Como eu faço no Coração de Atleta: avaliação dos diferentes tipos de adaptação ao exercício / My approach to "Athlete'S Heart": evaluation of the different types of adaptation to exercise

A prática regular de esportes pode induzir adaptações no coração, sendo essa condição comumente chamada de "coração de atleta". As alterações observadas incluem dilatação das câmaras cardíacas, aumento da espessura miocárdica, melhora do enchimento ventricular, aumento da trabeculação do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), dilatação da veia cava inferior, entre outras. Essas alterações também podem ser observadas em algumas doenças cardíacas, como cardiomiopatia (CMP) dilatada, hipertrófica e outras. Dessa forma, os exames de imagem cardíaca são fundamentais na identificação dessas alterações e na diferenciação entre o "coração de atleta" e uma possível cardiopatia.(AU)

Exercise-induced adaptation may occur in amateur and professional athletes. This condition is commonly named "athlete's heart". The alterations observed include dilation of the heart chambers, increased myocardial thickness, improved ventricular filling, increased left ventricular trabeculation, dilation of the inferior vena cava, among others. These changes can also be observed in some heart diseases, such as dilated, hypertrophic and other cardiomyopathies (CMP). Thus, cardiac imaging tests are fundamental in identifying these alterations and in differentiating between "athlete's heart" and possible heart disease. (AU)

Intelligent Electrocardiogram Analysis in Medicine: Data, Methods, and Applications / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a low-cost, simple, fast, and non-invasive test. It can reflect the heart's electrical activity and provide valuable diagnostic clues about the health of the entire body. Therefore, ECG has been widely used in various biomedical applications such as arrhythmia detection, disease-specific detection, mortality prediction, and biometric recognition. In recent years, ECG-related studies have been carried out using a variety of publicly available datasets, with many differences in the datasets used, data preprocessing methods, targeted challenges, and modeling and analysis techniques. Here we systematically summarize and analyze the ECG-based automatic analysis methods and applications. Specifically, we first reviewed 22 commonly used ECG public datasets and provided an overview of data preprocessing processes. Then we described some of the most widely used applications of ECG signals and analyzed the advanced methods involved in these applications. Finally, we elucidated some of the challenges in ECG analysis and provided suggestions for further research.

Relación del supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR con las complicaciones cardiovasculares / Relationship of ST-segment elevation in AVR to cardiovascular complications

Introducción: El patrón de supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR en el síndrome coronario agudo se asocia con un aumento de la mortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el patrón de supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR y las complicaciones cardiovasculares no letales. Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, con componente analítico de todos los pacientes ingresados con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST, en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Fajardo de la Habana entre los años 2016 y 2020. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino en el primer grupo, con una mediana de 78 años. Hubo incidencia de cardiopatía isquémica (75 por ciento y 56,4 por ciento) e hipertensión arterial (78,8 por ciento y 85,8 por ciento ). Se determinó una relación estadística significativa entre el patrón con elevación del segmento ST en aVR y las complicaciones cardiovasculares con un riesgo relativo de 5,769 veces. Conclusiones: El patrón de supradesnivel del segmento ST en un síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST predice complicaciones intrahospitalarias cardiovasculares no letales(AU)

Introduction: The pattern of ST-segment elevation in aVR in acute coronary syndrome is associated with increased mortality. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the pattern of ST-segment elevation in aVR and nonlethal cardiovascular complications. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study, with analytical component of all patients admitted with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome at the Manuel Fajardo University Hospital of Havana between 2016 and 2020. Results: Female gender predominated in the first group, with an average age of 78 years. There was incidence of ischemic heart disease (75 percent and 56.4 percent) and arterial hypertension (78.8 percent and 85.8 percent). A significant statistical relationship was determined between the pattern with ST-segment elevation in aVR and cardiovascular complications with a relative risk of 5.769 times. Conclusions: ST-segment suprathreshold pattern in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome predicts non-lethal in-hospital cardiovascular complications(AU)

Mala colocación de electrodos: un desafío diagnóstico aún presente / Malposition of ECG electrodes; a continuing challenge

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se revisan los principales errores en la colocación de los electrodos para el registro del ECG. Se ilustran algunos de ellos y se comenta sobre los errores en los informes que pueden tener repercusiones en el diagnóstco clínico.

ABSTRAC: The main mistakes in the placement of electrodes during the recording of an ECG are reviewed. Some of them are illustrated and the consequences for clinical diagnosis are discussed.

