Perforación duodenal por barotrauma durante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: caso clínico / Duodenal perforation due to barotrauma during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: clinical case

Resumen Introducción: La perforación duodenal secundaria a la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es una complicación infrecuente y más aún cuando su mecanismo lesional es por barotrauma. La inyección de aire a alta presión produce un neumoretroperitoneo, cuya extensión y evolución lesional es incierta. Caso Clínico: Se comunica el caso de un hombre joven que sufrió una perforación duodenal durante una CPRE, su manejo quirúrgico y evolución. Discusión: El diagnóstico clínico-imagenológico suele ser precoz y claro si se detecta la lesión durante el procedimiento. El manejo terapéutico conservador o quirúrgico de esta entidad depende de varios factores que se analizan en el presente estudio.

Introduction: Duodenal perforation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a rare complication and even more if the mechanism of injury is secondary to barotrauma. The injection of high-pressure-air produces a pneumo-retroperitoneum, the extent and lesional evolution of which is uncertain. Clinical Case: We report the case of a young man who suffered a duodenal perforation during an ERCP, his surgical management and evolution. Discussion: The clinical-imaging diagnosis is usually early and clear if the lesion is detected during the procedure. Its conservative or surgical management will depends on several factors that are analyzed in the present study.

Parietal peritoneum graft for duodenum injuries in an animal model / Enxerto de peritônio parietal em lesão duodenal: modelo animal

ABSTRACT Background: Duodenal injuries and their surgical procedure cause a high morbidity and mortality. Aim: To assess the overall effectiveness of the auto-graft of peritoneum in the treatment of the perforation of the duodenum, aiming to reduce surgery time, costs, complexity and mortality. Methods: Twelve New Zealand rabbits, ages 4-6 months, both sexes, underwent designed surgical grade III duodenal injuries that were repaired 18 h after. Rabbits were surgically treated with the proposed auto-graft of peritoneum. Results: No postoperative deaths were observed; the animals presented corporal weight increase and were euthanized six months later. There was no significant difference between both groups relating to the postoperative evolution or in the histological changes. Conclusion: Auto-graft of the peritoneum and posterior fascia is a useful option for duodenal repair and that is worth of evaluation for humans.

RESUMO Racional: Lesões duodenais e seu procedimento cirúrgico causam alta morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia geral de retalho peritoneal no tratamento da perfuração do duodeno, visando reduzir o tempo, os custos, a complexidade e a mortalidade cirúrgicas. Métodos: Doze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, com idades entre 4-6 meses, ambos os sexos, foram submetidos a lesões duodenais cirúrgicas de grau III, que foram reparadas 18 h depois. Coelhos foram tratados cirurgicamente com a proposta de auto-enxerto de peritônio. Resultados: Não foram observados óbitos pós-operatórios; os animais apresentaram aumento de peso corporal e foram eutanasiados seis meses depois. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos em relação à evolução pós-operatória ou nas alterações histológicas. Conclusão: A auto-enxertia do peritônio e da fáscia posterior é uma opção útil para o reparo duodenal e vale a pena ser avaliada em seres humanos.

Hallazgos endoscópicos en el tubo digestivo secundarios a la ingesta de cáusticos en niños atendidos en el Departamento de Urgencias / Endoscopic findings of the digestive tract secondary to caustic ingestion in children seen at the Emergency Department

