Incubation variables, performance, and morphometry of the duodenal mucosa of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submitted to different incubation temperatures and thermally challenged after hatching / [Variáveis de incubação, desempenho e morfometria da mucosa duodenal de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de incubação e desafiadas termicamente após eclosão]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different temperatures on incubation variables, performance, and morphometry of the duodenal mucosa of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submitted to chronic heat stress after hatching. We distributed 540 eggs in three incubators with a temperature of 37.8°C and 60% of humidity. From the 6th day of incubation until hatching, the temperatures were adjusted to (37.8°C, 38.5°C and 39.5°C). After hatching, quails were evaluated for the quality score, weighed, and distributed in a completely randomized design with three incubation temperatures (37.8, 38.5, and 39.5°C) and two ambient temperatures (stress and thermoneutral). At 10, 20, 30, and 40 days they were weighed to determine the live weight (g) and weight gain(g). To collect the duodenum and determine morphometric parameters, we euthanized four quails of each treatment. The data were analyzed, and the differences between the means determined by the Tukey test at 5%. The incubation temperature of 39.5°C provided lower hatching rate and the live weight at birth; however, from the 10th day of age, increased live weight, weight gain, and positively influenced the morphological parameters of the duodenal mucosa in situations of chronic stress.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas de incubação sobre as variáveis de incubação, desempenho e morfometria da mucosa duodenal de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetidas ao estresse térmico crônico por calor após eclosão. Foram distribuídos 540 ovos em três incubadoras, com temperatura de 37,8°C e umidade 60%. A partir do sexto dia de incubação até a eclosão, as temperaturas foram ajustadas para 37,8°C, 38,5°C e 39,5°C. Após a eclosão, as codornas foram avaliadas quanto ao escore de qualidade, pesadas e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três temperaturas de incubação (37,8ºC, 38,5ºC e 39,5°C) e duas temperaturas ambientes (estresse e termoneutro). Aos 10, 20, 30 e 40 dias, foram pesadas para determinar o peso vivo (g) e o ganho de peso(g). Quatro codornas de cada tratamento foram eutanasiadas para coleta do duodeno, para determinar os parâmetros morfométricos. Os dados foram analisados e as diferenças entre as médias foram determinadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A temperatura de incubação de 39,5°C proporcionou menor taxa de eclosão e menor peso vivo ao nascer, entretanto, a partir do 10° dia de idade, essa temperatura aumentou o peso vivo, o ganho de peso e influenciou positivamente os parâmetros morfológicos da mucosa duodenal em situações de estresse crônico.(AU)

ASSESSMENT OF THE GASTRO-JEJUNO-DUODENAL TRANSIT AFTER JEJUNAL POUCH INTERPOSITION / AVALIAÇÃO DO TRÂNSITO GASTROJEJUNODUODENAL APÓS INTERPOSIÇÃO DE ALÇA JEJUNAL

Background : The jejunal pouch interposition between the gastric body and the duodenum after the gastrectomy, although not frequent in the surgical practice today, has been successfully employed for the prevention and treatment of the postgastrectomy syndromes. In the latter, it is included the dumping syndrome, which affects 13-58% of the patients who undergo gastrectomy. Aim : Retrospective assessment of the results of this procedure for the prevention of the dumping syndrome. Methods : Fourty patients were selected and treatetd surgically for peptic ulcer, between 1965 and 1970. Of these, 29 underwent vagotomy, antrectomy, gastrojejunalduodenostomy at the lesser curvature level, and the 11 remaining were submitted to vagotomy, antrectomy, gastrojejunal-duodenostomy at the greater curvature level. The gastro-jejuno-duodenal transit was assessed in the immediate or late postoperative with the contrasted study of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. The clinical evolution was assessed according to the Visick grade. Results : Of the 40 patients, 28 were followed with the contrast evaluation in the late postoperative. Among those who were followed until the first month (n=22), 20 (90%) had slow gastro-jejuno-duodenal transit and in two (10%) the transit was normal. Among those who were followed after the first month (n=16), three (19%) and 13 (81%) had slow and normal gastric emptying, respectively. None had the contrasted exam compatible with the dumping syndrome. Among the 40 patients, 22 underwent postoperative clinical evaluation. Of these, 19 (86,5%) had excellent and good results (Visick 1 and 2, respectively). Conclusions : The jejunal pouch interposition showed to be a very effective surgical procedure for the prevention of the dumping syndrome in gastrectomized patients.

