Endoparasites of wild birds from campus area and zoobotanical park, at the federal university of Acre, Rio Branco - Acre / Endoparásitos en aves silvestres del área del campus y del parque zoobotánico de la universidad federal del Acre, Rio Branco - Acre / Endoparasitas de aves silvestres da área do campus e do parque zoobotânico, da universidade federal do Acre, Rio Branco - Acre

This study was developed at the Campus (C) and the Zoo-botanical Park (PZ) at the Federal University of Acre, with the purpose of identifying endoparasites in the avifauna of those locations. The birds were captured using 10 mist nets. The nets were set from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.. The faecal samples collected were stored in Merthiolate, Iodine and Formaldehyde (MIF). Willies and direct methods were used for the diagnostic of endoparasites. Two hundred and eighty-seven birds were captured, with 34 recaptures, which resulted in 253 different specimens ­ 158 on the campus and 95 at the PZ. The birds caught were from 58 different species, belonging to 25 families and 12 orders. Fecal samples from 193 birds belonging to 49 species from 11 orders and 18 families were obtained and analyzed. The following endoparasites were identified: Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Isospora sp., Enterobius vermicularis, Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, Strongyloides avium, Capillaria spp., Ancylostoma spp., Raillietina sp., Choanotaenia sp., Microphallus sp., and Echinostoma revolutum. Eimeria sp. was the most frequent parasite found in most bird species. The results showed a high level of endoparasitic infection in the aviary community in the two study areas.(AU)

El estudio se realizó en el Campus (C) y en el Parque Zoobotánico (PZ), de la Universidad Federal de Acre, con el objetivo de identificar los endoparásitos presentes en la avifauna de estos locales. Las aves fueron capturadas utilizando 10 redes de niebla. Las redes fueron armadas en el período de las 13h a las 17h. Las muestras fecales obtenidas se conservaron en Merthiolate, Yodo y Formaldehído (MIF). Para el diagnóstico de los endoparásitos se utilizaron los métodos directo y de Willis. Se capturaron 287 aves, habiendo ocurrido 34 recapturas, lo que resultó en 253 especímenes distintos, siendo 158 en el Campus y 95 en el PZ. Las aves capturadas pertenecían a 58 especies, distribuidas en 25 familias y 12 órdenes. Se obtuvieron y analizaron las muestras fecales de 193 aves, pertenecientes a 49 especies de 11 órdenes y 18 familias. Los endoparásitos identificados: Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba butschlii, Isospora sp., Enterobius vermicularis, Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, Strongyloides avium, Capillaria sp., Ancylostoma sp., Raillietina sp., Choanotaenia sp., Microphallus sp. y Echinostoma revutum. La Eimeria sp. fue el parásito que estuvo presente en mayor número de especies de aves. Los resultados evidenciaron un alto nivel de infección de endoparásitos en la comunidad de aves, presentes en las dos áreas del estudio.(AU)

O estudo foi realizado no Campus (C) e no Parque Zoobotânico (PZ), da Universidade Federal do Acre, com o objetivo de identificar os endoparasitas presentes na avifauna destes locais. As aves foram capturadas utilizando-se 10 redes de neblina. As redes foram armadas no período das 13h às 17h. As amostras fecais obtidas foram conservadas em Merthiolate, Iodo e Formaldeído(MIF). Para diagnóstico dos endoparasitas foram utilizados os métodos direto e de Willis. Foram capturadas 287 aves, tendo ocorrido 34 recapturas, o que resultou em 253 espécimes distintas, sendo 158 no Campus e 95 no PZ. As aves capturadas pertenciam a 58 espécies, distribuídas em 25 famílias e 12 ordens. Foram obtidas e analisadas as amostras fecais de 193 aves, pertencentes a 49 espécies de 11 ordens e 18 famílias. Os endoparasitas identificados: Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba butschlii, Isospora sp., Enterobius vermicularis, Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, Strongyloides avium, Capillaria sp., Ancylostoma sp., Raillietina sp., Choanotaenia sp., Microphallus sp. e Echinostoma revolutum. A Eimeria sp. foi o parasito que esteve presente em maior número de espécies de aves. Os resultados evidenciaram um alto nível de infecção de endoparasitas na comunidade de aves, presentes nas duas áreas de estudo.(AU)