Antecedentes. La ingesta de sustancias cáusticas en pediatría constituye una causa frecuente de atención médica en Urgencias. El uso indiscriminado de limpiadores químicos y la facilidad de adquisición son factores determinantes para estas lesiones. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo analítico. Se incluyeron niños < 16 años, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2017. Se identificó el agente químico cáustico ingerido por el niño como ácido o alcalino. Se realizó una endoscopía digestiva para tipificar el grado de quemadura. Se comparó el grado de quemadura con el tipo de cáustico; por medio de la prueba de chi² o exacta de Fisher, se consideró significativo el valor de P < 0,05. Resultados. Ingresaron 133 niños en Urgencias por ingesta de cáusticos. El agente cáustico fue ácido en el 41 % y alcalino en el 59 %. El agente ácido más frecuente fue el ácido muriático (36,8 %), mientras que el alcalino fue la sosa (soda) cáustica (41,4 %). La quemadura del esófago fue más frecuente en la ingesta de sosa en comparación con otros cáusticos (p= 0,001), mientras que la quemadura del estómago (p= 0,001) y del duodeno (p= 0,002) fue estadísticamente significativa en la ingesta de ácido muriático. El grupo de edad que más frecuentemente ingirió algún cáustico (93,2 %) fueron los menores de 5 años. Conclusiones. El cáustico ingerido con mayor frecuencia fue un agente alcalino, que provocó quemadura esofágica, mientras que un agente ácido provocó quemaduras en el estómago y el duodeno evidenciadas por endoscopía.

Background. Caustic ingestion in pediatrics is a common cause of visits to the Emergency Department. An indiscriminate use of cleaning chemicals and an easy access to them are determining factors for these injuries. Population and methods. Descriptive, analytical study. Children aged < 16 years hospitalized between January 1998 and December 2017 were included. The ingested caustic substance was identified as acid or alkaline. A gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to establish the burn grade. The grade of the burn was compared to the type of caustic substance using the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test; a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. A total of 133 children were admitted to the Emergency Department due to caustic ingestion. The caustic agent was acid in 41 % of cases and alkaline, in 59 %. The most common acid caustic substance was muriatic acid (36.8 %) and the most common alkaline caustic agent was caustic soda (41.4 %). An esophageal burn was the most common consequence of caustic soda ingestion compared to other caustic agents (p = 0.001), whereas muriatic acid ingestion was the most statistically significant cause of stomach burn (p = 0.001) and duodenal burn (p = 0.002). The age group that most commonly ingested some caustic agent (93.2 %) corresponded to children younger than 5 years. Conclusions. The most common type of ingested caustic agent was alkaline, which caused esophageal burn; whereas, the ingestion of an acid caustic substance caused stomach and duodenal burns, as evidenced by endoscopy.

Double Penetrated Duodenal Wall during Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Choledochoduodenostomy

No abstract available.

Cuerpo extraño intra-abdominal: caso clínico y revisión de literatura / Intra-abdominal foreign body: clinical case and review of the literature

Cases of intra-abdominal foreign bodies are rare and caused mainly by retained elements after surgery and by, in general, accidental swallowing and subsequent perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. We report the case of a 74 year-old female patient, presenting with fever, abdominal pain and weight loss. An abdominal TC showed the presence of a foreign body that had caused a perforation of duodenum and gallbladder neck; surgery showed that it was a 4 cm ‘twist-tie’. The description of the case presents differential diagnoses, based on a review of the literature. This is a rare event and corresponds to the third publication of a case of a twist-tie intra-abdominal foreign body, according to a review of other medical publications.

Los cuerpos extraños intraabdominales son infrecuentes y se deben en gran medida a accidentes quirúrgicos y a ingesta, en general, accidental y posterior perforación del tracto digestivo. Se reporta un caso de una mujer de 74 años con fiebre, dolor abdominal y baja de peso, cuyo estudio mediante tomografía computada de abdomen muestra un cuerpo extraño que perfora duodeno y el bacinete. La cirugía demostró que se trataba de un “twist tie” de 4 cm que perforaba esas estructuras. En la descripción del caso se plantean los diagnósticos diferenciales basados en revisión de la literatura. Se presenta este caso por ser muy infrecuente, correspondiendo a la tercera publicación de un cuerpo extraño intra-abdominal por twist tie, de acuerdo con la revisión de las publicaciones médicas.

Is there a role for pyloric exclusion after severe duodenal trauma? / Existe lugar para a exclusão pilórica no trauma duodenal grave?

