Case for diagnosis. Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1: differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis

Abstract: Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH) is the main cutaneous marker of HTLV-1 infection. This disease occurs primarily in children and should be differentiated from other eczemas, especially from atopic dermatitis. The largest series of IDH are from Jamaica and Brazil. There are an estimated 15 to 20 million infected people in the world, and Brazil is one of the endemic regions. Studies suggest that IDH in children may be a marker for the development of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or myelopathy associated with HTLV-1/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM / TSP) in adulthood.

Human herpes simplex virus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and managemenT

Eight of the more than 80 known herpesviruses are human pathogens. Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a contagious infection with a large reservoir in the general population. It has a potential for significant complications in the immunocompromised host. In addition, psychological distress caused by the negative stigma associated with genital herpes and visible facial lesions in those experiencing frequent outbreaks renders it a challenging clinical dilemma. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic features of HSV infections, providing the clinician with an up-to-date understanding of the available management strategies for mucocutaneous HSV-induced disease.

Manifestations of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in childhood and adolescence

OBJETIVOS: Revisão da literatura sobre doenças relacionadas à infecção pelo vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas (HTLV-I) na infância e adolescência, focalizando clínica, diagnóstico, patogênese, evolução e tratamento. FONTES DOS DADOS: Literatura médica dos últimos 20 anos utilizando PubMed e MEDLINE e livros médicos especializados, com ênfase na dermatite infecciosa associada ao HTLV-I (DIH), na forma infanto-juvenil da mielopatia associada ao HTLV/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP), na leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e na uveíte associada ao HTLV-I. Palavras-chave usadas na pesquisa: dermatite infecciosa associada ao HTLV-I, mielopatia associada ao HTLV/paraparesia espástica tropical, leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto, uveíte associada ao HTLV-I. SíNTESE DOS ACHADOS: A DIH é uma dermatite crônica, recidivante e infectada da infância que sempre envolve o couro cabeludo e que pode evoluir para HAM/TSP e ATL. A HAM/TSP é uma mielopatia crônica e incapacitante do adulto. Há 17 casos infanto-juvenis de HAM/TSP bem documentados na literatura, 12 dos quais em pacientes com DIH. Ao contrário da doença no adulto, essa forma é rapidamente progressiva. A ATL é uma leucemia/linfoma T do adulto, geralmente fatal. De 24 casos infanto-juvenis de ATL da literatura, 11 foram diagnosticados no Brasil. CONCLUSÕES: Essas doenças devem ser mais freqüentes na infância e adolescência do que indica a literatura. É aconselhável fazer sorologia para o HTLV-I em crianças e adolescentes com eczema crônico e recidivante, com sintomas e sinais de mielopatia ou com diagnóstico de leucemia/linfoma de células T. É importante que os pediatras saibam reconhecer as manifestações pediátricas dessa infecção para diagnosticá-las corretamente, propiciando aos pacientes orientação e tratamento adequados.

OBJECTIVES: To review the literature on diseases linked with infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in childhood and adolescence, with focus on clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenesis, progression and treatment. SOURCES: Medical literature published during the last 20 years identified using PubMed and MEDLINE and from specialized medical books, with emphasis on infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-I (IDH), on the juvenile form of HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), on adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and on HTLV-I-associated uveitis. Keywords used to search databases were: HTLV-I-associated infective dermatitis, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, HTLV-I-associated uveitis. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: IDH is a chronic, relapsing and infected dermatitis of childhood which always involves the scalp and which may progress to HAM/TSP and ATL. HAM/TSP is a chronic and incapacitating myelopathy of adults. There are 17 well-documented cases of HAM/TSP in children and adolescents in the literature, 12 of whom are patients with IDH. In contrast with the adult form of the disease, the juvenile form is rapid and progressive. ATL is a type of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma that affects adults and is generally fatal. Eleven of the 24 published reports of ATL in children and adolescents were diagnosed in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: These diseases are likely to be more common in childhood and adolescence than the literature would suggest. It is advisable that serological testing be performed for HTLV-I in children and adolescents suffering from chronic and relapsing eczema, with signs and symptoms of myelopathy or with a diagnosis of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. It is important that pediatricians know how to recognize the pediatric manifestations of this infection in order to correctly diagnose them and offer their patients appropriate guidance and treatment.