Racional : A interposição de alça jejunal entre o corpo gástrico e o duodeno após a antrectomia, apesar de pouco frequente na prática cirúrgica atual, tem sido empregada com sucesso na prevenção e tratamento das síndromes pós-gastrectomias. Entre estas se inclui a síndrome de dumping, que acomete 13-58% dos pacientes gastrectomizados. Objetivo : Avaliação retrospectiva dos resultados desse procedimento na prevenção da síndrome de dumping. Métodos : Foram selecionados 40 pacientes todos encaminhados para tratamento cirúrgico de úlcera cloridropéptica entre 1965 e 1970. Destes, 29 foram submetidos à vagotomia, antrectomia, gastrojejunoduodenostomia no nível da pequena curvatura, e os 11 restantes à vagotomia, antrectomia, gastrojejunoduodenostomia no nível da grande curvatura. O trânsito gastrojejunoduodenal foi avaliado no pós-operatório imediato ou tardio por meio do estudo contrastado de esôfago, estômago e duodeno. A evolução clínica no pós-operatório foi avaliada segundo a classificação de Visick. Resultados : Dos 40 pacientes, 28 foram acompanhados com o estudo contrastado no pós-operatório tardio. Entre aqueles de até o 1º mês de pós-operatório (n=22), 20 (90%) apresentaram o trânsito gastrojejunoduodenal lento e dois (10%) tiveram o trânsito normal. Entre os que puderam ser acompanhados após o 1º mês (n=16), três (19%) e 13 (81%) mostraram o esvaziamento gástrico lento e normal, respectivamente. Nenhum apresentou o estudo contrastado compatível com a síndrome de dumping. Entre os 40 doentes, 22 foram submetidos à avaliação clínica pós-operatória. Destes, 19 (86,5%) apresentaram excelentes e bons resultados (Visick 1 e 2, respectivamente). Conclusões : A interposição de alça jejunal mostrou-se procedimento cirúrgico bastante eficaz na prevenção da síndrome de dumping em pacientes gastrectomizados.

Evaluation of endoscopically obtained duodenal biopsy samples from cats and dogs in an adapter-modified Ussing chamber

This study was conducted to evaluate an adapter-modified Ussing chamber for assessment of transport physiology in endoscopically obtained duodenal biopsies from healthy cats and dogs, as well as dogs with chronic enteropathies. 17 duodenal biopsies from five cats and 51 duodenal biopsies from 13 dogs were obtained. Samples were transferred into an adapter-modified Ussing chamber and sequentially exposed to various absorbagogues and secretagogues. Overall, 78.6% of duodenal samples obtained from cats responded to at least one compound. In duodenal biopsies obtained from dogs, the rate of overall response ranged from 87.5% (healthy individuals; n = 8), to 63.6% (animals exhibiting clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and histopathological unremarkable duodenum; n = 15), and 32.1% (animals exhibiting clinical signs of gastrointestinal diseases and moderate to severe histopathological lesions; n = 28). Detailed information regarding the magnitude and duration of the response are provided. The adapter-modified Ussing chamber enables investigation of the absorptive and secretory capacity of endoscopically obtained duodenal biopsies from cats and dogs and has the potential to become a valuable research tool. The response of samples was correlated with histopathological findings.

