comparison with saline injection. Therefore, this research was conducted to compare the success rate of the conventional method [probing with irrigation] and the air injection in infants. This study was conducted as clinical trial in which 61 patients [with the age range of 9-24 months] [76 eyes] with congenital nosolachrymal duct obstruction, not responding to conservative treatment, was randomly assigned into one of the two groups. They were assessed before and after probing using Munk's scale. Their follow-up included lachrymal massage and antibiotic drops and assessment in 2 weeks, one month and three months after probing. A few cases were excluded from the study for irregular follow-up participations. Chisquare was used for data analysis. Out of 34 male eyes and 42 female eyes, 33 and 42 eyes recovered respectively upon the final follow-up [three months after probing]. Out of 30 patients probed with saline, after two weeks, 31 eyes [86.1%] recovered after two weeks; 34 eyes [94.4%] after one month and 34 eyes [94.4%] after three months. Out of 31 patients poobed with air injection, the recovery rates after two weeks, one month and three months follow-up, 33 eyes [82.5%], 38 eyes [95%] and 38 [95%] respectively. As three is no risk of aspiration with the air injection and the outcomes are similar to the irrigation method, the researchers recommend probing with air injection to be substituted to saline irrigation

Rubber tube versus silicone tube at the osteotomy site in dacryocystorhinostomy

To compare the efficacy of using rubber versus silicone tubes at the osteotomy of Dacryocystorhinostomy. 46 patients diagnosed with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction were assigned randomly to rubber, silicone or control group. The surgical procedures in the three groups were the same except that in patients of rubber and silicone groups, rubber or silicone tubes were placed at osteotomy opening and removed after 3 months. Transnasal endoscopic findings were recorded at the completion of surgery and at 3 months, 6 months and 9 monthes after surgery for the 3 groups. A computer aided digitizer was used to calculate the surface area of the osteotomy site. After removal of their tubes 3 patients in the rubber group had recurrent epiphora [78.0% success], one patient in silicone group [92.86% success] and 4 patients in control group [77.8% success]. The average final surface area of the osteotomy opening of patients with rubber group at the end of follow up was [9.85 mm2] in the silicone group was [17.47mm2] whereas in the control group was [8.56mm2]. Silicone tube more better than rubber one in maintaining effective larger osteotomy after Dacryocystorhinostomy. This can improve the long term success of the operation

Management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: comparison of probing vs conservative medical approach

The treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction [CNLDO] continues to be a subject of controversy. Some authors advocate early probing and irrigation, whereas others recommend delaying until the child is at least one year old. The focus of this study was to compare the result of conservative treatment for CNLDO with the results of probing and irrigation of CNLDO undertaken for children between the ages of 6 and 24 months. A total of 128 patients [182 nasolacrimal ducts] with CNLDO were enrolled in a prospective clinical study at Prince Hashem Hospital in Zarka. Initially, all patients were treated conservatively with local hydrostatic massage and topical antibiotic drops. The patients were divided into four age groups. The first group was infants with CNLDO observed for spontaneous resolution during the second half of the first year. The other three groups were between the ages of 6 and 24 months with a 6-month interval between each group. Patients of these three groups underwent probing under brief general anesthesia. 77.1 percent of the infants exhibited spontaneous opening of the CNLDO during the second half of the year. Initial probing undertaken on infants between the ages of 6 and 12 months has been associated with the opening of the lacrimal ducts in 94.1 percent of cases, whereas, using the same procedure for children between the ages of 12 and 18months, the success rate was found to be 79.6 percent. Only 55.9 percent of obstructed nasolacrimal ducts were patent after probing in children between the ages of 18 and 24 months. indicate that probing carried out on infants with CNLDO between 6 and 12 months significantly reduces epiphora compared with waiting for spontaneous resolution in infants with the same conditions. At the same time it gave significantly better results compared to probing undertaken on older age groups

Frequência de obstruçäo congênita do ducto nasolacrimal na Clínica Pediátrica da Santa Casa de Säo Paulo / Frequency on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction at the department of pediatrics of Santa Casa Central Hospital

Cento e doze pacientes com idade entre 15 dias e 3 meses foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico para verificaçäo da ocorrência de obstruçäo sintomática do ducto nasolacrimal. Foram encontrados 3 caso, 2 unilaterais e 1 bilateral, correspondendo a 2,7 por cento

Anterior flap dacryocystorhinostomy [OCR]

Dacryocystorhinostomy [DCR] is a technically difficult operation and especially so in the suturing of the flaps of the sac to the nasal mucosa. Several techniques are described for the modification of the operation and the results are often disappointing. We developed a new modification for the simplification of the operation and obtaining better results by advancing the bony incision and suturing the anterior flaps only. Operation was done on 20 patients of different age groups, results are discussed