Membrana de circulación extracorpórea veno-arterial para ablación de tormenta eléctrica en shock cardiogénico: caso clínico / Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) used for support during ablation of ventricular electrical storm: case report

RESUMEN: Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que presenta un infarto del miocardio con trombolisis no exitosa y posterior implantación de 2 stents coronarios quien desarrolla, algunos días después, una tormenta eléctrica ventricular. Una ablación de la taquicardia se realizó bajo ECMO, con buen resultado. Se detalla la descripción del caso, revisa y discute el tema.

ABSTRAC: A patient with a myocardial infarction whom, following a failed thrombolisis and implantion of 2 stents developed a ventricular electrical storm and hemodynamic instability. A successful ablation of the tachycardia with the use of ECMO was performed. A full description is included, along with a discussion of the subject.

Trombolisis sistémica complicada en embolia cerebral múltiple por trombo intraventricular / Systemic thrombolysis following multiple embolic cerebral lesions in a patient with myocardial infarction and intraventricular thrombus

RESUMEN Se presenta un caso de trombólisis sistémica complicada con transformación hemorrágica en paciente con evento isquémico cerebral sintomático por embolia múltiple a partir de trombo intraventricular en contexto de infarto agudo de miocardio por oclusión total de arteria descendente anterior con deterioro severo de función sistólica de ventrículo izquierdo.

ABSTRACT: We describe a case of complicated systemic thrombolysis with hemorrhagic transformation in a patient with a cerebral ischemic event due to multiple embolisms from intraventricular thrombus in the context of acute myocardial infarction due to total occlusion of the anterior descending artery and severe deterioration of left ventricular systolic function.

The epicardial fat thickness is associated with fragmented QRS in patients with newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The metabolic syndrome involves both metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Epicardial fat tissue plays a crucial role in deleterious effects of metabolic syndrome on the heart, including myocardial fibrosis. The fragmented QRS reflects heterogeneous depolarization of the myocardium and occurs as a result of fibrosis. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether there is an association between fragmented QRS and epicardial fat tissue in patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This study enrolled 140 metabolic syndrome patients, of whom 35 patients with fragmented QRS (+) and 105 patients with fragmented QRS (−). The two groups were compared with respect to clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic indexes. RESULTS: Fragmented QRS (+) patients had higher waist circumference, red cell distribution width, creatinine, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left atrium diameter, septal a velocity, QRS duration, and epicardial fat tissue compared with fragmented QRS (−) patients. Waist circumference, red cell distribution width, QRS duration, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left atrium diameter, septal a velocity, and epicardial fat tissue were significantly associated with the presence of fragmented QRS. The QRS duration and epicardial fat tissue were independently associated with the presence of fragmented QRS on surface electrocardiographic in metabolic syndrome patients. CONCLUSIONS: Epicardial fat tissue and QRS duration were independently associated with the presence of fragmented QRS. Basic echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters might be used for the risk stratification in metabolic syndrome patients.

Reperfusion Strategies in Acute Myocardial Infarction: State of the Art

Abstract ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. Reperfusion therapy is strongly associated with the prognosis of STEMI and must be performed with a high standard of quality and without delay. A systematic review of different reperfusion strategies for STEMI was conducted, including randomized controlled trials that included major cardiovascular events (MACE), and systematic reviews in the last 5 years through the PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) methodology. The research was done in the PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, in addition to a few manual searches. After the exclusion criteria were applied, 90 articles were selected for this review. Despite the reestablishment of IRA patency in PCI for STEMI, microvascular lesions occur in a significant proportion of these patients, which can compromise ventricular function and clinical course. Several therapeutic strategies - intracoronary administration of nicorandil, nitrates, melatonin, antioxidant drugs (quercetin, glutathione), anti-inflammatory substances (tocilizumab [an inhibitor of interleukin 6], inclacumab, P-selectin inhibitor), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), erythropoietin and ischemic pre- and post-conditioning and stem cell therapy - have been tested to reduce reperfusion injury, ventricular remodeling and serious cardiovascular events, with heterogeneous results: These therapies need confirmation in larger studies to be implemented in clinical practice

Electrocardiogram data recognition algorithm based on variable scale fusion network model / 生物医学工程学杂志