Duodenal trauma is an infrequent injury, but linked to high morbidity and mortality. Surgical management of duodenal injuries is dictated by: patient's hemodynamic status, injury severity, time of diagnosis, and presence of concomitant injuries. Even though most cases can be treated with primary repair, some experts advocate adjuvant procedures. Pyloric exclusion (PE) has emerged as an ancillary method to protect suture repair in more complex injuries. However, the effectiveness of this procedure is debatable. The "Evidence Based Telemedicine - Trauma & Acute Care Surgery" (EBT-TACS) Journal Club performed a critical appraisal of the literature and selected three relevant publications on the indications for PE in duodenal trauma. The first study retrospectively compared 14 cases of duodenal injuries greater than grade II treated by PE, with 15 cases repaired primarily, all of which penetrating. Results showed that PE did not improve outcome. The second study, also retrospective, compared primary repair (34 cases) with PE (16 cases) in blunt and penetrating grade > II duodenal injuries. The authors concluded that PE was not necessary in all cases. The third was a literature review on the management of challenging duodenal traumas. The author of that study concluded that PE is indicated for anastomotic leak management after gastrojejunostomies. In conclusion, the choice of the surgical procedure to treat duodenal injuries should be individualized. Moreover, there is insufficient high quality scientific evidence to support the abandonment of PE in severe duodenal injuries with extensive tissue loss.

O trauma duodenal é incomum, mas possui alta morbimortalidade. As condições clínicas dos pacientes, gravidade das lesões, tempo de diagnóstico e lesões associadas influenciam na escolha do procedimento operatório. A maioria das lesões duodenais é tratada com reparo primário. Procedimentos adjuvantes para proteger a linha de sutura e evitar deiscência podem ser úteis em lesões complexas. Embora a exclusão pilórica (EP) seja utilizada em lesões duodenais graves, há controvérsia quanto a sua necessidade. A reunião "Telemedicina Baseada em Evidências - Cirurgia do Trauma e Emergência" (TBE-CiTE) revisou a literatura e selecionou três publicações relevantes sobre as indicações de EP no trauma duodenal. O primeiro estudo, retrospectivo, comparou 14 pacientes com ferimentos penetrantes duodenais grau > II, tratados com EP, com 15 pacientes semelhantes tratados com reparo primário; não houve diferença nos resultados. O segundo, também retrospectivo, comparou o reparo primário (34 casos) com EP (16 casos), em lesões duodenais contusas ou penetrantes grau > II. Os autores concluíram que a EP não é necessária para todos os pacientes, apesar de lesões duodenais graves. O terceiro estudo constituiu-se de revisão da literatura sobre os desafios do tratamento dos traumatismos duodenais. Na experiência do autor, a EP é útil nos casos de fístula de anastomoses gastrojejunais. Conclui-se que a escolha do procedimento operatório no tratamento das lesões duodenais deve ser individualizada. Não há evidência cientifica de boa qualidade para justificar o abandono da EP no tratamento das lesões duodenais graves com grande perda tecidual.

Obstrução duodenal por hematoma parietal pós-trauma: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Post-traumatic duodenal obstruction by intramural hematoma: a case report and literature review

Os hematomas parietais de alças intestinais por trauma abdominal fechado, determinando rápida obstrução luminal, são lesões raras e podem ser confundidas com afecções neoplásicas estenosantes (parietais ou por mecanismo de compressão extrínseca). Neste estudo é relatado um caso de obstrução intestinal por hematoma parietal da terceira porção duodenal pós-trauma e são discutidos o diagnóstico por imagem e o tratamento para tal obstrução.

Intramural duodenal hematomas secondary to blunt trauma, determining rapid luminal obstruction, are rare, benign lesions and may be confused with obstructive neoplastic conditions (either parietal or produced by extrinsic compression mechanisms). The present report describes a case of post‑traumatic intestinal obstruction by an intramural hematoma in the third duodenal segment. Imaging diagnosis and the conservative management of such obstruction are discussed.

Excepcional y compleja lesión duodenal por ingesta de objetos metálicos / Duodenal perforation caused by metallic objects: case report

We report a 20 years old schizophrenic male, with a history of ingestion of four metallic tubes through which mate tea is drunk, that was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain. A plain abdominal film showed the metallic objects in the abdominal cavity. The patient was operated. Two of the tubes were perforating the second portion of duodenum and the other two were in the large bowel. The tubes were extracted and the bowel wall was repaired. Due to a bad postoperative evolution, on a second operation, an antrectomy and duodenal excision was carried out. A duodenal fistula appeared that closed after 30 days, when the patient was discharged.