Transcriptional and translational expression of calbindin-D9k in the duodenum, kidney and uterus of a female canine model

Calbindin-D9k (CaBP-9k) is a cytosolic calcium-binding protein expressed in tissues in the intestine, uterus, placenta, kidney, pituitary gland and bone. Its exact function is unknown, but it is considered to regulate intracytoplasmic concentration and transport of free ions (Ca2+). CaBP-9k protein is involved in intestinal calcium absorption in the intestine and in the regulation of myometrial activity by intracellular calcium in the uterus. Renal CaBP-9k protein is expressed at the site of calcium re-absorption in the kidney and expressed in distal convoluted tubules, where it is thought to facilitate calcium re-absorption. Expression of the CaBP-9k gene has been explored in most mammalians except in a canine model. Presently, we elucidated the expression of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein in the duodenum, kidney and uterus in a canine model involving two adult (2.5-year-old) female beagles. To collect tissues, the dogs were euthanized and then the abdominal cavity was exposed by midline incision. The proximal duodenum, cortex of kidney and uterine horn were collected. Expression of CaBP-9k mRNA was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. CaBP-9k protein expression and localization were ascertained by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. CaBP-9k mRNA was detected in the duodenum, but not in the kidney and uterus. Its protein was expressed only in the enterocytes of the duodenum. Taken together, the results indicate that CaBP-9k mRNA and protein are highly expressed in the enterocytes of the duodenum of a canine model, consistent with findings in other mammalian species.

Antroduodenal manometry: experience from a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Though antroduodenal manometry (ADM) is an important research tool, experience on its clinical utility is scanty. METHODS: All ADM performed as a clinical service, using an 8-channel water perfusion system were retrospectively analyzed. Impact on clinical management was classified as: (1) new diagnosis made, (2) change in management (new drug, decision regarding surgical treatment), (3) further special investigation done, (4) referral to another specialty. RESULTS: ADM was successful in 32/33 (97%) patients (age 30 years [range 8-71]); 6 patients were < 12 years old. Clinical impression before ADM was: chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) in 16 (50%), suspected gastroparesis in 11 (34.3%), dyspepsia in 5 (15.6%). Consequent to ADM in patients with CIPO, a new diagnosis was made in two (intestinal neuronal dysplasia and celiac disease), new drugs were started in five, surgery was performed in three and specific referral was sought in three. ADM confirmed gastroparesis in 9 of 11 patients. A new diagnosis was made in three patients, new drugs were started in three, and three were referred. In five dyspeptic patients, ADM was normal and no therapy was suggested. Overall, eleven patients with CIPO and four with gastroparesis benefited after ADM. CONCLUSION: ADM was found useful in CIPO and gastroparesis, helped in decision making regarding surgery; however in nonspecific indications its utility was limited.

Activation of neural cholecystokinin-1 receptors induces relaxation of the isolated rat duodenum which is reduced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Cholecystokinin (CCK) influences gastrointestinal motility, by acting on central and peripheral receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether CCK has any effect on isolated duodenum longitudinal muscle activity and to characterize the mechanisms involved. Isolated segments of the rat proximal duodenum were mounted for the recording of isometric contractions of longitudinal muscle in the presence of atropine and guanethidine. CCK-8S (EC50: 39; 95 percent CI: 4.1-152 nM) and cerulein (EC50: 58; 95 percent CI: 18-281 nM) induced a concentration-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxation. Nomeganitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) reduced CCK-8S- and cerulein-induced relaxation (IC50: 5.2; 95 percent CI: 2.5-18 æM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The magnitude of 300 nM CCK-8S-induced relaxation was reduced by 100 æM L-NOARG from 73 ± 5.1 to 19 ± 3.5 percent in an L-arginine but not D-arginine preventable manner. The CCK-1 receptor antagonists proglumide, lorglumide and devazepide, but not the CCK-2 receptor antagonist L-365,260, antagonized CCK-8S-induced relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that CCK-8S and cerulein activate intrinsic nitrergic nerves acting on CCK-1 receptors in order to cause relaxation of the rat duodenum longitudinal muscle.

Prokinetic effect of clarithromycin and azithromycin in vitro study on rabbit duodenum

There is a continuous search for new prokinetic agents for use in gastro intestinal hypomotility. Erythromycin, a macrolide, is one of them. In this study we observed effect of other macrolides, i.e. clarithromycin and azithromycin on rabbit duodenum and compared with that of neostigmine. Both these drugs produced significant prokinetic effect with EC[50] 0.4 micro g/ml and 0.29 micro g/ml respectively. Effect of clarithromycin was well sustained as compared to that of azithromycin, so it seemed to be a better prokinetic agent

Vestibulo-cerebellar participation in protection of duodenal mucosa: possible role of neurotransmitters.