The judgment of the type of arrhythmia is the key to the prevention and diagnosis of early cardiovascular disease. Therefore, electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis has been widely used as an important basis for doctors to diagnose. However, due to the large differences in ECG signal morphology among different patients and the unbalanced distribution of categories, the existing automatic detection algorithms for arrhythmias have certain difficulties in the identification process. This paper designs a variable scale fusion network model for automatic recognition of heart rhythm types. In this study, a variable-scale fusion network model was proposed for automatic identification of heart rhythm types. The improved ECG generation network (EGAN) module was used to solve the imbalance of ECG data, and the ECG signal was reproduced in two dimensions in the form of gray recurrence plot (GRP) and spectrogram. Combined with the branching structure of the model, the automatic classification of variable-length heart beats was realized. The results of the study were verified by the Massachusetts institute of technology and Beth Israel hospital (MIT-BIH) arrhythmia database, which distinguished eight heart rhythm types. The average accuracy rate reached 99.36%, and the sensitivity and specificity were 96.11% and 99.84%, respectively. In conclusion, it is expected that this method can be used for clinical auxiliary diagnosis and smart wearable devices in the future.

Initial clinical experience of left bundle branch pacing after transcatheter aortic valve implantation / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of left bundle branch pacing(LBBP) in patients after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Methods: This is a retrospective study. A total of 35 patients underwent TAVI and received pacemaker implantation from January 2018 to December 2020 in Beijing Fuwai Hospital were enrolled. Patients were divided into LBBP group (n=12) and right ventricular apex pacing (RVAP) group (n=23) according to the pacing position. The success rate of operation in LBBP group was calculated, and the occurrence of complications were observed, and the parameters of pacemaker were measured on the 3rd day and 1, 3 and 6 months after operation. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), echocardiographic and ECG indexes were compared between the two groups on the 3rd day and 1, 3, and 6 months after pacemaker implantation. Result: A total of 35 patients were included, The age was (76.4±7.7) years, including 19 males (54.3%). The procedure time ((86.58±17.10)min vs. (68.74±9.18)min, P<0.001) and fluoroscopy duration ((20.08±4.44)min vs. (17.00±2.26)min, P<0.001) were significantly longer in LBBP group compared with RVAP group. The operation success rate of LBBP group was 11/12. There was no serious operation related complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, electrode dislocation, infection, and lower limb bleeding. The patients were followed up for 7.43 (5.21, 9.84) months. The programmed parameters of pacemaker were in the ideal range and stable during follow-up. At 3 and 6 months after operation, the left ventricular ejection fraction in LBBP group was higher than that in RVAP Group (at 3 months: (60.75±2.89)% vs. (57.35±3.33)%, P=0.004; at 6 months: (63.17±3.33)% vs. (56.17±3.97)%, P<0.001), NT-proBNP values was lower in LBBP group than that in RVAP Group (at 3 months: 822 (607, 1 150)ng/L vs. 1 052 (902, 1 536)ng/L, P=0.006; at 6 months: 440 (330,679)ng/L vs. 783 (588, 1 023)ng/L, P=0.001). At 1, 3 and 6 months after operation, the QRS duration was shorter in LBBP group than that in RVAP group (1 month: 99 (97, 107)ms vs. 126(124, 130)ms, P<0.001; 3 months: 98(96, 105)ms vs. 129(128, 133)ms, P<0.001; 6 months: 96(94, 104)ms vs. 130(128, 132)ms, P<0.001). Conclusions: For patients with permanent pacemaker indications after TAVI, LBBP is feasible, safe and reliable. It could improve the cardiac function in the short term, the long-term effect of LBBP needs to be further observed.

Linfoma cardíaco primário: o papel da multimodalidade de imagem na abordagem diagnóstica / Primary cardiac lymphoma: role of imaging multimodality in diagnosis

Massas intracardíacas constituem um desafio diagnóstico, já que os sintomas são comuns a patologias cardiovasculares ou não. Métodos ­ invasivos ou não ­ possibilitam o diagnóstico diferencial e a confirmação histológica, propiciando tratamento adequado. Para melhor compreender a importância da multimodalidade em imagem e a abordagem nos tumores cardíacos , relatamos o caso de um lifoma cardíaco primário, em que a abordagem multidisciplinar permitiu o rápido diagnóstico e seu tratamento, inclusive das intercorrências, com resposta inicial promissora, a despeito da evolução fatal durante a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.(AU)

Intracardiac masses are a diagnostic challenge since their symptoms can be common to cardiovascular pathologies. Some methods, whether invasive or not, enable differential diagnosis, histological confirmation, and adequate treatment. To better understand the importance of imaging multimodality and the approach to managing cardiac tumors, we investigated a case of a primary cardiac lymphoma in which the multidisciplinary approach allowed rapid diagnosis and treatment, including of intercurrences, with a promising initial response despite fatal progression due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. (AU)