Las lesiones duodenales graves por ingestión de cuerpos extraños son excepcionales y cursan con alta morbimortalidad a pesar de los avances en el diagnóstico, su manejo quirúrgico y endoscópico. Actualmente, para su resolución definitiva se requiere a veces de un tratamiento por etapas y mediante la combinación de diversos procedimientos. Se presenta un caso clínico de lesión multivisceral a partir de una perforación duodenal (tipo III) provocada por la ingesta de varios objetos metálicos (bombillas de mate), que asocia compromiso hepático y colónico y complicada con una fístula duodeno cutánea. Su manejo requirió de varios procedimientos de reparación duodenal, que se combinaron en etapas sucesivas. El excepcional tipo de agente lesional, la compleja situación que provocó y el análisis de la literatura, otorgan particular interés al tema.

Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage after Endoscopic Removal of a Fish Bone Stuck in the Duodenum of a Patient Receiving Hemodialysis / 대한소화기학회지

Fish bones are often ingested accidently. Most of them passes out through the gastrointestinal tract safely, but serious complications, such as perforation, abscess, obstruction, and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, can occur. An ingested fish bone can be easily removed by endoscopy, and surgery is rarely required. However, there may be complications related to the endoscopic procedure including mucosal laceration, bleeding, fever, and perforation. Here, we report a case of retroperitoneal hemorrhage developed after endoscopic removal of a fish bone stuck in the duodenal wall, and then resolved spontaneously by conservative care.

Duodenopancreatectomia no trauma: relato de caso / Duodenopancreatectomy in trauma: case report

A duodenopancreatectomia é rara no trauma, entretanto, em algumas situações é necessária, como ocorre nas lesões complexas da confluência biliopancreática. O grau da lesão, tipo do trauma, estabilidade hemodinâmica e a condição homeostática do paciente no momento da cirurgia são fatores que determinam a técnica cirúrgica a ser utilizada no trauma. Este relato objetiva demonstrar tipo de lesão grave e rara no trauma com seu resultado, além da opção de reconstrução do trânsito biliar e anastomose pancreato-duodenal.

The duodenopancreatectomy is rare in trauma, however, in some situations it is necessary, eg in complex lesions of the Duodeno-pancreatic confluence. The degree of injury, type of trauma, hemodynamic stability and homeostatic condition of the patient at the time of surgery are the factors that determine the surgical technique to be used in trauma. This case report aims to demonstrate a type of rare and severe injury in trauma with the result, plus the option of biliary transit reconstruction and pancreato-duodenal anastomosis.

Fatal gastro-duodenal perforation following electrocution: A case report.

A 45 yrs old male was accidentally electrocuted, while cooking on a locally made heater in his home. He was immediately brought to the hospital in unconscious state by the family members. After first aid he was referred to a tertiary care hospital, where he was admitted about two hrs after the incident. On admission he was unconscious, abdomen was distended, with fluid in peritoneal cavity. There was tachycardia and hypotension. Bowel sounds were absent. Electrocution burn marks were present over the right hand. Arterial blood analysis showed severe metabolic acidosis. He was immediately shifted to the ICU. His condition continued to be critical with persistent metabolic acidosis despite repeated sodium bicarbonate infusion. An exploratory laprotomy was planned to rule out abdominal visceral injuries. However the patient expired six hrs after admission to the hospital before being taken to the operation theatre. Autopsy examination showed perforated anterior wall of stomach antrum and first part of duodenum.

