effect of prenatal administration of valproic acid on the survivability and day of hatching of chick embryo

To assess the effects of prenatal administration of valproic acid on the survivability and day of hatching of chick embryo in comparison with age-matched controls. The experimental study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Regional Centre of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, Islamabad, from February 2010 to February 2011. Fertilised chicken eggs were divided into two groups, labelled as experimental group-A and control group-B. Group-A eggs were injected with valproic acid, incubated and hatched. Group-B eggs underwent sham treatment using normal saline. The fully hatched chicks were then evaluated for the day of hatching and survivability, on hatching or on day 22 of incubation whichever was earlier. Outcome was statistically compared with the controls using SPSS 10. The two groups had 30 eggs each. In Group-A 23[76.66%] chicks hatched out, while there were 7[23.33%] dead chicks. In Group-B, 28[93.33%] chicks hatched out and 2[6.66%] were dead. Chicken embryos exposed to valproic acid in ovo showed increased mortality [p<0.001] and delayed hatching [p<0.001]. Prenatal exposure of chick embryos to valproic acid decreased embryo survival and also delayed hatching compared to age-matched controls

effect of sodium arsenite in induction of protein stress in chicken embryo model

Arsenic is one of the most important current environmental toxicants. Arsenic is one of the biggest protein stress inducer in several organs and systems. One of the basic and sensitive criteria for following protein stress is assessing carbonyl and thiol groups of proteins. Therefore, we assessed protein stress that produced by sodium arsenite in chicken embryos by measuring carbonyl and thiol proteins. After 4 days of incubation, 36 fertilized eggs were candled. The eggs that had alive embryos received a single injection of 0.1 and 0.5 ppm arsenite sodium in two separate groups of 12 eggs and the rest 12 [control group] received 0.5 ml saline into the yolk sac. After 20 days of incubation, teratogenicity and external defects in embryos were investigated, one ml of embryo blood was analyzed for assaying protein thiol and carbonyl as well. Data were analyzed by SPSS [version 16] with ANOVA test [tukey]. The mean of carbonyl protein was in 0.1 ppm group 0.835, 0.5 ppm group 0.844 and control group 0.804 and this change was significant and dose dependent. In addition, the mean of thiol protein was in 0.1 ppm group 0.053, 0.5 ppm group 0.014 and control group 0.054 and this change was also significant and dose dependent. The carbonyl and thiol protein alterations in serum of embryos exposed to arsenite sodium, suggest the embryotoxicity of this agent induction of plasma carbonyl and thiol protein stress

Teratogenic effects of Rabeprazole and Ranitidine on chick embryos

Rabeprazole and Ranitidine are two types of drugs which reduce the amount of acids produced in the stomach. They are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal [duodenal and gastric ulcers] disease and gastro esophageal reflux disease. In the current study, the teratogenic effect of rabeprazole and ranitidine on the development of chick embryos and the histological changes of liver and stomach compartments were studied, using three doses of different values as follows [0.33,0.66 and 1.32mg/kg] for rabeprazole and [5, 10 and 20mg/kg] for ranitidine. The results showed that the rabeprazole and ranitidine induced embryonic malformations with significant decreases in weight, length, forelimb length, hind limb length, and beak length of embryos. The histological changes of the liver and stomach of chick embryos include deformation of the liver structures, activation of phagocytic process, especially in cells death area, hepatic dystrophy and necrosis. In the stomach, a demonstrated defect was observed in the development of its mucous membrane, which appears as cells atrophia of the mucous membrane, inter- and intracellular edema, destruction cells and formation of micronodular necrosis in its area and in the underlying tissue

Effect of ethanol vapour exposure on survival of chick embryos

To determine the survival of chick embryos after ethanol vapour exposure by noting the number of dead and alive embryos and comparing with age-matched controls. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy at the regional centre of College of Physicians and Surgeons, Islamabad, from February 2006 to February 2007. Chicken eggs, placed in an incubator, were exposed to ethanol vapours produced through a specially designed vapour chamber. The experimental group was dissected on day 7, day 10 and day 22 or hatching whichever was earlier and compared with age-matched controls. The proportion of ethanol vapours in the incubator was monitored with a breathalyzer. No statistical difference was seen in the survival of day 7 alcohol-exposed embryos and their age-matched controls. The survival of day 10-control embryos was significantly higher than alcohol exposed group of same age. The embryos exposed to ethanol vapours from day 1 to day 10 and then followed till hatching or day 22, whichever was earlier, had significantly lower survival than age-matched controls. In this study, ethanol vapour exposure decreased embryo survival with increasing embryonic age and increased duration of exposure

Ação da insulina na morfogênese de embrioes de Gallus gallus domesticus / The action of insulin in the morphogenesis of Gallus gallus domesticus embryos

Aspectos concernentes à morfogênese de Gallus gallus domesticus viabilizam estudos relacionados à ação da insulina sobre estruturas e topografia embrionárias. Na temperatura de 37,5ºC, ovos foram incubados por 24 h, injetados com 5 ml de insulina de suínos em 3 concentrações e reincubados por mais 72 h. As características morfológicas de 80 embriões foram avaliadas e, de acordo com a organização apresentada, classificados em 5 níveis de morfogênese. Em 21 embriões submetidos aos testes com a insulina registrou-se dismorfismo generalizado (4o nível), enquanto nos de experimento de controle foi verificado morfogênese-padrão (1o nível) e dismorfismo localizado (3o nível). Aqueles espécimes mostraram corpo com dimensões reduzidas, caracterizado por limites ântero-dorsal organizados em uma projeção cefálica e regiões posterior-ventral alteradas, evidenciando um padrão de anormalidades na determinação do eixo ântero-posterior, que indica a ação específica da insulina na morfogênese embrionária no período de 96 horas de incubação.