Vestibulo cerebellar lesion in rats produced a decrease in the intracellular presecreted mucus together with a decrease in the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) content of the duodenal tissue. Whereas vestibulo cerebellar stimulation by rotation produced an increase in the intracellular presecreted mucus and an increase in the NE content of the duodenal tissue but very little increase in 5HT content of the duodenum. The results suggest that the vestibulo cerebellum by modulating the tissue content of the neurotransmitter NE and 5HT has a direct influence in the protective mechanism through the intracellular mucus content.

Comportamento motor, sob estímulo farmacológico, de segmentos duodenais pré e pós-papilar de ratos albinos / Motor reaction, under the pharmacological stimulus of the isolated duodenal pre-papillary and post papilary section of albino rats

Cada segmento do tubo digestivo tem um padrao próprio de motilidade e toda atividade motora resulta fundamentalmente das propriedades elétricas do músculo liso. Em sua atividade motora o duodeno apresenta funçoes de mistura e progressao, como também participa do controle do esvaziamento gástrico. Os movimentos do complexo antro-piloro-bulbar sao considerados ponto de partida para o peristaltismo intestinal, inclusive com movimentos reversos, sendo que encontramos normalmente uma diminuiçao progressiva da freqüência das ondas do duodeno ao íleo terminal. Considerando que o duodeno tem características embriológicas, anatômicas, histológicas e bioquímicas que o destacam na fisiologia digestiva, interessou-nos o comportamento motor do segmento duodenal pré e pós-papilar sob estímulo farmacológico. Na realizaçao do tranbalho foram utilizados dez ratos albinos dos quais foram retirados os segmentos duodenais pré e pós-papilar. Estes foram divididos em: grupos I e II, pré e pós-papilar, respectivamente. Em cada segmento foram obtidos as diferenças porcentuais (delta percentual) do número de ondas e da amplitude máxima no movimento espontaneo e sob estimulo farmacológico do cálcio, potássio, acetilcolina e nor-adrenalina. Foram analisados segundo a açao das drogas dentro de cada grupo e, também, analisadas a açao de cada droga, comparadas entre os grupos. Os resultados mostraram diferenças no D percentual do número de ondas sob estímulo farmacológico quando comparados ao movimento espontâneo. Na amplitude máxima, porém, nao houve diferença significante. Nas condiçoes de realizaçao do trabalho, pode-se concluir entao, que o comportamento motor sob estímulo farmacológico do segmento duodenal pré-papilar isolado de rato é diferente do pós-papilar.

Pancreatic juice and duodenal fluid flow rate in cow calves from birth to early ruminant state.

The present investigation on pancreatic juice (PJ) and duodenal fluid (DF) was carried out in 10 crossbred (Jersey x Kankrej) male cow calves from birth to early ruminant state (15 week). The respective samples were measured in situ by cannulating the pancreatic duct and duodenal lumen, 30 minutes before feeding (BF) and 30 minutes after feeding (AF) both during morning (MH) and evening (EH). The results revealed significant increase in PJ and DF flow rate with age. Diurnal effect was nonsignificant except a significant increase recorded during EH on 4 d for PJ and 3 d for DF.

Comportamento motor, sob estímulo farmacológico, de segmentos duodenais pré e pós-papilar de ratos albinos / Motility, under pharmacologic stimulus, of pre and pos papillary duodenal segments of Albino's rats