Changing Patterns of Acute Phase Proteins and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Caprine Coccidiosis

This experiment was conducted to assess the changing patterns and relative values of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in experimental caprine coccidiosis. Eighteen newborn kids were allocated to 3 equal groups. Two groups, A and B, were inoculated with a single dose of 1x10(3) and 1x10(5) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arloingi, respectively. The third group, C, received distilled water as the control. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each kid in both groups before inoculation and at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-inoculation (PI), and the levels of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were measured. For histopathological examinations, 2 kids were selected from each group, euthanized, and necropsied on day 42 PI. Mean Hp concentrations in groups A and B (0.34 and 0.68 g/L) at day 7 PI were 3.2 and 6.3 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The mean SAA concentrations in groups A and B (25.6 and 83.5 microg/ml) at day 7 PI were 4.2 and 13.7 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The magnitude and duration of the Hp and SAA responses correlated well with the inoculation doses and the severity of the clinical signs and diarrhea in kids. These results were consistent with the histopathological features, which showed advanced widespread lesions in group B. In both groups, significant correlations were observed for TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma with SAA and Hp, respectively. In conclusion, Hp and SAA can be useful non-specific diagnostic indicators in caprine coccidiosis.

Alterações clínicas e patológicas durantea infecção experimental com Eimeria acervulinaem frangos de corte suplementados com betaína / Clinical and pathological changes during the experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina in broiler chickens suplemented with betaine

Com o objetivo de se avaliar o efeito da betaína na patogenicidade de Eimeria acervulina, 420 pintos de corte Cobb foraminoculados experimentalmente com 2 x 105 oocistos esporulados e alocados em baterias num esquema de blocos ao acasocom cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, incluindo-se um controle positivo, um grupo tratado com o anticoccidiano salinomicinae promotor de crescimento, e mais três níveis de betaína como aditivo na ração a 0,05, 0,10 e 0,15 por cento. No 14o dia de vida as avesforam individualmente infectadas com 2 x 105 oocistos esporulados. A betaína não foi capaz de interferir positivamente naresposta clínica e patologia das aves durante a infecção por E. acervulina, no entanto foi capaz de aumentar a produção deoocistos. É provável que a betaína possa ser utilizada como aditivo na ração das aves em substituição aos medicamentosconvencionais salinomicina e penicilina G potássica, cujos efeitos são semelhantes na recuperação do hospedeiro frente àcoccidiose.

Purposing to investigate the betaine effect on biology and morphology of developmental stages of Eimeria acervulina, 420 Cobbbroiler chicks were experimentally inoculated with 2 x 105 sporulated oocysts and housed in battery cages in a block design withfive treatments and six replicates each, including a positive control, a group treated with the anticoccidial salinomycin plusantibiotic growth promoter plus three levels of betaine as additive in the feed 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 percent. Betaine was not able to affectthe clinical response and pathology during the infection, but improved oocyst output, possibly due to the osmotic mechanisms.In fact betaine could replace salinomycin plus growth promoter as additive in the feed which effects is closer in the recovery ofthe host affected by coccidiosis.

Effect of dual infections of escherichia colib and pure caecal eimeria sp. in broiler chickens

The interactive effect of Escherichia coli and pure caecal Eimeria sp. in broiler chickens was studied. Single and dual orally inoculations were assessed in 6 groups of 20 chicks each. Neither mortalities nor clinical signs were recorded on inoculated groups or control. There was a significant decrease in body weights in groups infected either with E. coli or caecal Eimeria sp. or with both pathogens. The total oocyst output and caecal lesion score were high and severe in chicks infected with caecal Eimeria sp. alone or with E. coli prior to caecal Eimeria infection. Low oocyst output and moderate caecal lesion score were noticed in chicks inoculated with E. coli prior to or together with caecal Eimeria infection. The results suggested a synergistic action between E. coli and caecal Eimeria sp. in producing gross lesions. The electrophoretic distribution of serum proteins decreased in all chicks compared with control. The changes in serum protein fractions differed in inoculated groups and all protein components decreased quantitatively compared with controls. It was also shown that E. coli did not always invade the blood stream