The use of amniotic membrane in the repair of duodenal wounds in Wistar rats / Uso da membrana amniótica no reparo de feridas duodenais em ratos Wistar

Purpose: In the search of a new material to repair duodenal wounds, a trial was conducted to assess the behavior of human amniotic membrane in the repair of the duodenal wall in rats. METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 350g, male, were submitted to duodenotomy and randomly distributed into two groups. Group A (n=8) had no treatment and was used as the control group. In Group B (n=42) the duodenal wound was treated with a patch of human amniotic membrane. RESULTS: All animals in Group A died. In Group B no changes were observed with regards to death or the formation of duodenal fistula. All animals presented peritoneal adherences in the region on the duodenal wall repair and intestinal obstruction was observed in two animals. Healing of the duodenal wall in the region of the patch took place progressively as the post-operatory period increased, with regeneration of the mucosa and of the smooth muscle layer. CONCLUSION: From the clinical standpoint, the amniotic membrane proved to be a biological tissue which served as a temporary seal and allowed the wound to heal by second-intention, with re-establishment of the duodenal wall structure.

OBJETIVO: Na busca de um novo material para o reparo dos ferimentos duodenais, foi efetuado um estudo para avaliar o comportamento da membrana amniótica humana no reparo da parede duodenal em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 50 ratos Wistar, com peso entre 250 e 350g, machos, distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos. Grupo A (n=8), submetido à duodenotomia sem tratamento, utilizados como controle. Grupo B (n=42), submetido a um remendo de membrana amniótica humana para tratamento de ferimento duodenal provocado. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais do grupo A foram a óbito. No grupo B não foram observadas alterações quanto a óbito ou formação de fístula duodenal. Observaram-se em todos os animais aderências peritoneais à região do reparo da parede do duodeno e obstrução intestinal em dois animais. O reparo da parede duodenal na área do remendo ocorreu de maneira progressiva com o aumento do período pós-operatório, com regeneração da mucosa e da camada muscular. CONCLUSÃO: A análise da membrana amniótica, do ponto de vista clínico, mostrou ser um tecido biológico que serviu para selar.

Lesão duodenal isolada após trauma abdominal contuso: um desafio ao cirurgião / Isolated duodenal injury after an abdominal blunt trauma: a surgeon's challenge

O trauma duodenal contuso é pouco freqüente. Seu diagnóstico precoce é difícil, principalmente, quando a lesão duodenal ocorre isoladamente, como no caso relatado. Quando o diagnóstico é tardio, mesmo as lesões pequenas, transformam-se em complexas, exigindo, para seu tratamento, métodos cirúrgicos adicionais com aumento da morbimortalidade. O diagnóstico precoce para ser feito exige três condições: suspeitar clinicamente da lesão, mecanismo de trauma compatível e dispor de TC e/ou radiografia simples do abdômen.

The blunt duodenal trauma is uncommon. Early diagnosis is difficult, especially when the duodenal lesion occurs in isolation, as in the reported case. When the diagnosis is delayed, even the smallest lesion becomes complex, related to increased morbidity and mortality rates and the treatment requires additional surgical methods. Early diagnosis to be made requires three main conditions: clinical suspicion of lesion, occurrence of compatible mechanism of trauma, and availability of computed tomography (CT) and/or radiography of the abdomen.

The use of pyloric exclusion for treating duodenal trauma: case series / Exclusão pilórica no tratamento do trauma duodenal: série de casos