Cada segmento do tubo digestivo tem um padräo próprio de motilidade e toda atividade motora resulta fundamentalmente das propriedades elétricas do músculo liso. Em sua atividade motora, o duodeno apresenta funçöes de mistura e progressäo, como também participa do controle do esvaziamento gástrico. Os movimentos do complexo antro-piloro-bulbar säo considerados ponto de partida para o peristaltismo intestinal, inclusive com movimentos reversos, sendo que encontramos normalmente uma diminuiçäo progressiva da frequência das ondas do duodeno ao íleo terminal. Considerando que o duodeno tem características embriológicas, anatômicas, histológicas e bioquímicas que o destacam na fisiologia digestiva, interessou-nos o comportamento motor do segmento duodenal pré e pós-papilar sob estímulo farmacológico. Na realizaçäo do trabalho foram utilizados setenta ratos albinos, divididos em sete grupos nos quais foram obtidas diferenças porcentuais do número de ondas e da amplitude máxima das mesmas, em segmento intestinal isolado. Os agentes farmacológicos utilizados foram o cálcio, potássio, acetilcolina e nor-adrenalina. Cinco grupos foram analisados segundo a açäo das drogas dentro do próprio grupo e também analisada, a açäo de cada droga comparada entre os grupos. Os resultados mostraram diferenças no porcentual do número de ondas sob estímulo farmacológico quando comparados ao movimento espontâneo. Na amplitude máxima, porém, nao houve diferença significante. Nas condiçöes de realizaçäo do trabalho, pode-se concluir, entäo que o comportamento motor sob estímulo farmacológico do segmento duodenal pré-papilar isolado de rato é diferente do pós-papilar.

Evidence for the participation of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in neurally induced relaxation of the isolated rat duodenum

1. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of intrinsic nerves in the rat proximal duodenum induces a frequency-dependent non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxation response. 2. The inhibitors of L-arginine-NO synthase L-NG-nitro arginine methyl-ester (L-NAME) and L-NOARG (L-NG-nitro arginine) reduced the NANC relaxations elicited by EFS in a dose- and time-dependent manner; L-NOARG was two times more potent than L-NAME (IC50 = 14.3 vs 25.2 microM) and these effects were partially reverted by the addition of 300-1000 microM L-arginine but not of 300-1000 microMD-arginine. Relaxation caused by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 0.1 microM) or ATP (20 microM) was not blocked by L-NAME or L-NOARG. 3. The magnitude of the blockade caused by L-NAME and L-NOARG was dependent on the frequency of stimulation. At low frequencies (below 1 Hz) both L-NAME and L-NOARG abolished the relaxations, while at 2 to 8 Hz only partial inhibition was observed (maximal inhibition: 44.6 per cent +/- 5.2 and 63.4 per cent +/- 3.4, respectively) 4. The basal tonus of the duodenum was increased by 10-300 microM L-NAME and 10-300 microM L-NOARG and this effect was blocked by 1 mM L-arginine. 5. Nitric oxide generated from acidified NaNO2 caused a dose-dependent (EC50 = 2.75 microM) relaxation of the duodenum which was not affected by 100 microM L-NAME, 100 microM L-NOARG or 1 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX). 6. NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons and fibers identified by histochemistry were present in the myenteric plexus and along both circular and longitudinal muscle fibers indicating that nitric oxide could be synthetized by these neural structures

Estudo dos movimentos espontâneos e sob efeitos farmacológicos de segmentos isolados da junçäo duodeno-jejunal de rato / Spontaneous and drug-induced movements of isolated segments of the duodenojejunal junction of rat

Estudou-se, "in vitro", a motilidade espontânea e sob efeito farmacológico da junçäo duodenojejunal de ratos. Tomou-se três segmentos: pré, no nível e após a junçäo. Os registros foram feitos em quimógrafo com papel enfumaçado. A acetilcolina e fisostigmina diminuíram as amplitudes de contraçöes nos três segmentos, bem como a noradrenalina e procaína. A freqüência das contraçöes espontâneas apresentou um gradiente decrescente no sentido crânio-caudal, observado tambem sob o efeito da noradrenalina. Sob o efeito acetilcolina e fisostigmina elas se igualaram. Näo houve diferença quanto ao tipo de ondas (I, II e III), sendo mais frequüente a onda I. Elas näo se alteraram sob a açäo da acetilcolina e noradrenalina, e a fisostigmina alterou as características das ondas. O efeito da procaína sobre as ondas foi marcante, diferenciando, nitidamente, o segmento pré da transiçäo duodenojejunal. O tono foi igual nos três segmentos. A acetilcolina diferenciou o segmento pré do pós-junçäo duodenopejunal. A noradrenalina e a procaina diminuiram o tono e a fisostigmina aumentou-o igualmente nos três segmentos

La úlcera péptica: es una falla de los mecanismos de defensa de la mucosa gastroduodenal? / Peptic ulcer: a failure of defense mechanisms of gastroduodenal mucosa?