[Resistance development of field isolated eimeria spp. against some anticoccidial drugs]

There is no doubt that coccidiosis is a common and an important disease in the domestic fowl. It has been shown that the disease has brought about great losses in the poultry industry of Iran. Medication current by anticoccidial drug in the chicken has been started about 80 years ago in Iran, in recent years reports of coccidial agents developing resistance to anticoccidial drugs have been increased. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of field isolated Eimeria spp. The effect of amprolium - ethopabate and lasalocid was tested in experimentally infested chicks of 4 weeks of age. The results showed that the amprolium was unable to prevent oocyst shedding. However, lasalocid was efficient in reducing oocyst output to a very significantly low level [P<0.05]. Comparing the anticoccidial effect of sulphaquinoxaline - diaverdine against clinical condition of coccidiosis indicated that it could not inhibit Eimeria acervuling oocyst shedding but toltrazuril was highly effective against combined infection with E. acervulina, E. tenella E. maxima and E. necatrix

Morfobiologia e patogenicidade da Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis Cerná, Sénaud, Mehlhorn & Scholtyseck, 1974 em camundongo (Mus musculus) / Morphobiology and pathogenicity of Eimeria falciformis var. pragensis Cerna, Seraud, Mehlhorn & Scholtyseck, 1974 in mouse

Identificou-se, com base em características morfobiológicas, uma das espécies de Eimeria provenientes de camundongos de um biotério comercial e purificada pela técnica do oocisto único. Os oocistos eram sub-esféricos ou ovóides, medindo 21,3 x 16,9 *m, (n=780), com membrana dupla, lisa, incolor, sem micrópila, sem corpo residual oocístico e com 1 a 4 grânulos polares. Esporocistos eram elipsóides, com corpúsculo de Stieda, mediram 11,5 x 6,3 *m (n= 678) e continham corpo residual esporocístico. Todo o ciclo endógeno ocorreu no intestino grosso, com pelo menos 4 geraçöes assexuadas. Merontes maduros de 1ª geraçäo de 10,3 x 10,6 *m, com 8 a 25 merozoítas de 5,0-10,0 x 1,0-3,0 *m foram vistos inicialemtne às 24 horas pós-inoculaçäo (HPI). Merontes de 2ª geraçäo de 14,4 x 8,1 *m, com 8 a 20 merozoítas de 11,0-16,0 x 2,0 - 3,0 *m surgiram a partir de 48 HPI. Entre 72 e 96 HPI havia muitos merontes maduros de 3ª geraçäo, de dois tipos: um medindo 13,9 x 8,3 *m, com merozoítas de 17,0-19,0 x 2,0-4,0 *m e outro 7,3 x 10,4 *m, com 6 a 10 merozoítas de 8,0-13,0 x 1,0-3,0 *m. Merontes de 4ª geraçäo, de 10,4 x 11,9 *m e com 26 a 48 ou mais merozoítas de 8,0-13,0 x 2,0-3,0 *m foram vistos a partir de 132 HPI, bem como gametócitos imaturos e, às 144, já havia gametócitos maduros. O período de pré-patência foi de 6 1/2 a 7 dias pós-inoculaçäo (DPI) e a patência de 6 a 13 dias. A 23-24-C, em Dicromato de Potássio a 2,0%, 72,0% dos oocistos esporularam em 216 horas. Os camundongos infectados apresentaram, em geral, apatia, anorexia, perda de peso, diarréia ou disenteria entre o 6§ e o 10§ DPI. A mortalidade ocorreu entre o 8§ e o 13§ DPI, principalmente no 9§, e nos grupos que receberam doses mediana de oocistos. As lesöes se restringiram ao intestino grosso e se traduziram por uma enterite necrótica evoluindo depois para regeneraçäo e cura. Com base nas características morfológicas da Eimeria estudada, concluiu-se tratar da E. falciformis var. pragensis