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Significant controversy exists regarding the best surgical treatment for complex duodenal injuries. The aims of this study were to report on a series of eight cases of duodenal repairs using pyloric exclusion and to describe reported complications or improvements in clinical outcomes among patients with complex duodenal trauma. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study followed by a case series in a university hospital. METHODS: Data on eight patients with duodenal trauma who underwent pyloric exclusion over a 17.5 year period were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The causes of the injuries included penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) in five patients and motor vehicle accidents (blunt trauma) in three patients. The time elapsed until surgery was longer in the blunt trauma group, while in one patient, the gunshot injury was initially missed and thus the procedure was carried out 36 hours after the original injury. The injuries were grade III (50 percent) or IV (50 percent) and the morbidity rate was 87.5 percent. Four patients (50 percent) died during the postoperative period from complications, including hypovolemic shock (one patient), sepsis (peritonitis following the missed injury) and pancreatitis with an anastomotic fistula (two patients). CONCLUSIONS: Pyloric exclusion was associated with multiple complications and a high mortality rate. This surgical technique is indicated for rare cases of complex injury to the duodenum and the surgeon should be aware that treatment with a minimalistic approach, with only primary repair, may be ideal.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: Há controvérsias a respeito do melhor tratamento cirúrgico para as lesões duodenais complexas. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar uma série de oito casos de reparo duodenal utilizando a exclusão pilórica e descrever a evolução dos pacientes com trauma duodenal complexo submetidos a este procedimento. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal e descrição de série de casos em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas e analisadas as informações de oito pacientes com trauma duodenal submetidos à exclusão pilórica em um período de 17,5 anos. RESULTADOS: Os mecanismos de trauma envolvidos foram ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo em cinco pacientes e acidente automobilístico em três pacientes. O atraso do tratamento cirúrgico foi maior nos pacientes vítimas de trauma fechado, e em um paciente a lesão pelo projétil passou despercebida, sendo o procedimento cirúrgico realizado em nova laparotomia após 36 horas. As lesões duodenais encontradas foram grau III (50 por cento) ou grau IV (50 por cento), e a taxa de morbidade foi de 87,5 por cento. Quatro pacientes (50 por cento) morreram durante o período pós-operatório, de complicações como choque hipovolêmico (um caso), sepse (peritonite por ferimento não identificado), ou pancreatite associada à fístula da anastomose (dois casos). CONCLUSÕES: A exclusão pilórica esteve associada à alta taxa de morbimortalidade. Esta técnica cirúrgica deve ser indicada em poucos casos de lesão complexa de duodeno e o cirurgião deve saber que, frente a uma lesão duodenal, a sutura primária pode ser o melhor tratamento.

Sección duodenal total: indicador confiable de maltrato fisico severo / Total duodenal section: a reliable indicator of severe physical abuse

Antecedentes: No es común que como consecuencia de abuso físico haya perforación de víscera hueca y mucho menos que la rotura sea de magnitud tal que seccione el duodeno en la totalidad de su circunferencia. De acuerdo con la literatura, se ha establecido que es poco probable que una lesión visceral sea causada por maltrato. El objetivo de este análisis es investigar si la sección duodenal total puede ser un indicador seguro de agresión física intencional. Las variables fueron sometidas a χ2, probabilidad de riesgo y prueba de homogeneidad de Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel. Casos clínicos: Fueron estudiados cuatro niños que sufrieron maltrato físico y cuya complicación más importante fue la sección duodenal completa. Resultados: Los niños fueron operados y la evolución fue satisfactoria; el análisis estadístico mostró p<0.0001 y probabilidad de riesgo de 18.7. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con los resultados estadísticos, la rotura duodenal en toda su circunferencia debe ser considerada un indicador de maltrato físico severo.

BACKGROUND: Rupture of the hollow viscera due to battered child syndrome is an unusual clinical finding and it is even less likely when we encounter total duodenum section. The literature on child abuse does not include visceral lesions as part of the spectrum. The aim of this study was to analize if complete duodenal section is a reliable indicator of severe physical abuse. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-square tests, likelihood ratios and the Cochran-Mantel-Haentzel test. CLINICAL CASES: Four children were admitted with a battered child syndrome diagnosis. RESULTS: All participants were surgically treated and the finding was total section of the duodenum. The postoperative course was normal. Statistical tests were p<0.0001 and the likelihood ratio 18.7 CONCLUSION: Duodenal rupture is a statistically reliable indicator of a severe form of physical abuse in children.