Effect of ethambutol on the development of the retina and optic nerve of the chick embryo

The present work was concerned with the development of the retina and optic nerve of the chick embryo and the effect of ethambutol on its development together with the explanation of the possible hazards of antituberculous drugs which May occur To the foetus, if the pregnant mother is under the treatment with these drugs. Histological studies were made on the retina and optic nerve of 9,11 and 15 days chick embryos injected on the 6 th day of incubation with a dose of ethambutol equivalent to the human therapeutic dose [0.8mg/chick embryo]. It was found that ethambutol induced retardation of growth and degenerative changes in the layers of the retina associated with reduction in the size of the optic nerve. As age advenced at 15 day of incubation, regeneration of retina started and progressed gradually till full term, but its size was still less than the control embryo of the same age

Aspirin by virtue of its acidic property may act as teratogen in early chick embryo.

Aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid) was dissolved either in normal saline or in phosphate buffer and was used in two doses to find out whether teratogenic potential of aspirin in chick blastoderm model is due to its acidic property or due to drug action. Drug was injected sub-blastodermally by window technique in fresh embryonated eggs after 17 hours of incubation at 39 degrees C. Eggs were re-incubated and harvested at 40 hours. Normal development of embryos was seen with normal saline and percentage of normal embryos with 30 micrograms (pH-3.19) and 120 micrograms (pH-2.64) aspirin was 31.7 and 4.9 respectively. Buffer produced 80.8% normal embryos and buffered 30 micrograms (pH-6.87) and 120 micrograms (pH-6.69) aspirin produced 67.7% and 30.8% normal embryos respectively. Changing the pH of aspirin to near neutral decreased the defect induced by aspirin but a significant effect of aspirin was observed at higher dose which could be independent of pH action.

Effect of hypervitaminosis D on the development of the kidney of the chick embryo

The present work revealed that hypervitaminosis "D" retarded the growth of the kidney of the chick embryo. Morphological and histological studies were made on the kidneys of 15 and 17-days chick embryos injected on the 5th and 6th days of incubation with a dose of hypervitaminosis "D" equivalent to the dose of the human hypervitaminosis "D" [400 I.U./embryo or 0.08 c.c./embryo]. Retardation of growth was observed in the form of reduction in the size of the mesonephros and metanephros of 15 and 17-days embryos, also degenerative changes were appeared. In 15-days chick embryo, the renal corpuscles lost their normal pattern. The glomeruli were replaced by eosinophilic cells with deeply stained nuclei. The proximal and distal tubules were interrupted and distored. Areas of necrosis and many ill-defined cells with deeply-stained nuclei could be detected in between the tubules. In 17-days chick embryo, there was retardation of growth. The renal corpuscles lost their normal pattern. The glomeruli appeared very small in size and replaced by eosinophilic cells with deeply stained nuclei. The proximal and distal tubules became very small in size and also their lining cells were interrupted and distorted. The mesonephric and metanephric intertubular spaces became very narrow and full of necrotic tissue and excessive fibrous tissue

Studies on the teratogenic effects of clindamycin hydrochloride on the ckick embryo

Two doses [7.5 and 15 mg/50 g] of clindamycin hydrochloride were injected into the egg yolk of embryonated eggs of hens on the 5th day of incubation. Consistent effects of clindamycin were embryo lethality [100%], retardation of growth [10.3 to 10.7], ectopic viscera [34.5 to 42%] and a low incidence of anomalies like thin debilitated toes and feet [7 to 10.7%] and alopecia, respectively, [24.1 to 35.7%],. etc. Results suggested that exposure to clindamycin would cause serious reproductive problems in avian species

Interacción "in vitro" entre las células endoteliales aórticas de embrión de pollo y el colágeno tipo I / Interaction \"in vitro\" between aortic endothelian cells in the chick embryo and collagen type I

El propósito de la presente investigación ha sido conocer la interacción existente entre las células de aorta de embrión de pollo y el colágeno Tipo I en condiciones "in vitro". Así mismo determinar los efectos del suero fetal de ternera (SFT) sobre la respuesta de adhesión y migración celular. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que solo en etapas avanzadas del desarrollo embrionario (12-14 días) las células endoteliales responden en forma específica al colágeno tipo I y en presencia del SFT, adheriéndose, migrando, proliferando y diferenciándose, en lo cual representa uno de los hallazgos más importantes en este trabajo. Estos resultados así como las observaciones efectuadas "in situ" permiten especular que las células endoteliales podrían desempeñar un papel determinante en el desarrollo de la lesión ateromatosa en etapas tempranas (fase proliferativa)