La úlcera péptica es una enfermedad heterogénea y multifactorial. La secreción de ácido/pepsina es un factor crítico permisivo en la ulceración péptica gastroduodenal. En este principio se ha basado mayormente la terapéutica de la enfermedad. La sola presencia del factor agresivo ácido/pepsina, no es suficiente para explicar satisfactoriamente la patogenia de la úlcera péptica. La defensa/resistencia de la mucosa representa otro factor crítico involucrado en la patogenia de la enfermedad. Varios mecanismos defensivos gastroduodenales se han demostrado deficientes en los pacientes ulcerosos. Entre ellos: la síntesis y liberación de prostaglandinas, la secreción de mucus y bicarbonato, y la magnitud de la capa hidrofóbica de la mucosa. Tanto el dictum "no ácido-no úlcera" como el corolario "defesa/resistencia normal-no úlcera" parecen ser válidos. La correción de una posible deficiencia en al defensa/resistencia de la mcuosa gastroduodenal puede ser un principio de utilidad práctica en el manejo del paciente ulceroso

Estómago y duodeno

Se exponen la anatomía y funciones del estómago y duodeno. Se hace un análisis de las úlceras pépticas, sus causas, complicaciones, localización e incidencia. El diagnóstico, características clínicas, tratamiento y evolución. Se describen las gastritis caústicas, estenosis secundarias, cuerpos extraños, lesiones traumáticas, estenosis pilóricas, síndrome de la arteria mesentérica y ruptura espontánea del estómago. Se señala que el conocimiento de los vólvulos gástricos es de gran importancia en la cirugía del abdomen agudo, pues la posición que adopta el órgano en la intervención puede confundir

Acute changes in extracellular fluid volume modify the antroduodenal flow of saline in dogs: a possible physiological role

The antroduodenal (AD) flow of saline was measured in anesthetized dogs following two different protocols of acute changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, ECF expansion by in infusion of saline before or after hemorrhage decreased the AD flow; conversely, hemorrhage before or after expansion increased flow. These alternating modifications in the AD flow are independent of the sequence of volemic changes and may constitue part of the homeostatic responses of the gut to confront life-thratening situations such as accidental hyperhydration or hemorrhage

Efeito inibidor de aminas simpatomiméticas nas respostas contráteis do duodeno de rato ao cálcio e ao bário / The inhibitory effect of sympathomimetics amines in the contractle responses of rat duodenum to calcium and barium

O duodeno de rato imerso em uma soluçäo de Tyrode sem cálcio responde com contraçöes equivalentes ao bário e ao cálcio. As respostas contráteis ao cálcio säo quantitativamente bloqueadas tanto por alfa como por beta simpatomiméticos. A açäo inibidora dos simpatomiméticos é reduzida pelos agentes simpatolíticos correspondentes e também pela efedrina, que näo possui atividade intrínseca. A açäo dos simpatomiméticos foi acentuadamente reduzida pela despolarizaçäo do duodeno com excesso de potássio. Os simpatolíticos fentolamina e propranolol têm efeito semelhante ao dos anestésicos locais, isto é, inibiçäo das contraçöes produzidas por bário tanto em soluçäo de Tyrode normal como com excesso de potássio; eles näo interferem com as respostas ao cálcio em condiçöes normais. Conclui-se que a despolarizaçäo do duodeno de rato rompe a interaçäo normal dos simpatomiméticos com os receptores adrenérgicos; a açäo das drogas na preparaçäo despolarizada é por uma interferência inespecífica à permeabilidade dos íons na membrana celular