Lesões traumáticas de vísceras ocas / Injuries to the hollow viscera

Nos pacientes vítimas de traumatismo abdominal, contuso ou penetrante, além dos cuidados iniciais de estabilização, diagnóstico cuidadoso de lesões associadas e tratamento cirúrgico imediato em situações óbvias, devemos estar atentos para possíveis lesões de vísceras ocas que podem se manifestar tardiamente, postergando o tratamento definitivo, com conseqüente piora do prognóstico. Baseado na forte suspeita, analisando o mecanismo do trauma e lesões encontradas na avaliação inicial, o lavado peritoneal diagnóstico e exames de imagem devem ser empregados em conjunto, para confirmar ou afastar a existência de lesão de vísceras ocas. Atualmente, não dispomos de exames com especificidade e sensibilidade suficientes para, isoladamente, definir o diagnóstico. Dentre os órgãos intra cavitários não sólidos envolvidos nos traumatismos abdominais, destaca-se o intestino delgado como o mais acometido nas lesões penetrantes, seguido pelo cólon, estômago e duodeno. As lesões de vísceras ocas são menos freqüentes em traumatismos contusos, porém, geralmente, apresentam-se com maior gravidade e associadas a outras lesões. O tratamento é cirúrgico, em geral com o reparo primário da víscera, sendo a tática operatória guiada pela gravidade das lesões e condições gerais do paciente.

In abdominal blunt or penetrating trauma patients, despite of the initial assessment and stabilization, careful diagnosis of associated injuries and immediate treatment in obvious cases, we must be concerned about missing injuries of hollow viscera that can disclose itself later, delaying definitive treatment, with consequent worse prognosis. Based in high suspicion related to the mechanism of trauma and associated injuries in the initial evaluation, diagnostic peritoneal lavage and radiological exams must be indicated in the effort to confirm the existence of hollow visceral injuries. Currently, there is no method with such specificity and sensitivity to define diagnosis by itself. Among the organs injured in abdominal trauma, the small bowel is the most frequent in penetrating wounds, followed by colon, stomach and duodenum. The hollow viscera injuries are less common in blunt trauma, however usually associated to higher severity and other injuries. The treatment is surgical, usually with primary repair, guided by the anatomical injury severity and patient general conditions.

Bowel injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

To determine the frequency, site, cause, presentation, management and mortality of the bowel injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC]. Descriptive case-series. This is a prospective analysis of laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at Surgical Unit I, Civil Hospital Karachi. A total of 1246 LCs were performed from 1st September 1997 to 15th June 2005. There were 1246 patients in the study, who underwent LC. The inclusion criteria for LC were: patients of all ages and both sexes, symptomatic gallstone disease, recurrent attack while waiting for interval LC, normal levels of blood complete picture and liver function tests, and ultrasound abdomen demonstrating gallstone disease. There were 2 cases of bowel injury, ie a frequency of 0.16%. One was serosal injury to colon and the other was duodenal perforation. Both were detected peroperatively, and managed by converting the procedure to open and primary closure of injury; duodenal closure was reinforced with omental patch. Postoperatively, the patient with colonic injury recovered well, but the patient with duodenal injury developed duodenal fistula which was managed conservatively. There was no mortality. Both cases of bowel injury were among the first 50 of the 1246 case-series. At 0.16%, the frequency of bowel injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is small; the risk of such injury is more during the learning curve. Timely detection during the operation results in successful outcome, with little or no mortality

Ingestion of metallic rods and needles

Foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract [GIT] are not very rare. This case describes a patient purposefully swallowing metallic objects. These were five iron rods ranging 4-5 inches in length, and two needles. One of the rod perforated duodenum and was found in pelvic cavity upon exploration. The rest of the rods were in small gut and stomach

Enxerto de submucosa porcina no tratamento de lesões duodenais em cães / Porcine submucosa graft for the treatment of duodenal injuries in dogs

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a biocompatibilidade e a eficiência da SID (submucosa de intestino delgado) porcina, quando usada como enxerto para reparar lesões duodenais. MÉTODOS: O estudo experimental foi realizado em oito cães. Um segmento da parede da segunda porção do duodeno foi ressecada e a lesão foi reparada com um enxerto de submucosa de intestino delgado porcina. No 120° dia de pós-operatório os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia e o segmento do duodeno com o enxerto foi retirado para avaliações macroscópica e microscópica. RESULTADOS: Não houve infecção, deiscência da sutura ou fístula. O estudo microscópico revelou completa re-epitelização em 75 por cento dos casos, com proliferação fibroblástica moderada em 87,5 por cento dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A SID porcina é um enxerto eficaz para reparo de lesões com perda de substância em duodeno de cães.